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1.
《科学革命的结构》的发表震惊了整个科学界,在书中库恩在用“范式”、“不可通约性”、“格式塔转换”、“科学共同体”、“常规科学”等概念系统完整地阐述了自己关于科学理论的革命性的发展模式。其中,“范式”这一概念理论体系是库恩整个科学发展理论体系的基础。文章就将从库恩科学范式理论角度探讨新中国民法发展及新中国民法范式的转换。 相似文献
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布鲁诺·拉图尔和史蒂夫·伍尔加合著的《实验室生活:科学事实的建构过程》是科学社会学SSK领域的经典之作。该书成为科学知识社会学中人类学路线的标志性成果之一,奠定了以拉图尔领衔的法国巴黎学派的基础地位。本文从以下几个方面——其研究路径优越性、对科学真实性的探讨、经济学视角看待实验室生活、库恩的科学革命理论,对书中学科案例做了多维度分析,探讨科学事实的建构过程。 相似文献
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黄家裕 《科学技术与辩证法》2005,22(5):56-58
库恩科学观的局限:库恩理论是单门学科的、历史纵向的科学发展模式,不能说明多门学科的集中革命,更难解释现代科学及中国古代科学的发展。 相似文献
4.
库恩的科学发展因素理论及科学发展观董丽，柯伟库恩是自逻辑经验主义以来又一个开辟科学哲学研究新领域的人。他认为，无论是逻辑经验主义的归纳法还是波普尔的证伪法，都不足以解释科学家接受一种理论的必然性问题，而只有把科学史、科学心理学和科学社会学结合起来进行... 相似文献
5.
王延锋 《科学技术与辩证法》2010,27(2):13-17
皮克林从高能物理学史个案研究,提出科学发展中的＂共生＂与＂机会主义＂两个重要概念：宏观上看,实验传统与理论传统呈现相互加强、共同促进的＂共生＂现象;微观上看,个体科学家处于特定的历史情景中——特有的文化资源、熟悉的研究传统、偶然出现的新生长点等。他（她）若能抓住机遇,利用自身特有的资源投入到新的研究传统中,则能实现认识的转换。范式的转换并不像库恩的＂格式塔＂式的神秘性,也没有危机与混乱,而是自然平滑地实现。 相似文献
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论学派的科学社会功能 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
引言借助库恩的术语,科学的发展是通过不同“规范”的嬗替来实现的。规范决定于一个科学家集团的选择,同时又决定该科学家集团的基本观点和研究方法。所谓科学家集团,也就是比较广义的学派。科学史证明:学派之间的自由竞争导致新旧理论的不断更替,这是科学发展的重要因素。我们常说:应当允许百家争鸣。说法不一,道理相同:因为整个历史都指向科学发展的这个原则。 相似文献
8.
库恩的《科学革命的结构》一书可以说是20世纪后期在哲学界被引用最广泛的一本著作,被翻译成多种语言。其应用范围不限于哲学,还延伸至有关科学、社会、政治甚至艺术与经济学的讨论。50年来,《结构》为科学哲学界带来了重大影响,也招致了严重的抨击。这些影响的范围涵盖之广,不但导致史学界的争议,还引发出许多新兴的领域,更不要说有非常多的学者都以“典范转换”的概念来说明自己领域进步与迟缓的理由。在本文中,我们将按照下面四个方面来讨论库恩的《结构》：第一,《结构》在什么意义上否定了我们以往对于科学的认知？第二,波普学派与库恩的争议具有什么样的意义与影响？第三,为什么库恩在不断地被人指责为相对主义者的同时,又坚持自己是一位理性主义者？最后我们要看,自从《结构》一书出版以来,库恩做出了什么样的修正与坚持。本文最后提出结论,从综合性的观点评论库恩半个世纪以来在科学哲学界做出的贡献。 相似文献
9.
从经济学的视角探讨了科研道德失范行为的产生原因和治理途径。运用经济学的经典理论解释了个人和组织在科研活动中如何进行选择和决策;运用行为经济学的展望理论解释了科技工作者通过各种手段提升自己声誉的努力,并运用锚定效应、诱饵效应和金钱悖论分别阐释了科研不端行为的发生机制;运用信息经济学的委托-代理理论分析了国家宏观科研管理体制和科研项目运作方式中易于出现的逆向选择和道德风险问题;运用科学经济学的观点分析了科研活动中"胜者全得"和"马太效应"对科学家的影响;运用制度经济学中的制度变迁和路径锁定理论讨论了国家科研诚信制度建设和管理体制改革中存在的问题。 相似文献
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库恩科学观的缺点:科学知识的相对性,科学革命过分的非理性化,库恩的范式无法解释现代科学的发展.科学发展模式应是多元化. 相似文献
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‘Open data’ has recently emerged as a label for renewed attempts to promote scientific exchange. As part of such efforts, the posting of data online is often portrayed as commonly beneficial: individual scientists accrue greater prominence while at the same time fostering communal knowledge. Yet, how scientists in non-Western research settings assess such calls for openness has been the subject of little empirical study. Based on extended fieldwork with biochemistry laboratories in sub-Sahara Africa, this paper examines a variety of reasons why scientists opt for closure over openness with regard to their own data. We argue that the heterogeneity of research environments calls into question many of the presumptions made as part of open data. Inequalities in research environments can mean that moves towards sharing create binds and dilemmas. These observations suggest that those promoting openness must critically examine current research governance and funding systems that continue to perpetuate disparities. The paper proposes an innovative approach to facilitating openness: coupling the sharing of data with enabling scientists to redress their day-to-day research environment demands. Such a starting basis provides an alternative but vital link between the aspirations for science aired today as part of international discussions and the daily challenges of undertaking research in low-resourced environments. 相似文献
12.
托马斯·库恩是20世纪最伟大的科学哲学家和科学史学家。由他划时代著作《科学革命的结构》产生出来的"范式"和"范式转换"已经成为我们的日常生活用语。一方面,库恩自认在哲学上的最大贡献是"不可通约性",但这一点遭到多方非议。另一方面,当他被认为是"科学知识社会学"(SSK)强纲领的思想先驱时,他却拒绝承认SSK的主张;他在学术上的同路人少得可怜,与他在思想界的巨大影响完全不成比例。库恩从登上学术舞台开始,就遭到不同程度的误解,他一直在寻找自己的身份定位。本文试图通过梳理矛盾的库恩形象,他与学生的关系以及影响他的思想形成的几大事件,从"误解"与"被误解"的角度来阐释库恩的心路历程。我们的目的不是"去魅",更不想树立新的偶像,而是试图还原一个真实的库恩。 相似文献
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Noëmi Manders-Huits 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(1):43-55
Over the past decade Identity Management has become a central theme in information technology, policy, and administration in the public and private sectors. In these contexts the term ‘Identity Management’ is used primarily to refer to ways and methods of dealing with registration and authorization issues regarding persons in organizational and service-oriented domains. Especially due to the growing range of choices and options for, and the enhanced autonomy and rights of, employees, citizens, and customers, there is a growing demand for systems that enable the regulation of rights, duties, responsibilities, entitlements and access of innumerable people simultaneously. ‘Identity Management’ or ‘Identity Management Systems’ have become important headings under which such systems are designed and implemented. But there is another meaning of the term ‘identity management’, which is clearly related and which has gained currency. This second construal refers to the need to manage our moral identities and our identity related information. This paper explores the relation between the management of our (moral) identities and ‘Identity Management’ as conceptualized in IT discourse. 相似文献
14.
Hans-Jürgen Engelbrecht 《普罗米修斯》2015,33(4):347-359
Don Lamberton asked many questions about the nature and role of information, without expecting to be able to provide tidy or neat answers. The issues he raised have not gone away or been resolved. Some have re-appeared in modified or new form. This paper first focuses on the analysis of information at the macro-level, starting with the ill-fated ‘information sector’ studies and leading on to current attempts to use neoclassical economics to measure macro-level capital stocks in the context of the debate about sustainable development, also known as ‘wealth accounting’. Wealth accounting has no place for information-as-capital that goes beyond very primitive proxy measures for intangible capital other than human capital. Often, information-as-capital is neglected completely by denoting such capital stocks as ‘enabling assets’ that are assumed to be reflected in what turn out to be unmeasurable shadow prices. Next, an issue mostly neglected by Don Lamberton is discussed – the normative assessment of information and innovation. It is argued that neither mainstream economics nor evolutionary economics, information studies, innovation studies and so on currently has an appropriate normative theory of innovation. Increased output, innovation counts, productivity, competitiveness and consumption-related utility (what economists call ‘welfare’) are poor indicators of what really should be measured, which is the objective and subjective impacts of innovation on people’s well-being. 相似文献
15.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):129-148
Flexibilty within a framework of internal labour markets is now widely seen to be an important factor in the ability of manufacturing firms to respond quickly to changes in market conditions — which is increasingly coming to be the form that competitive advantage takes in advanced industrial economies. An emerging and flourishing literature has identified a number of ‘new production concepts’ being developed in manufacturing industries, that depart from time-honoured Taylorist systems of job fragmentation and skill minimisation. The new concepts, such as ‘flexible specialisation’, ‘human-centred production’, and ‘diversified quality production’, are all in one way or another seeking to characterise a form of ‘functional flexibility’, that both enhances productivity and offers workers themselves a greater sense of involvement with their activity. The new concepts rest on the identification of a critical linkage between work organisation, skill formation and advanced manufacturing technology; they point to a convergence between the previously separate worlds of work and of learning. In this paper the new production concepts are characterised as elements of an emergent ‘post Fordist’ technoeconomic paradigm. The present period of uncertainty can be construed as a transition between the Fordist paradigm centred on mass production, and its successors. There is nothing predetermined about the shape of these successors: this will be the outcome of a prolonged economic, industrial and political process as much as of a technical process. The choices are identified as falling between a continuation and intensification of Fordism, dubbed Computer-Aided Taylorisation; or a break with Fordism, dubbed Skill-Dependent Innovation. The new production concepts are characterised as instances of the latter approach to manufacturing management and technology. It is through this notion of ‘competing paradigms’ that this paper formulates an approach to the ‘politics’ of technological change. 相似文献
16.
H. Inhaber 《Research Policy》1977,6(2):178-193
An important aspect of the ‘science of science’ is its geography. One way of studying this aspect is to evaluate the degree of dispersion or centralization of scientists. The calculation has been performed for the 16 countries with the greatest number of scientists. Czechoslovakia and Sweden have the highest concentration in a few cities, while the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany have the lowest concentration. In general, the degree of concentration varies inversely with the total number of scientists in a country, although there are exceptions. Part of the ‘concentration effect’ is due to a large number of scientists in one city, usually the capital. When the effect of the leading city is removed, the ranking of the countries changes sharply. Switzerland and Australia have the highest concentrations, and the United States and the United Kingdom have the lowest. Only a weak relationship is then shown between the total number of scientists and the degree of concentration. To remove the effect of population concentration, the cumulative proportion of scientists was divided by the cumulative proportion of population for the leading cities. This produced considerable change in the rankings by nation. The USSR and India have the highest proportions. Countries with low proportions included the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. Almost all countries had a greater degree of dispersion in 1972 as compared with 1967. The greatest changes towards dispersion were seen in India and the USSR. 相似文献
17.
Pandelis Perakakis is a clinical psychophysiologist, an active advocate of green open access and a proponent of a new research evaluation model called ‘author-guided peer review’. In 2012, he and others founded Open Scholar, a not-for-profit community organization concerned with the way scientists and the rest of the world access research. Its flagship project is LIBRE (LIBerating REsearch). Michael Taylor is a mathematician working on the impact of aerosols and the use of satellites for weather forecasting. 相似文献
18.
Phrases such as ‘knowledge-intensive organizations’ (KIOs) and ‘knowledge-intensive firms’ (KIFs), have recently found common usage, describing the distinct activities and attributes of some organizations. But a review of the literature reveals a lack of consensus among scholars and practitioners on the definition of KIOs. What is also absent from the discussion is an agreement on the factors that differentiate KIOs from non-KIOs, and how those factors affect knowledge management (KM) theory and practice. The objective of this paper is to extend a typology of KIOs as a preliminary step to conducting research on these types of organizations. With the typology of KIOs presented in this paper, we hope to provide a basis of distinguishing these organizations from other organizations, and also to allow one to perform comparative organizational analysis. The typology will also help researchers identify which of the organizations are knowledge-intense, and the nature of their knowledge-intensity, so that they help these organizations in designing appropriate KM tools. 相似文献
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L.Vaughn Blankenship 《Research Policy》1974,3(3):244-257
Philosophy of science, as understood by most social scientists, has given us an image of the scientific enterprise as a large hypothesis testing machine. One key unit within this enterprise is the individual scientist. He has learned or intuitively understands a set of logical rules which he brings to bear in ordering his thinking about a problem. Since he was pictured as operating within an unconstrained environment in an organizationally and morally simplistic world, his goal (scientific ‘truth’) was unambiguous, the organization and conduct of his work frictionless, and his only concerns were logic and measurements. Management and politics had no relationship to his pursuit of truth or the possibility of uncovering it. The other key unit, the scientific community, was equally autonomous from the world of management and politics. It was a social system in which problem definitions and decisions on truth are the joint result of open interaction among autonomous, rational, driven men and the impersonal automatic, application of the rules of evidence and logic.What guaranteed that this marvellous hypothesis testing machine actually operated in this fashion? The character and socialization of the individual scientist and the fact that interference in or imperfections of the process will result in erroneous truths which will eventually catch up with the perpetrators and punish them through individual, system, or societal failure, as in the inexorable workings of the market place of classical economics.If this was ever a very accurate picture of the scientific enterprise, the emergence of ‘Big Science’ has placed its adequacy seriously in doubt. ‘Big Science’ involves a research system in which (a) a consciously articulated goal exists; (b) there has been a commitment of resources and the organization and coordination of skills and institutions on a scale which only national governments can undertake; (c) the decentralized structures of the scientific community are replaced by planned administrative structures; and (d) it is rare that research problems or goals correspond to the neat disciplinary boundaries within science.Recognition of these developments in the scientific community is uneven and the reaction to them ambivalent and the philosophy and sociology of science have yet to come fully to terms with them. 相似文献
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One of the most hotly debated ideas in science studies is the claim that contemporary science is in the midst of a transformation. While ‘transformationalist’ arguments and concepts vary, their core principle is that the norms, values and practices that have enforced the separation of science from society are being challenged by new expectations that scientists pursue closer connections with industry, government and/or civil society, and address research questions of immediate value to non-academic partners. While many major funding agencies have embraced this idea and now pressure scientists to enhance the ‘societal relevance’ of their work, the impact of these changes on scientific practices is still unclear. This paper reports findings from a comparative meso-level analysis of 14 large Canadian research networks funded by an agency with an explicit transformationalist mandate – the Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) programme. Documents and web communications from these 14 NCEs, as well as from the central programme administration office, are analysed and compared to key transformationalist concepts, such as Mode 2 science, post-normal science, the triple helix model, academic capitalism and strategic science. We find that transformationalist ideas have a strong rhetorical presence across the 14 NCE projects and the central office, but that a great deal of inconsistency and confusion exists at the level of implementation and assessment of outcomes. Easily quantifiable outputs, such as the commercialization of research findings, are favoured over softer qualitative outcomes, such as public engagement and knowledge sharing. We conclude by arguing that the NCE programme is having an observable impact on the rhetoric of science, but any resulting transformations in practice are incremental rather than radical. 相似文献