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The article discusses and tries to reconcile two phenomena; that, on one hand, in France, higher education is seriously underfunded, and that, on the other hand, public and private sector enterprises are experiencing shortages in the availability of highly qualified senior staff. At the same time, the need to obtain funding for higher education from sources other than the public authorities is recognized. Ways in which business may contribute to the funding of higher education are discussed, stress being laid on the use of the so‐called apprenticeship tax collected from enterprises and used to support higher education in given areas of training. The functioning and the receipts of this tax are analysed from a neo‐liberal perspective in terms of regional economic development, the types of institutions and programmes which receive subsidies from it, and amount per student. One obvious conclusion is that enterprises are loathe to contribute to the financing of initial education. On the other hand, since they are increasingly willing to finance specific and specialized training, universities, as distinct from other types of higher educations institutions in France, but having the necessary facilities and teaching staff, have been able to seize opportunities offered them to create special further training courses of use to enterprises. Hence, universities receive the largest share of the receipts of the apprenticeship tax. 相似文献
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John Sheehan 《Higher Education in Europe》1997,22(2):123-136
This article gives a broad outline of policy issues in the financing of higher education given the major quantitative expansion of higher education in recent years, its diversification, financial constraints, internationalization, democratization, globalization, regionalization, polarization, marginalization, and fragmentation. Policy options bearing these trends in mind should be judged in terms of efficiency and equity, bearing in mind such basic sources of funding as taxpayers, students, parents, and higher education institutions. Regardless of the source of funding, the single most important policy issue facing those concerned with overall policy responsibility for the operation of higher education systems is the proper formulation of the rules and mechanisms used to allocate resources from governments to institutions. The various financial mechanisms are classed according to four principal dimensions: institutional/student finance, full/partial finance, budget/formula finance, and input/output finance. Choosing the right funding formula is a complex process that is always beset with the need for trade‐offs for various reasons. 相似文献
4.
面对经济危机给公立高校造成的经费困境,美国联邦政府积极调整高等教育财政政策,通过加大高等教育投入、改进高校学生财政资助政策、加大对高校基础科研和科技创新的经费拨款、推动以职业教育为导向的两年制学院发展等措施,美国的高等教育取得了长足的发展。在我国正式颁布《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》,并着手制定＂十二五＂教育规划的过程中,我国的高等教育财政政策应借鉴＂他山之石＂,作出战略性、前瞻性的部署。 相似文献
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Dante J. Salto 《Higher Education》2018,75(5):809-825
Brazil has by far the largest higher education system in Latin America, with a sizable share of students enrolled in private-sector institutions. Its recently established and fast-growing for-profit sector is one of the largest worldwide. The for-profit sector already surpasses the public sector in student enrollment, and its role is growing. Public policy has supported for-profit growth, ostensibly for tax revenue reasons, but the federal government has recently launched social initiatives that include tax exemption policies for the for-profit sector in exchange for need-based scholarships. Through exploratory data analysis, this study explores the role, function, and form of the for-profit sector compared with its nonprofit and public counterparts. The findings reveal that the for-profit sector shares some important characteristics with the nonprofit sector but contrasts sharply with the public sector. The study concludes that countries such as Brazil are moving toward public funding for private higher education to meet enrollment targets. These findings may be able to address issues in other countries by considering similar public policies toward private higher education. 相似文献
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改革开放以来,我国职业教育经费保障政策演进经历了逐步恢复期、法制规范期、稳步发展期、全面深化期四个阶段。虽然职业教育经费保障政策为职业教育的健康稳定发展提供了积极的制度保证,但还存在着整体教育经费总量占比不高、生均经费较低且区域差距较大、社会力量投入职业教育办学力度不够等问题。在新的历史时期,职业教育经费保障制度要适应职业教育发展的现实需要,须从持续加大政府财政拨款力度、基本落实职业教育生均经费标准以及完善多元化的职业教育经费筹措机制入手,以破解职业教育经费保障的难题。 相似文献
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Jakob Williams Ørberg 《Higher Education》2018,76(1):129-144
India’s elite sector of engineering universities, Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), are seen as safe gateways to a life in the politically hyped “new India” of the global knowledge economy. The Indian entrance exam coaching industry each year enrolls hundreds of thousands of students in classes strictly directed at “cracking” the institutes’ famous Joint Entrance Examination (JEE). Vast majorities of students at IITs are by now former coaching students, and coaching is increasingly supplanting performance in secondary education as the perceived prerequisite for IIT admission. This poses serious questions about the ability of the institutions to autonomously steer student selection and recruit the select exceptional students whom until now have kept “IITians” in the center of imaginaries of India’s future. This article explores the case of residential pre-entrance exam coaching to assess the coaching sector’s role in shaping India’s future technological leaders. It assesses the educational structure of the sector, its effect on student lives, the life aspirations it relies on, and how it is shaping IIT education itself. The case of entrance exam coaching in India, it is argued, prompt a reassessment of the concept of “shadow education” in order to begin a more thorough research agenda focused on the educational production and policy consequences of this “shadow” industry as an integrated (even if unwanted) and co-constitutive part of the higher education sector. 相似文献
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Jandhyala B. G. Tilak 《Higher Education》1992,23(4):389-404
Confronted with declining public budgets for education on the one hand, and the need for more resources on the other, many developing countries such as India, have been examining alternative methods of financing higher education. One such mechanism is student loans. A student loan programme is not a new phenomenon in India. The National Loans Scholarship Scheme has been in operation since 1963. This article critically reviews the experience of implementation of the National Loan Scholarship scheme. It examines strengths and weaknesses and problems specific to this programme in India, with a view to identifying measures for marginal improvement in the programme. The conclusion is that at present student loans make little contribution to either the efficiency or equity of higher education in India. 相似文献
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市场经济发展与高等教育经费来源多元化 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
邓娅 《北京大学教育评论》2003,1(4):62-67
随着社会主义市场经济的发展 ,我国高等教育经费来源格局发生了深刻的变化。计划经济时代形成的国家单一拨款的经费来源被多渠道筹措高等教育经费的格局所取代。这种变化反映了我国社会主义市场经济的客观要求 ,不仅具有其理论基础 ,而且具有现实的必要性和可行性。 相似文献
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Tahar Abdessalem 《Prospects》2011,41(1):135-155
Like other developing countries, Tunisia has allocated increasing levels of resources to education, particularly higher education,
over the past few decades, mainly through public funding. From 2005 to 2008, public expenditure on education amounted to around
7.4% of GDP, with 2% allocated to higher education. Recently, however, budgetary constraints have increased, student enrollment
is increasing rapidly, and the country needs to improve its higher education so that graduates are more employable. In this
context, to enhance access and equity, public policy is required to define orientations and programmes to improve quality
and efficiency while reducing costs. This article first assesses public expenditure on higher education in Tunisia, with respect
to its adequacy, efficiency, and equity, and then explores the challenges posed to financing by demographic changes, the need
for higher quality of education, and private provision. It also examines some strategies for reinforcing financing, and analyzes
measures to increase private funding. 相似文献
11.
China and India together account for almost 25% of the world’s postsecondary student population. Most of the enrolment growth
in the coming several decades will be in developing countries, and China and India will contribute a significant proportion
of that expansion, since China currently educates only about 20% and India 10% of the age cohort. Both countries are expanding
the higher education sector, while at the same time seeking to improve its quality. Challenges of funding, educating qualified
academics, and building a sustainable academic culture are significant. An emerging private higher education sector and developing
masters and doctoral programmes are additional pressures. Internationalization is a key factor as well, as both countries
seek to expand their global profile and develop strategies for international programmes. Also, higher education development
is central to future economic growth of these two of the world’s fastest growing economies. 相似文献
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《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2012,36(3):18-26
The proposals of the Holland Committee and DES Circular 10/77 favour some expansion of the further education sector to alleviate unemployment amongst young people. The uncritical acceptance of these proposals and the strength of the youth lobby may lead to even greater expansion in this sector, in the absence of alternative suggestions. In the present paper, it is argued that work could be created on a large scale by providing adults in employment with extended periods of paid educational leave. Some consideration is given to ensuring that such a policy has an egalitarian impact. A re‐ordering of educational priorities is advocated to limit the increased expenditure which such a policy would require. 相似文献
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Tim Pitman 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2016,43(3):345-359
In 2014, the Australian Federal Government attempted to de-regulate higher education fees so as to allow universities to set their own tuition fees. The associated public debate offer critical insights into how the identity of a student as a ‘customer’ of higher education is understood and deployed when developing higher education policy. This paper uses the 2014 Australian higher education reforms as a lens through which to further scholarly research into the student-as-customer metaphor and to see how it is influenced by the perceptions and understandings of policy actors external to the higher education sector. These include politicians, special interest groups, the students and their parents and prospective employers. This study reveals that the public/private nexus—both of funding and benefit—problematizes traditional conceptualisations of students and others as higher education customers. In turn, this restricts the ability or desire of policy actors to describe how the student functions as a customer as a consequence of market reform. This inability compromises the development of effective and sustainable higher education policy. 相似文献
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我国现行高等教育成本分担政策评议 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
我国近年实施的高等教育成本分担政策,对高等教育大发展发挥了重要作用,功不可没。当前社会中存在的对高等教育成本分担政策的责难在于一种受剥夺的社会情绪。这种情绪产生于国家、社会、个体之间权利与义务的不平衡,学费偏高与学校经费浪费的对比,学费上涨过快与困难学生资助制度实施的滞后。应正确理解高等教育成本分担理论,采取切实措施消除这一政策实施过程中的负效应,继续发挥其促进高等教育发展的功能,以保证我国高等教育事业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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《Distance Education》2012,33(2):271-278
This reflection outlines the problems associated with the Australian Government’s recurrent funding policy for non-government distance education. It demonstrates the policy’s inconsistencies with stated government educational policy and with commonly held expectations of fairness in a democratic society. A comparison of the current funding of non-government distance education to various long-standing educational delivery modes demonstrates that non-government distance education is yet to be appropriately funded by the Commonwealth. The discussion concludes by indicating that this emerging pedagogy is distinct from traditional schooling, that its students ought to be given the same educational opportunities as other Australian school students, and that the current policy ought to be redressed expeditiously. 相似文献
16.
The marketization of higher education in the 15 countries that were formally part of the USSR has established a system model that is distinctive within world higher education, the dual-track tuition system. The foundations of this model were established in the economic liberalization of late Soviet period which facilitated a common pattern in higher education across the post-Soviet countries. Although a private sector has been established, the primary mode of marketization has taken place within the public sector. This remains dominant but has been split into two heterogenous segments in terms of funding and student selection. National systems, and individual institutions, have become divided between state-subsidized higher scoring students, and fee-paying lower performing students, creating different valuations and behaviours for the two segments. National standardized testing is an important instrument of marketization, shaping student selection and institutional differentiation and legitimating the unequal social outcomes that result. Empirical comparison across the 15 countries demonstrates a high level of privatisation of costs, largely because of private funding within public sector. This system model, which is incoherent and fosters a large-scale commitment to non-excellence, reflects a larger duality within post-Soviet societies and polities which remains unresolved. Higher education is riven between the Soviet egalitarian legacy of higher education as a public good, and the post-Soviet moment of the late 1980s and 1990s in which policy shaped by Anglo-American neoliberal thinking set out to turn education into a consumer choice on the basis of an abstract formula of the ideal market. 相似文献
17.
Secondary Education and Research in New Zealand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robyn Baker 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2002,1(1-2):51-63
Through the 1990s the secondary sector was a site of considerable change as the Government sought to ensure that the curriculum
and associated assessment practices were designed to meet student needs and the long-term goals of New Zealand society. The
new regime aimed to promote student achievement and in particular to attain more equitable educational outcomes for all New
Zealand students. These were policy rather than practice driven initiatives that linked somewhat tenuously to research based
evidence. This paper begins by giving an overview of the secondary sector in New Zealand and these educational reforms. The
overview sets the context for the following section that describes links between educational research, policy and practice
during this time. Key issues within the sector are highlighted and some of the ways research has been used to monitor changes
and inform policy are identified. It is argued that much of the research over the past decade has been small scale and short
term and while this has served the immediate policy agenda it has provided only fragmentary evidence to inform longer term
goals such as improving student performance. The paper concludes by discussing some of the current initiatives that might
contribute to improving the interface between research and policy/practice in secondary education.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
《Higher Education Policy》2001,14(3):225-240
This article examines the impact of European integration on higher education policies of the Netherlands, Belgium/Flanders and Germany. The analysis of higher education policies in the three countries is part of a broader project, which focuses on a majority of E.U. member states. The selection of the three countries for this paper is not based on any methodological considerations. The question addressed is if higher education policies of member states are converging, diverging or not changing at all, and whether such developments are a consequence of the policies of the European Union (E.U.) or of other factors (e.g., the globalization of the market or of institutions imitating each other). A preliminary assessment leads to the conclusion that a number of important indications of convergence are present in national policy arrangements in the field of higher education (in particular student mobility and quality assurance, but less in the structure of higher education systems My attention will be focused on the structure of higher education systems, on quality assurance and on student and teacher mobility. These domains appear to cover most relevant issues pertaining to higher education policies in the European Union member states (funding of higher education is sometimes considered as a separate domain, but it can also be regarded as an element of the structure of higher education systems, while it is also related to the issue of quality assurance).). The European Union, however, does not have much legal authority in the policy sector in question. Thus, an explanation for converging national policies may lie elsewhere, in part in the concept of “institutional isomorphism”. 相似文献
19.
高等教育成本分担的国际比较——兼评中国高等教育学费标准的政策依据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
余英 《清华大学教育研究》2007,28(3):111-118
中国现行高等教育学费标准的政策依据——学费占生均日常运行费用的25%是符合国际潮流的,但只有美国、印度、蒙古等极少数国家将高等教育的教学成本作为制定高等教育学费标准的政策依据,而且这一政策很少能在实践中执行下去。由于各国对相关成本的界定以及实际成本有诸多差异,在目前的高等教育成本核算制度下,我国的这一学费政策规定意义不大。 相似文献
20.
Katy Jones 《British Educational Research Journal》2021,47(3):674-691
Third-sector community organisations are important sites for learning, especially for the most excluded groups in society. However, scant attention has been paid to the various factors shaping educational provision in community contexts, and how these interact to shape the provision available to marginalised populations. This article presents new evidence addressing this gap, through drawing on interview data from practitioners working in the UK homelessness sector. It identifies a range of factors shaping educational provision in these community contexts. These are: service user need and demand; staff roles and capacity; organisational purpose and structures; national policies; support from other adult education providers; non-governmental finance; and volunteers. With some modification, and placed within an overarching critical realist framework, it is argued that these findings are consistent with Boeren’s comprehensive lifelong learning participation model. The article concludes that so long as government policy and related funding continues to ignore and fails to support educational provision in these settings, it will remain piecemeal and highly contingent on the contribution of volunteers and short-term funding. 相似文献