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1.
This article examines the implications for access and equity of the Syrian government’s efforts to reform higher education
in the country over the past decade. In the context of social and economic reforms that are moving the county from a state-controlled
to a social market economy, it focuses on adequacy in financing higher education, as well as efficiency and equity. Significant
progress has been made in access to higher education. The government has introduced a rich variety of options for accessing
higher education, resulting in a doubling of enrolled students over the past 10 years. In terms of equity, the gender gaps
in higher education enrollment and completion have all but disappeared nationally, although regional variations persist. The
study raises concerns about the system’s internal and external efficiency: despite some improvements, the quality of the curricula
and their relevance for the labour market remain serious issues. 相似文献
2.
At existing rates of progress, fragile states represent those countries most at-risk of failing to achieve universal primary education. It is estimated that around a third of the world's out of school children live in countries where the state faces severe development challenges instigated and perpetuated by weak institutional capacity, poor governance, political instability, or the legacy effects of past conflict. Typically, fragile states have the most difficulty in mobilising domestic resources to finance national education strategies and, consequently, rely heavily on other sources of educational investment. This paper examines the provision of development aid within a group of 52 low-income countries, and concludes that despite the international commitment to universal primary education, the prevailing attitude of selectively allocating aid to ‘good performers’ has led to education in fragile states being sidelined by the development community. 相似文献
3.
Malawi was the first country after the Jomtien conference to offer free primary education. Despite this policy, universal education has remained elusive. Many children do enroll in school, but not at the official/recommended age and drop out before completing school. Understanding these transition points – entry and completion – is critical to the achievement of universal education. This paper focuses on one of these transition points – entry. Since households determine the timing and duration of schooling, this study examines 3290 households to explore the characteristics associated with delayed school enrollment. The study finds that the survival of the mother, female headship, and the head's level of education, are associated with a lower probability of delayed enrollment. 相似文献
4.
This article examines the effects of social capital on the likelihood of dropping out from the compulsory education system (Grades One through Eight) in Turkey. It focuses on the question of whether school-related social capital can provide the means to stay in school in the presence of risk factors such as socioeconomic status, race, or gender that cannot be easily modified. Despite major progress in enrollment rates due to policies enacted in recent years, the overall drop-out rate in compulsory education is close to 15% in Turkey. Data collected from 764 student–mother pairs show that drop-outs are exposed to higher number of social risk factors. We further illustrate that school-related social capital, as measured by quality of in-school teacher–student interactions as well as parental involvement in school, significantly and positively contributes to adolescents’ likelihood of staying in school even in the presence of severe social inequalities. 相似文献
5.
Even though most children in Bangladesh are enrolled in school, the country faces enormous challenges in ensuring that children
complete primary education, and learn an acceptable amount. Multiple providers—state, quasi-state, and non-state—have helped
to raise the initial enrolment rate and improve the gender balance. The critical question is how the multiplicity and diversity
of provision can contribute to achieving truly universal primary education with high completion rates and acceptable levels
of learning. A range of sub-questions relate to this critical question, including what is meant by multiple provision and
how a diversity of provisions can be shaped into a system that serves the goal of effective and equitable access. This article
addresses the above questions in the context of the history and educational development in Bangladesh. They are particularly
significant at present, as the government is about to implement a new national education policy and design a five-year national
development plan (2011–2015), which would have a decisive impact on progress towards achieving the EFA goal of universal primary
education by 2015. 相似文献
6.
《International Journal of Educational Development》2006,26(3):261-277
This paper reports on findings from a large sample survey in the states of India that account for two thirds of the children out of school. It then examines the feasibility of the central government's goals to ensure all children complete 5 years of school by 2007, and 8 years by 2010. These goals—more ambitious than the global EFA goals—are unlikely to be achieved without significant reforms by the central and state governments. It examines key reform options: in the public spending pattern; improving teacher accountability and work environment; incentives to improve demand for schooling; and the private sector. It argues that central to universalising elementary education will be improving the level, equity and efficiency of public spending. However, even with these reforms, improving teacher accountability will still remain key to the achievement of the goals. 相似文献
7.
Mikiko Nishimura 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2006,7(2):205-217
It is widely acknowledged that the private costs of education occupy a substantial part of the overall education cost and
thus they have implications for quality and equity in education. The case of Japan demonstrates that access to basic education
at junior high school level is unequal and inequitable when considering private costs of education borne within and outside
the school system. It was also found that household spending on supplementary education in public schools is likely to be
determined by local implementation of education reforms. Current education reform with its absence of financial and technical
support to schools under the guise of deregulation does not seem to generate good levels of choice nor does it seem to sustain
quality and equity in education. 相似文献
8.
《Teaching and Teacher Education》2000,16(7):785-800
Central to the efforts of primary school reform in developing nations is the need for pupils to become more active, critical and creative learners and for primary schooling to enable all children to develop to their full potential. The question `learning for all?’ asked in the title emphasises the concern that, in developing countries, schooling and education for all do not necessarily translate in learning opportunities for all. The article discusses this idea. It is based on the assumption that takes universal quality basic education as an investment and a right and posits the necessity of micro-data in order to monitor children's learning opportunities. Examples from Mauritius are used to put forward some of the reasons impeding learning opportunities and equity inside classrooms and to highlight some of the discrepancies between policy rhetoric and the `reality’ of school. 相似文献
9.
Tahar Abdessalem 《Prospects》2011,41(1):135-155
Like other developing countries, Tunisia has allocated increasing levels of resources to education, particularly higher education,
over the past few decades, mainly through public funding. From 2005 to 2008, public expenditure on education amounted to around
7.4% of GDP, with 2% allocated to higher education. Recently, however, budgetary constraints have increased, student enrollment
is increasing rapidly, and the country needs to improve its higher education so that graduates are more employable. In this
context, to enhance access and equity, public policy is required to define orientations and programmes to improve quality
and efficiency while reducing costs. This article first assesses public expenditure on higher education in Tunisia, with respect
to its adequacy, efficiency, and equity, and then explores the challenges posed to financing by demographic changes, the need
for higher quality of education, and private provision. It also examines some strategies for reinforcing financing, and analyzes
measures to increase private funding. 相似文献
10.
The article examines the Finnish system of basic education and the means it employs to support good learning and healthy growth and development for all students. The excellent learning outcomes of the Finnish comprehensive school indicate that it is possible to develop a system with both quality teaching and learning, and equity and equality for students. Throughout the article, special needs education is seen as an important, but not dominant, aspect of Finland’s inclusive policies. The article concludes with five theses central to a working model of inclusive education. 相似文献
11.
The article examines education policy in Chile after the return to democracy in 1990 from an equity perspective. Since then, policies have aimed for continuity, coherence and complementarity with the aim of furthering national development, promoting social mobility, and equitable access to quality education at all levels. However, Chile faces the challenge of implementing equity-oriented policies within the legal confines of an education system constructed under the neoliberal model which was introduced by the military government (1973–1990). This has resulted in tensions between policy and practice, which have constrained the role of the state in a highly marketised system in its efforts to distribute quality education more equitably. 相似文献
12.
《International Journal of Educational Development》2001,21(1):61-78
A major priority for the post-apartheid government in South Africa is the provision of a universal quality education. This article examines quality in the context of education reform, attempts to conceptualise quality, and critically reviews both the discourse and practice of quality interventions in South Africa from the late 1980s to the present. It is argued that work on quality has been influenced by the modernising agenda, and that this has led to two differing research strands. It is also suggested that the work on quality has been affected by the way in which education change is viewed. Three arguments are made in relation to change: that change must be viewed as a process rather than an event; that positive mandated change at the policy and legislation level has not necessarily led to change at the school level; and that education change has emphasised structure and putting systems in place rather than pedagogy and the processes of teaching and learning. The paper concludes by identifying the gaps in policy and research on quality. It calls for more qualitative and empirical school and classroom research, and suggests strategic areas for quality enhancement at the school level. 相似文献
13.
当前,我国基础教育不仅存在区域差别和城乡差别,还存在同一区域内校际之间硬件条件和生源状况的差距以及教师待遇差距。义务教育学校之间办学水平的差距,直接导致学生所接受教育质量的差距和学生发展机会上的不平等。实现西部义务教育校际均衡发展,关键在于制度建设。贵阳市在这方面进行了一些尝试,主要措施包括:改造初中薄弱校;推进中小学标准化制度建设;推进小学升初中、初中升高中的招生方式改革;加强农村中小学和农民工子女学校建设;完善校长职级制度和教师聘用制度。 相似文献
14.
Cher Ping Lim Sungsup Ra Brian Chin Tianchong Wang 《Educational Media International》2020,57(2):87-111
ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have had significant impacts on many sectors in today’s knowledge economy. In developing and emerging countries, ICT have enhanced equity, quality, and efficiency in the education sector. However, the adoption of ICT in the South Asian countries’ education sector has not been at scale and its impacts have been limited. There are several gaps and issues that are hindering the wider adoption of ICT and limiting its impacts in the education sector. Through the case studies of the adoption of ICT for education in Bangladesh and Nepal, this paper examines the gaps and issues to be addressed in order to better leverage ICT to enhance education equity, quality, and efficiency. This discussion is guided by the ICT in the education framework that has been developed by the authors, and could provide insights into the state of ICT in education and offer strategies to better leverage ICT for the education sector of other countries in South Asia and the region. 相似文献
15.
Whereas the MDG was a simple schooling goal the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have a number of targets for learning. Target 4.1 specifies not just that all children complete primary and secondary school but that this schooling leads to “relevant and effective learning outcomes” and Indicator 4.1.1 tracks progress goal using the proportion of children reaching “minimum proficiency” at early (grade 2/3), intermediate (primary complete) and late (end if lower secondary) stages of basic education with the aim that "all youth…achieve literacy and numeracy" (Target 4.6). We use the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) data from India and Pakistan, and Uwezo data from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda that assess all children in a given age range, whether in school or not, on simple measures of learning in math, reading (local language), and English, to quantify how much achieving within country equality between the richest 20 percent and the poorest 40 percent in (a) grade attainment and (b) learning achievement by grade would contribute to an SDG-like global equity goal of universal numeracy and literacy for all children by age 12−13. We have three empirical findings. First, except in Kenya equalizing grade attainment between children from rich and poor households would lead to only modest progress in achieving universal numeracy, closing only between 8% (India) and 25 % (Pakistan) of the existing gap to universal literacy. Second, equalizing the learning profiles, that is, closing the gap in learning for children in the same grade between those from the poorest 40 percent of households and the richest 20 percent, would close between 16 % (Pakistan and Uganda) and 34 % (India) of the gap to universal numeracy, and between 13 % (Uganda) and 44 % (India) of the gap to universal literacy. Third, even with complete equality in grade attainment and learning achievement with children from the richest 20 percent children from poorer households still be far from the equity goal of universal numeracy and literacy, as even children from the richest 20 percent of households are far from universal mastery of basic reading and math by ages 12−13. In the currently low performing countries achieving universal literacy and numeracy to reach even a minimal proficiency of global equity goal will require more than just closing the rich-poor learning gap, it will take progress in learning for all. 相似文献
16.
Equity,democracy, and neoliberal assaults on teacher education 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Although in the long run, neoliberalism has a track record of undermining equity and democracy, in the short run it has directed attention to education needs that have been inadequately addressed. This article sketches what teacher education in the US can do to advance equity and democracy in five areas: recruitment and admission, early fieldwork, professional coursework, student teaching, and on-going professional development. The article then examines three neoliberal pressures teacher education: (1) away from explicit equity-oriented teacher preparation, and toward preparing teachers as technicians; (2) away from defining teacher quality in terms of professional knowledge, and toward defining it terms testable content knowledge; and (3) toward shortening university-based teacher education or by-passing it altogether. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaborating with underserved communities as a way of pushing back against neoliberalism. 相似文献
17.
The question of unequal access to education among males and females appears to be universal in the developing world. However, females in Africa seem to suffer more discrimination in terms of access to education. This study revisits the question of gender disparities in educational access in Africa by analyzing data from recent comparative national surveys including the Demographic and Health Surveys, Living Standards Surveys, and World Bank data, focusing on Ghana, Zimbabwe and Kenya. It concludes that while substantial progress has been made in the last 40 years, female illiteracy rates are still high compared to males, and entrenched attitudes continue to keep females out of the educational system, thereby perpetuating the gender gap. Furthermore, while females are generally disadvantaged vis a vis their male counterparts, females living in the urban areas and some core regions tend to be better off than those living in the rural areas and peripheral regions. The paper suggests a number of policy recommendations that would enable African countries, especially the three countries used as case studies, to reap the full benefits that accrue from female education. These include the need for African governments to rededicate their efforts towards giving female education the highest priority, creating girl‐friendly school environments, helping resolve parental poverty issues that compel them to force girls into early marriages, legislating and enforcing laws that compel all children to stay in school for at least 12 years, and wiping out the long existing spatial inequities that enable people in certain locations to have better access to education than others. 相似文献
18.
Holocaust education can play a role in countering the ongoing problem of prejudice and incitement to hate that can lead to
racial tension and violence. This article examines the beliefs of Muslim school children towards Jews in Sydney, Australia.
It then discusses efforts to use Holocaust education to combat racist beliefs and hate language, and an alternative approach
that illustrates the common values in the Abrahamic faiths. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using
various school programmes to counter anti-Jewish feelings amongst Muslim children and ends with a discussion of whether such
programmes should be compulsory. 相似文献
19.
This paper examines whether the closure of poor performing primary schools improved students' educational attainment. It is believed that school closure affects children's educational outcomes positively because children switch to better primary schools. At the same time, school closure creates a social disturbance such that educational outcomes may be affected negatively. There is no previous literature on the effect of this type of school closure on student performance. The empirical results indicate that student test scores are not affected by the school closure. Children are, however, tracked into higher secondary education levels after the school closure if they received more education years at the new primary school. This effect fades out and eventually becomes negative for children who received more than one education year at the new primary school. The results further suggest that there are no detrimental effects of a school closure in terms of educational performance. 相似文献
20.
In the early 1990s, large numbers of children in India remained out of school. International commitments to achieve education for all (EFA) globally meant that India was an important case for donors. India was pressed to accept aid for primary education, and agreed with some reluctance. Although subsequent donor involvement was substantial and influenced aspects of both policy implementation and management, it is shown that Indian education policy priorities remained self-determined. The Government of India – though falling short of securing universal education for its children – succeeded in using external resources and expertise in ways which suited its own purposes, whilst minimising external impact on policy development. The politics and economics of this process are discussed. 相似文献