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1.
This paper investigates the causal effect of foreign acquisitions on the research and development (R&D) activities of domestic target firms over the period 1994–2004. Using accounting data on French innovative manufacturing firms, we implement appropriate difference-in-difference estimation techniques associated with a matching propensity score procedure. We find that the acquisitions of French firms by foreign companies boost R&D spending. There is a simultaneous rise in the external and in-house R&D expenditures of French acquired firms. R&D is more contracted out to local research providers, in particular to local public laboratories and universities. The increase in internal R&D spending benefits to development, but also basic and applied research. Finally, the growth of the R&D budget is not only financed by internal resources but also receives financing from external partners, especially parent companies. Thus, our results call into question the idea that foreign takeovers hamper the R&D development of target firms and are detrimental to the national innovation system of the host country. First, acquisitions appear to bring efficiency gains enough to counterbalance the various costs of integration and market power effects, pushing firms to invest more in R&D. Acquisitions do not seem to incite managers to take shorter term and more financial driven decisions at the expense of R&D. Second, when motivated by technology sourcing and overseas R&D development, acquisitions might be used to access the specific know-how of target firms and to tap into the knowledge of the national innovation system. Then, purchaser firms could be more likely to develop the innovative capability of target firms and to strengthen their linkages with local partners than to reduce them and relocate R&D abroad. 相似文献
2.
社会资本对研发联盟形成的影响研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
前期学者多从策略的角度研究研发联盟，但在研发联盟形成过程中，企业间的社会资本的影响更为重要。本文从社会资本与企业的互动关系出发，分别从路径依赖、交易成本、合作机会以及知识整合与扩散几个角度围绕社会资本对研发联盟形成过程的影响作了深入的分析，并结合案例系统阐释了社会资本在研发联盟动态形成过程中的所扮演的角色。 相似文献
3.
Motivated by recent statistics that show significant growth in labor productivity, this paper seeks to analyze the long-term relationship between domestic R&D, knowledge stock and productivity dynamics. Time series data of the German manufacturing industry is used to estimate a variable cost function with the stock of knowledge being dependent upon current and past R&D spending. The estimates indicate that 50% of the effects of R&D on the knowledge stock appear within 4 years. However, the rate of return on R&D are shown to be drastically declining; recent rates of return on R&D are estimated to have reached an all-time low spanning the last 45 years. Current yields of R&D are only one third compared to the sixties. In conclusion, though the productivity slowdown of the seventies seems to have been overcome, this is not attributed to R&D investments. 相似文献
4.
Determinants of successful R&D cooperation in Japanese small businesses: The impact of organizational and contractual characteristics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Using original survey data on Japanese small businesses, this paper analyses the impact of the organizational and contractual characteristics of cooperative R&D, such as membership structure, partner relationship, external support, and rules of cost and outcome sharing, on the probability of the technological and commercial success of the project. Empirical results suggest that cooperative R&D is more successful, the higher the quality and quantity of external resources available through cooperation, and the lower the transaction and coordination costs required for such arrangements. Moreover, we found that the determinants of technological and commercial success differ considerably. 相似文献
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Edward J. Malecki 《Research Policy》1981,10(4):312-334
This paper reviews the literature on the location and regional effects of science and technology (S&T) in the context of developed economies. Two processes associated with the creation of new products, agglomeration and spin-off, act to attract further innovative activity in those regions. Other regions, where R&D and related activities do not take place, are unlikely to be the locations of new-product production, and instead will tend to specialize in the production of standardized products. Both corporate and government R&D rely on pools of technical labor for technological and new-product activities; these pools of mobile workers are most attracted to large urban areas. In only some of these areas, however, does the spin-off process result in the generation of new technology-based firms. The availability of local venture capital appears to be the principal influence on this variation. Government policy regarding science and technology has impacts on regions by contributing to the agglomeration of R&D. Government policy also often fails to recognize that S&T policy and industrial policy have regional effects that may be long-term in nature and most detrimental to those regions whose economies are least competitive. Finally, some priorities for future research on innovation in a regional setting are identified. 相似文献
7.
已有研究侧重于探索供应商如何为制造企业提升研发创新,但忽视了非研发创新的内在价值。事实上,非研发创新同样是提升企业创新绩效的重要途径,鲜有研究探明供应链情境下非研发创新的结构与前因。基于社会资本理论,破解如何提升研发创新与非研发创新,并探明供应商为制造商带来更多的研发创新还是非研发创新。选取538份有效问卷,采用结构方程模型验证,实证结果表明：（1）制造商——供应商社会资本各维度均正向影响研发创新与非研发创新;（2）相对于研发创新,结构资本与认知资本更能提升制造企业非研发创新;而相对于非研发创新,关系资本更能提升制造企业研发创新;（3）社会资本各维度对非研发创新的各维度（产品或工艺改进、模仿创新、技术引进与市场创新）均产生正向影响。研究结论厘清了制造企业制造商——供应商社会资本不同维度提升研发创新/非研发创新的差异性影响,为制造企业提升研发创新/非研发创新提供理论解释与实践启示。 相似文献
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Jens Frslev Christensen 《Research Policy》2002,31(8-9)
The heydays of the central R&D laboratory as the ‘dominant design’ of corporate R&D in large technology-intensive companies is over. The last decades have witnessed not only downsizing of central R&D, but also ongoing experimentation and restructuring of the modes of managing corporate R&D. What is the logic behind these ongoing restructurings? The paper argues that different kinds of organizational incongruities constitute critical sources of change in the organization of R&D. The paper seeks to align a contingency and an evolutionary perspective in analyzing two Danish technology-intensive companies characterized by highly different organizational trajectories. 相似文献
10.
Barry Boezman 《Research Policy》1978,7(4):384-405
Despite widespread dissatisfaction with the quality of scientific information employed in planning and policy-making in public agencies, relatively little is known about the scientific information acquisition behaviors of public managers. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate research on scientific information acquisition in public agencies by suggesting that: (1) planning and policy-making are ‘policy technologies’ and share certain attributes with more traditional technologies; (2) many propositions developed in the literature on information flows in R&D labs are, therefore, helpful in structuring thinking about information flows in public agencies; and (3) it may be possible self-consciously to design social and organizational structures so as to enhance informal flows of scientific information. After gleaning some of the propositions concerning scientific information flows from the R&D management literature, an ‘ideal design’ approach is employed to develop a model in which the social and organizational structures of a public agency optimize scientific information flow. 相似文献
11.
Recently, proponents of interfirm R&D collaboration have emphasized its benefits. We develop a dynamic model of Schumpeterian competition to examine whether such collaboration is indeed beneficial in the long run. We find that interfirm R&D collaboration is more likely to be a losing strategy when partners form alliances mainly to reduce R&D costs. On the other hand, partners collaborating to seek synergy by accessing each other's complementary assets/capabilities are more likely to be successful. Our study suggests that firms should not use strategic alliances merely to reduce R&D costs in a catch-up situation or to avoid head-on competition with rivals. 相似文献
12.
Helge Godoe 《Research Policy》2000,29(9):657
By introducing the concept of innovation regimes, the aim of this article is to show how the rapid pace of technological development in the telecom sector may be explained by the close links between the sector's own R&D and the creation of numerous innovations, many of which are radical. In contemporary innovation theory, a theoretical antinomy exists: Whereas, the creation of incremental innovations is variously explained in terms of «rational» responses to markets, dynamics of technological regimes, dominant design, etc., radical innovations, in contrast, are explained in terms of serendipity, chance or haphazard scientific discoveries. Evidence from analysis of innovations in the telecom sector suggests that innovation regimes have provided a capability of coordination, direction and leadership in the creation of many of the radical technological innovations that have emerged in the sector. Thus, one may claim that the strong innovation regimes and high R&D intensity of the telecom sector, at least until recently, have provided a capability of creating innovations on purpose — for a purpose. The policy implications of this contradict some of the assumptions on which the prevailing market-oriented R&D governance models and policies are based — and which are supported by contemporary innovation theories. 相似文献
13.
Endogenous technical advance and the stochastic trend in output: A neoclassical approach 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the recent endogenous growth literature, the trend in output is stochastic, while investment in scientific knowledge is treated as analogous to a capital stock. This paper models both research and development (R&D) and disembodied technical advance using neo-classical equations, which specify the equilibrium stocks as a function of prices and output. The elasticity of R&D in the production function, estimated using factor shares, is time-varying and increasing. Returns to scale are increasing in all factors. The most important aspect of the model is that the equilibrium rate of technical advance is not cyclically invariant, but co-moves with output at business cycle frequencies. This allows the production function to behave as a stochastic trend. Growth accounting demonstrates that long-term variations in the rate of productivity growth have been associated mainly with low-frequency fluctuations in the rate of disembodied technical advance, with secondary effects from the stocks of R&D and physical capital. During the high productivity period 1948–1972, technical advance contributed 1.48 percentage points per year to output, with 0.98 accounted for by R&D. The productivity slowdown of the mid-1970s was accounted by a gradual decline in the effect of R&D, and a more abrupt collapse in disembodied technology. The subsequent productivity revival was associated with two accelerations in disembodied technical advance, the first beginning in the early 1980s, and the second in the mid-1990s. The production function is simulated in a small econometric model. Model simulations find that exogenous shocks to the inflation rate generate significant variations in growth by inducing fluctuations in disembodied technology. 相似文献
14.
Peter deLeon 《Research Policy》1982,11(6):347-357
The development of new and advanced technologies, especially those with significant potential social effects, needs to be assessed as part of an on-going process. This paper proposes an evaluation agenda for technology R&D over the next decade with special emphasis on four issues: appropriate technology R&D standards and criteria; the institutional context; comparisons to alternative options; and the social effects. 相似文献
15.
本文利用中国省际区域面板数据研究了社会资本对研发效率的影响。首先从构成社会资本的单个要素出发,分别考察了信任、规范、社会网络对研发效率的影响。研究结果表明,"信任"对研发的中间产出效率、"规范"对研发的最终产出效率具有显著的正向影响,而"社会网络"无论对研发的中间产出效率还是对最终产出效率的影响均不显著。随后,通过因子分析将各单个要素凝练成为社会资本变量,并以此探讨了社会资本与研发效率的关系,发现社会资本对研发的中间产出效率和最终产出效率均具有显著的正向作用。 相似文献
16.
M. Teubal 《Research Policy》1982,11(6):333-346
This paper summarizes the pilot stage of a microeconomic study of the innovation performance through time of young, high-technology Israeli firms. It reports some results for a successful firm designing, producing and selling electronic instruments and systems. The paper begins by surveying some of the difficulties surrounding the collection and organization of data on R&D projects. One of them concerns the definition of the ‘Unit for Analysis’ - the R&D project. Three criteria are suggested for dividing the stream for innovative activities into R&D projects, and these are applied to group the tens of products, accessories and systems included in the analysis into nine projects. The paper subsequently defines a measure of “direct” project performance or profitability estimate - discounted operating profits per unit of fixed costs - and provides estimates based on R&D and sales data for the products of each project. The final sections analyze the variation of project profitability through time. The increasing profitability observed across generations of a product class is attributed to the adaptability of the firm to changes in the environment, particularly to the availability of new technology which requires the swift design and sale of more complex products. The qualitative history of the various projects suggests that this adaptability is due, to a large extent, to the skills, infrastructure and reputation of the firm accumulated from prior projects, i.e. that the “indirect” profitability of the latter is high. Some estimates of the indirect profitability of early projects are presented. A comparison of the spin-off mechanisms observed in the firm analyzed with those observed in firms of other industries is also undertaken. 相似文献
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Werner Bnte 《Research Policy》2004,33(10):1635-1655
This paper investigates the effects of interindustry R&D spillovers from publicly financed business R&D on private R&D efforts and productivity using data of West German manufacturing industries. The results suggest that it is important to distinguish between the effects of spillovers from privately and publicly financed business R&D. In particular, estimation results provide evidence of productivity-enhancing effects of spillovers from privately financed R&D while results are less clear-cut for publicly financed R&D. Moreover, there is some empirical evidence that private R&D efforts of higher-technology industries are stimulated by spillovers from privately financed R&D but not by spillovers from publicly financed R&D. However, public funding of R&D in higher-technology industries seems to induce private R&D investments within these industries. 相似文献
19.
Jerome E. Schnee 《Research Policy》1979,8(4):364-382
The adverse economic impacts of the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act have transformed the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The key elements of this transformation include declining rates of innovation, huge increases in R&D costs and risks, lowered profitability, and an erosion of U.S. technological leadership. U.S. pharmaceutical firms must develop new, creative R&D strategies in order to cope with this complex and demanding environment. U.S. firms have responded to more stringent domestic regulation by sharply increasing both foreign R&D expenditures and initial clinical testing of new chemical entities at foreign locations.New patterns of project selection strategies have begun to emerge in the 1970s. As the total number of R&D projects has been cut back, pharmaceutical firms have focused resources on those disease areas with the highest epidemiological importance. To cope with the increasing riskiness of drug R&D firms have shifted dollars from research to development. Pharmaceutical firms are also likely to alter their strategies for discovering new drugs. As firms reduce explorative, basic research, more structured, engineering approaches will receive increased emphasis. Because individual drug companies are likely to have reduced capacity for originating drugs within their own laboratories, competition among firms for access to new compounds and research ideas is likely to in tensify. 相似文献
20.
This paper examines the relationship between the economic growth of European regions and their knowledge and human capital endowments. The share of adult population with tertiary education and the intensity of R&D expenditures in value-added emerge as the most effective factors enhancing the growth of GDP per capita recorded, during 1995–2002, by the regions belonging to twelve countries of the former EU15. However, while the educational variable is effective for the whole regional set, the impact of R&D is significant only for the regions that are above a given threshold of per capita GDP. Moreover, remarkable disparities arise among the regions of different countries. In particular, only within North European countries there is a significant relationship between regional growth and the intensity of R&D and higher education. The policy implications of both findings are discussed. 相似文献