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The present study examined kanji errors in handwriting made by Japanese students and Australian learners of Japanese. First, a cognitive psychological model to explain the production of writing errors was proposed based upon the analysis of 374 writing errors of two-morpheme (kanji) compound words generated by Japanese students in spontaneous sentence writing situations. Despite the common assumption that kanji writing errors may not be related to the sounds of kanji characters (i.e., morphological phonology), the present study found that phonologically-related kanji writing errors were most numerous (60.0%), followed by orthographically-related errors (43.6%) and semantically-related errors (29.7%), including some overlap of these three types. Second, 408 kanji writing errors made by students learning Japanese in an Australian university were analyzed. Unlike the Japanese students, these subjects wrote more non-existing kanji and made orthographically-related mistakes rather than semantically- and phonologically-related errors. This result must be related to the level of kanji writing skills held by learners of Japanese. In light of these results, several suggestions were proposed for the methods of teaching kanji writing. 相似文献
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This study examined the extent to which mora deletion (phonological analysis), nonword repetition (phonological memory), rapid
automatized naming (RAN), and visual search abilities predict reading in Japanese kindergartners and first graders. Analogous
abilities have been identified as important predictors of reading skills in alphabetic languages like English. In contrast
to English, which is based on grapheme-phoneme relationships, the primary components of Japanese orthography are two syllabaries—hiragana
and katakana (collectively termed “kana”)—and a system of morphosyllabic symbols (kanji). Three RAN tasks (numbers, objects,
syllabary symbols [hiragana]) were used with kindergartners, with an additional kanji RAN task included for first graders.
Reading measures included accuracy and speed of passage reading for kindergartners and first graders, and reading comprehension
for first graders. In kindergartners, hiragana RAN and number RAN were the only significant predictors of reading accuracy
and speed. In first graders, kanji RAN and hiragana RAN predicted reading speed, whereas accuracy was predicted by mora deletion.
Reading comprehension was predicted by kanji RAN, mora deletion, and nonword repetition. Although number RAN did not contribute
unique variance to any reading measure, it correlated highly with kanji RAN. Implications of these findings for research and
practice are discussed. 相似文献
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Deaf children can improve their reading skills by learning to use alternative, visual codes such as fingerspelling. A sample of 28 deaf children between the ages of 7 and 16 years was used as an experimental group and another sample of 15 hearing children of similar age and academic level as a control group. Two experiments were carried out to study the possible interactions between phonological and visual codes and working memory, and to understand the relationships between these codes and reading and orthographic achievement. The results highlight the relationship between dactylic and orthographic coding. Just as phoneme-to-grapheme knowledge can facilitate reading for hearing children, fingerspelling-to-grapheme knowledge has the potential to play a similar role for deaf readers. 相似文献
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The present study investigated the effects of visual complexity for kanji processing by selecting target kanji from different stroke ranges of visually simple (2–6 strokes), medium (8–12 strokes), and complex (14–20 strokes) kanji with high and low frequencies. A kanji lexical decision task in Experiment 1 and a kanji naming task in Experiment 2 were administered to native Japanese speakers. Results of both experiments showed that visual complexity inhibited the processing of low-frequency kanji, whereas such consistent, inhibitory effects of visual complexity were not observed in the processing of high-frequency kanji. Kanji with medium complexity were processed faster than simple and complex kanji in high frequency. 相似文献
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This study examined age-group differences in eye movements among third-grade, fifth-grade, and adult Japanese readers. In Experiment 1, Japanese children, but not adults, showed a longer fixation time on logographic kanji words than on phonologically transparent hiragana words. Further, an age-group difference was found in the first fixation duration on hiragana words but not on kanji words, suggesting character-type-dependent reading development in Japanese children. Examination of the distributions of saccade landing positions revealed that, like adults, both third and fifth graders fixated more on kanji than on hiragana characters, which suggests that even young children utilize the same oculomotor control strategy (the kanji targeting strategy) as Japanese adults. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the proportion of kanji characters in a text affected adult reading performance. Japanese adults made more refixations and regressions in texts with a high proportion of hiragana characters. The results of both experiments suggest that differences between kanji and kana affect the reading efficiency of school-age children and that maturation of reading skills allows adults to optimize their strategy in reading kanji and kana mixed texts. 相似文献
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Evans CJ 《American annals of the deaf》2004,149(1):17-27
A bilingual model has been applied to educating deaf students who are learning American Sign Language (ASL) as their first language and written English as a second. Although Cummins's (1984) theory of second-language learning articulates how learners draw on one language to acquire another, implementing teaching practices based on this theory, particularly with deaf students, is a complex, confusing process. The purposes of the present study were to narrow the gap between theory and practice and to describe the teaching and learning strategies used by the teachers and parents of three elementary school children within a bilingual/bicultural learning environment for deaf students. The findings suggest that strategies such as using ASL as the language of instruction and making translation conceptual rather than literal contribute to literacy learning. Findings further indicate that some inconsistencies persist in applying a bilingual approach with deaf students. 相似文献
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In semistructured interviews, 20 men and 20 women (10 deaf and 10 hearing) between the ages of 18 and 28 recalled instances of instrumental, social, and expressive writing from their childhood. In contrast to earlier research, we found that instrumental writing occurred as frequently between deaf children and their hearing parents as between deaf children and their deaf parents and that all homes with a deaf family member had telecommunication devices for the deaf(TTYs). Whereas all respondents engaged in some form of social writing, deaf respondents did less personal or expressive writing than their hearing peers. Implications for literacy instruction and further research are that (a) teachers should take advantage of the writing experience that students bring to the classroom, (b) writing should be used as a tool for learning and classroom communication, and (c) the effects of experience, genre, school setting, and technology on the writing of deaf students should be examined. 相似文献
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吕会华 《毕节师范高等专科学校学报》2014,(3):49-53
部分聋人具有将汉语作为第二语言习得的特点.第二语言习得的相关研究对聋人大学生汉语教学有较大启示.从第一语言和第二语言关系、阅读和写作等方面,探讨第二语言习得理论、理念、教学方法及其对聋人大学生汉语教学的启发.总结实践中的一些做法. 相似文献
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Bebko J 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》1998,3(1):4-14
Two related models of the role of developing and automatized language skills in the cognitive processing of deaf and hearing children are presented. One model focuses on explaining apparent delays in the emergence of a memory strategy (cumulative rehearsal) in children who are deaf, linking strategy use with the child's emerging language skills and the automatization of those skills. The second model is larger in scope and integrates this rehearsal model with added components relevant for higher-level cognitive activities such as reading. A program of research is reviewed that provides support for various components of the models with deaf children. Implications of the models for potential concurrent learning disabilities are discussed. 相似文献
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Deaf children's use of phonological coding: evidence from reading, spelling, and working memory 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Two groups of deaf children, aged 8 and 14 years, were presented with a number of tasks designed to assess their reliance on phonological coding. Their performance was compared with that of hearing children of the same chronological age (CA) and reading age (RA). Performance on the first task, short-term recall of pictures, showed that the deaf children's spans were comparable to those of RA controls but lower than CA controls. For the older deaf children, short-term memory span predicted reading ability. There was no clear evidence that the deaf children were using phonological coding in short-term memory when recall of dissimilar items was compared with recall of items with similarly sounding names. In the second task, which assessed orthographic awareness, performance of the deaf children was similar to that of RA controls although scores predicted reading level for the deaf children but not the hearing. The final task was a picture spelling test in which there were marked differences between the deaf and hearing children, most notably in the number of spelling refusals (which was higher for the deaf children in the older group than their RA controls) and the percentage of phonetic errors (which was considerably lower for both groups of deaf children than for any of the hearing controls). Overall these results provide support for the view that deaf children place little reliance on phonological coding. 相似文献
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Most studies on the Stroop effect (unintentional automatic word processing) have been restricted to English speakers using vocal responses. Little is known about this effect with deaf signers. The study compared Stroop task responses among four different samples: deaf participants from a Japanese-language environment and from an English-language environment; and hearing individuals from Japan and from Australia. Color words were prepared in both English and Japanese and were presented in three conditions: congruent (e.g., the word red printed in red), incongruent (e.g., red printed in blue), and neutral. The magnitude of the effect was greater with the deaf participants than with the hearing participants. The deaf individuals experienced more interference in English than in Japanese. 相似文献
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Two experiments are presented that examine how the visual characteristics of Japanese words influence eye movement behaviour
during reading. In Experiment 1, reading behaviour was compared for words comprising either one or two kanji characters. The
one-character words were significantly less likely to be fixated on first-pass, and had significantly longer overall reading
times, than the two-character words. In Experiment 2, reading behaviour was compared for two-kanji character words, for which
the first character was either visually simple or visually complex (determined by the number of strokes). Visual complexity
significantly influenced total word reading times and the probability of the individual visually simple/complex characters
being fixated on first pass. Additional analyses showed no preferred viewing position for two-kanji character words. Overall,
the study provides experimental evidence of an influence of specific visual characteristics of Japanese words on eye movement
behaviour during reading, as shown by both fixation probabilities and reading times. The findings must be explained by processing
at (or beyond) a visual level impacting on eye movement behavior during reading of Japanese text. 相似文献
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the time course of semantic and phonological access in naming kanji and kana words. Japanese adults quickly named single words written in kanji and the same words written in kana in one session, and translated them into English in another session. In both experiments using nouns (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2), words were named faster in kana than in kanji but were translated faster in kanji than in kana. These findings were interpreted to suggest that kana words are closer to phonology while kanji words are closer to meaning. The optimum solutions obtained by the simplex method showed that semantic access takes place 10 to 19 msec earlier in kanji words than in kana words, whereas phonological access takes place 27 to 31 msec earlier in kana words than in kanji words. A possible difference between kanji nouns and verbs is briefly discussed in terms of phonological access time. 相似文献
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This study examined the semantic effect on retrieval of radicals ofJapanese kanji. In the retrieval task, a stimulus word written inhiragana (Japanese syllabary) was presented one by one on a display, andparticipants quickly named the left radical of the target kanjicharacter that corresponded to the stimulus hiragana word. It was foundthat the mean naming latency was shorter and fewer errors were made whenthe left radicals were semantically related to the target kanji thanwhen they were not. Also remarkable was a momentary retrieval failure(i.e., no response) characterized as a `tip-of-the-pen' state which evena high-frequency word precipitated more often in the semanticallyunrelated condition. These results highlight a critical role thatmeaning plays in the activation of orthographic forms of kanji. Somecharacteristic features of writing in kanji are discussed. 相似文献
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To what extent does phonology play a role in spelling English words? The written responses of deaf students and groups of hearing children to five tasks were subjected to quantitative and qualitative analyses. The first three tasks were used to see if deaf students utilized phonology when they generated their own words and to compare their spelling performance with that of hearing subjects. The fourth and fifth tasks were designed to compare the spelling performance of deaf and hearing subjects when they were required to reproduce visually presented common words. Results showed that deaf students, who were chronologically much older, were not better spellers than hearing children from the fifth grade. Analysis of data revealed little evidence that the deaf students involved in the present study utilize phonology in spelling. Nor did word-specific visual memory for entire words appears to play a role in spelling by deaf students. Rote visual memory for letter patterns and sequences of letters within words, however, appears to play a role in the spelling by deaf students. It is concluded that sensitivity to the stochastic-dependent probabilities of letter sequences may aid spelling up to certain point but phonology is essential for spelling words whose structure is morphophonemically complex.
相似文献19.
Various claims have been made for the usefulness of dialogue journal writing for improving the writing of less proficient users of English such as deaf writers of English or speakers of English as a second language. However, the bulk of the research has focussed on either student attitudes towards writing or very limited samples of student writing. In a one year project involving the exchange of dialogue journals between 204 pairs of deaf and hearing students in 10 public school districts, the authors sought to evaluate the utility of dialogue journals for improving the writing skills of the deaf writers. The age of the correspondents ranged from 10 to 18 years old in grades 4 through 12. Among the deaf writers, the average hearing loss was 89 dB in the better ear with a range of from 45 dB to 120 dB. The journal entries of 153 of the deaf students were evaluated for both changes in content and syntactic complexity. When the pair of writers maintained a relationship over time, there was an improvement in the quality of the writing of the deaf student and a change in the nature of the contents of the deaf student's entries. Results suggest that for some young deaf writers an exchange of dialogue journals with hearing peers can both improve the writing skills of the deaf writer and develop a relationship between the correspondents. Suggestions for implementing such a program are included. 相似文献
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通过对89名聋校中学生的文言文学习态度、文言文学习现状、对教师文言文教学的评价三个方面调查,本研究发现：多数聋生有一定的文言文学习兴趣、有学好文言文的主观意愿,但他们的文言文学习方法和习惯还有待进步和提高;聋生对翻译和默写类文言文测验题目感到困难,他们的文言文基础知识有待巩固;教师对聋生的文言文学习情况有重要影响,但目前教师的教学态度和方法还有待改善;文言文教学课件的制作质量是聋生判断教师对文言文教学重视程度的重要参考,但目前教师制作的课件质量还存在较大的提升空间。 相似文献