共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Market creation is moving to the centre of mission-oriented innovation policy. This is particularly visible in the space sector. Agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) are developing market-creating innovation policies in response to (a) the increasing emphasis on societal grand challenges, (b) the rise of a new wave of space companies (often referred to as “New Space”) and (c) the global trend towards interconnecting and interlinking of industries (a trend referred to as Industry 4.0). In this paper we explore the changing nature of mission-oriented innovation policies for market creation for two agencies, NASA and ESA. For these agencies, earlier mission-oriented policies focused on clear challenges with identifiable concrete problems and directed by a strong centralized agency. Contrast this with today, with broadly defined grand challenges, decentralized innovation systems with mixed top-down and bottom-up problem definition. We describe the current drivers and pressures that are creating a window for policy change, and we present examples of how NASA and ESA are responding to these pressures and use this exploration to dig deeper into the evolving frames of market-creating innovation policy in the space sector to identify the challenges for such policies and to further articulate a research agenda. 相似文献
2.
《Research Policy》2023,52(7):104818
Transformative innovation policies can provide systemic solutions to socio-environmental challenges because of their “experimental”, “reflexive” and “inclusive” character. We contend that social enterprises can act as catalysts for transformative innovation for the geographically and socially marginalized. Thus, including social enterprises in transformative innovation policies can mitigate the negative effects of innovation-based growth, making policies more socially and geographically inclusive. Following a syncretic approach to the literatures on transformative innovation policies and social entrepreneurship, this paper identifies the key dimensions of social enterprises' transformative innovation potential: directionality (i.e., social goals as the purpose of innovation); social and geographical inclusiveness (i.e., the inclusion of marginalized areas and individuals in the provision of goods or services); reflexivity (in terms of participatory governance and monitoring the achievement of goals); and experimental character (in terms of establishing partnerships with heterogeneous actors). We then assess this capacity through an exploratory cluster analysis of Italian social enterprises. We identify three distinct groups that suggest a range of entrepreneurial approaches from largely transformative to not at all. The transformative innovation readiness of social enterprises has implications for policymakers seeking to undertake pilot schemes and implement actions that support an appropriately transformative innovation ecosystem. 相似文献
3.
Feng-chao Liu 《Research Policy》2011,40(7):917-931
China has transformed itself from a planning to a market-oriented economy over the past three decades and has sustained a fairly long period of rapid economic growth, to which the contributions from innovation in science and technology (S&T) have become increasingly important. Then, how have China's innovation policies evolved to reflect the changing and supposedly better understanding of innovation by China's policy makers? The paper tries to answer this question through a quantitative analysis of 287 policies issued by China's central government agencies between 1980 and 2005 and of 79 policies introduced between 2006 and 2008 to implement the Medium- and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020). China has shifted its S&T and industrial policy-centered innovation strategy and has pursued a series of better coordinated, innovation-oriented economic and technology initiatives that give greater attention to a portfolio of policies that include critical financial, tax, and fiscal measures. There has been a gradual departure from the pattern in which innovation policies are formulated by one single government agency, therefore steering China to a different and probably more promising innovation trajectory. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, new results are established for generating tracking policies in aggregated production-inventory systems. A dynamic model is developed to characterize the evolution of targeted production, inventory and demand over time and incorporates the inventory, production and demand tracking errors as additional variables. The control variables are managerial decision variables on rate of production and advertisement. The developed model takes the form of linear system with time-varying delay. Tracking policies are then formulated and determined to ensure that the production-inventory tracking model achieves a desirable performance in terms of H∞-measure. Numerical simulation is performed to illustrate the theoretical developments. 相似文献
5.
利用26个省市1996～2008年的有关数据,就经济结构、金融危机冲击对经济波动的影响进行实证研究后发现,单位GDP能耗越高,越是受到金融危机影响,经济增长率越低;市场化程度越高,财政政策和货币政策越是宽松,经济增长速度越快。对我国的启示是:继续严格执行"节能减排"的政策;做好应对危机的各种预案,建立金融危机的预警体系,争取做到未雨绸缪,防患于未然;继续执行宽松的财政政策和货币政策,抵御金融危机对我国经济的冲击。 相似文献
6.
Existing economic theories show that continuing innovation, diffusion, and technical and managerial improvement are necessary for economic growth and international competitiveness in the industrially advanced countries. But knowledge of why, where and how governments should intervene in the processes of industrial innovations stems more from trial and error than from systematic empirical information of the nature and extent of the hindrances to economically and socially desirable innovations, and of the effectiveness of alternative government policies to remove them. Nonetheless, past empirical studies do offer some clues.Differences amongst industrial sectors. The sources of new technology vary widely amongst inustrial sectors: in the costs of innovation, in the relative importance of outside suppliers of equipment and materials, of large and small firms, and of full-time R & D departments as compared to part-time innovative activities (sect. 7, 8). Similarly, the conditions for successful innovation vary amongst sectors (sect.6). Thus, government policies designed to influence innovation are likely to act with different intensities in different industries.The management of innovation. Nonetheless, there are some features common to innovation in different industries. Considerable costs beyond R & D are often necessary before the innovations reach commercial use (sect.4). And the following managerial characteristics are in general associated with successful innovation: a deliberate policy of seeking innovations; close and careful attention to customer requirements; good personal communications both within the firm and with outside sources of relevant knowledge; a style of management that is ‘organic’ and ‘participatory’ rather than ‘hierarchical’ and ‘authoritarian’; strong project leadership; and a strong engineering capability (sect. 6).R & D managers are still unable to predict the outcome of R & D projects to a useful degree of accuracy and, in the literature on methods of project selection, very little attention is paid to market uncertainties. Furthermore, a greater use of conventional investment appraisal criteria in deciding on R & D projects may re-inforce the already observed tendency in industry towards short-term, low-risk projects, to the neglect of longer-term, high-risk projects (sect. 5).Governments should therefore examine whether the benefits of policies towards education and management advisory services for innovation might outweigh their costs. They may also have a significant role to play in financing longer-term research that is basic to the development of industrial technology (subsect. 12.5).The nature of market and production demands. The direction of industrial innovation is often very sensitive to market and production demands (sect. 3). This fact, together with the high degree of market uncertainty facing innovating firms (sect. 5), suggest that governments can potentially influence both the pace and the direction of industrial innovation through their influence on the scale of industrial, consumer and public service demands. However, this potential influence will become real only if users of innovations are able to specify the innovations that they need, or to evaluate those that they get. This is generally the case for industrial demand, but not in consumer and public service markets, where fashion, insensitivity to users' needs and lack of technical competence often prevail. Government-funded technological institutes and laboratories are ideally placed to provide such technical competence (sub-sect. 12.3).Economic incentives and rewards for innovation. A whole range of economic factors are said to influence the resources, the incentives and the rewards for innovation: for example, the degree of monopoly or the degree of competition, the patent system, the level of profits, the level of taxation, and the level of demand. The empirical evidence on the effects of most of these factors on industrial innovation is either inconclusive or non-existent. However, in the USA a close relationship has been observed between growth of industry sales and growth of industry-financed R & D activities (sect. 10). The rate of growth of demand is also one of the key factors influencing the rate of diffusion of innovations amongst their potential population of users (sects. 11, 12.2).The government-financed scientific and technological infrastructure. Scientific and technological knowledge from outside of innovating firms is often crucial to the completion of successful innovations, and three UK studies show that a significant proportion of this outside knowledge comes from government-financed technological institutes and laboratories, and from the universities (sect. 3). If the same is true in other countries, it should be an essential feature of any government policy towards industrial innovation to know how effectively government-funded laboratories and universities provide supportive knowledge to industry, and how government laboratories should be organised and financed (subsect. 12.4).Direct government-financing of innovative activities in industry. Governments specifically finance R & D activities in industrial firms, although these expenditures are less than those for general industrial development (sect. 13). These R & D activities in industry are relatively more important in France and UK, than in F.R. Germany and the Netherlands.In the four countries, more than 70% of all civilian government R & D activities related to industry are spent on aircraft, space, nuclear energy and electronics (subsect. 14.4). In all these high technologies, governments attempted in the 1960's to implement ‘policies for innovation’, involving government procurement, industrial mergers and attempts at European co-operation, in addition to the financing of R & D (subsect. 14.5). Government expenditures on civilian R & D related to other industrial sectors are very much smaller in all four countries (subsect 14.4).Where should governments intervene? A, number of attempts have been made to develop a formal framework of criteria to assist governments in deciding where they should intervene in industrial innovation. They all run into the following difficulties: dealing with multiple policy objectives; assessing national costs and benefits; comparing with alternative policies, choosing appropriate policy instruments (sect. 17).How should governments intervene? Very little information is available on the effectiveness of various policy instruments that have been used by governments in order to promote innovation in industry. Although it is often possible to measure the inputs into such policies, the measurement of their outputs (or results) is more difficult. Nonetheless, detailed studies would enable some such measurements to be made, and internationally comparable studies would increase the range of experiences and the number of cases that could be examined (sect. 18).Why should governments intervene? A full appreciation of the nature and scale of hindrances to industrial innovation, on which governments should act to remove, requires direct information on what innovations are (or are not) being introduced by industry, and why they are (or are not) being inyroduced. This information can best be obtained from analyses of the behaviour of industrial firms. They would differ from most existing innovation studies that concentrate on asking how firms must behave in order to make successful innovation, by asking what innovations are attempted, and why firms are stimulated to attempt them (sect. 19). 相似文献
7.
Morris Teubal 《Research Policy》1997,25(8):1161-1188
This paper presents an evolutionary framework for horizontal technology policies (HTPs) especially market-friendly ones involving project-based incentives (e.g. R&D project based grants rather than tax-based incentives to yearly expenditures on R&D). HTPs are a category of technological policies whose objective is to promote technological development per se, and associated management and organizational routines, irrespective of industrial branch or technological area. They are being increasingly adopted by both advanced countries and newly industrialized countries in response to the new opportunities and threats opened up by the technological revolution and by the processes of liberalization and globalization; and they complement the more specific and well-known selective and vertical policies aimed at individual sectors and technologies. The analysis is conducted within a learning-to-innovate framework with emphasis on collective, organizational learning; search; and market-building. The outcome is a technology policy cycle with distinct infant, growth, and mature phases. Proactive ‘generation’ of a critical mass of projects for efficient learning and diffusion of innovation routines becomes the aim of the infant phase; while the mature phase of the policy should focus on policy restructuring including drastic reductions in the support of routi projects and enhanced support of more complex types of innovation. The paper also emphasizes the importance of a neutrality component in incentives in the infant phase of increasing selectivity; and of building policy capabilities for efficient policy design and implementation. 相似文献
8.
在新能源汽车“补贴型”政策逐步“退坡”的背景下,有效发挥“非补贴型”政策的作用具有重要的现实意义。选择中国目前实施的“路权优先”和“充电保障”两项主要“非补贴型”政策,以新能源汽车示范推广城市为例,应用双重差分模型从时间和区域两个维度分析了两项“非补贴型”政策作用的差异性。结果表明：从时间维度来看, 新能源汽车“非补贴型”政策作用虽然稍低于 “补贴型”政策,但是十分显著并呈现持续上升趋势,新能源汽车“非补贴型”政策可以成为“补贴退坡”后市场持续发展的重要政策支撑,其中,“路权优先”政策作用的增幅相对更大;从区域维度来看,“充电保障”政策作用的区域差异不明显,“路权优先”政策作用则存在比较明显的区域差异性,城市的交通承载压力越高,“路权优先”政策作用越强。在新能源汽车“补贴退坡”的情形下,应在快速推进充电桩等基础设施布局的同时,加大新能源汽车“路权优先”政策实施的力度,同时,要根据交通承载压力的区域差异性,因地制宜地实施差异化的“非补贴型”政策。 相似文献
9.
10.
创新关注点前移催生了激励范式转变的需求,在产学研基础研究合作过程中简单依赖财税政策支持可能造成激励不足和公共资源扭曲。本文利用2004-2018年我国信息与通信技术领域(ICT)的相关数据,基于负二项回归重点探讨了不同财税政策激励之下产学研基础研究合作与企业突破式创新的关系。实证结果表明：产学研基础研究合作有助于企业实现突破式创新;企业获得的研发补助对此过程产生了正向调节作用,而税收优惠对此过程造成了负向调节;进一步探索不同财税政策组合情境,发现在适当的研发补助支持下,税收优惠可以形成创新激励效应。研究结果丰富了产学研基础研究合作过程的相关激励理论,也为政府利用财税政策有序引导相关基础研究合作进程提供了思路和科学依据。 相似文献
11.
有关技术创新激励政策效应的研究对产业特征的关注还不充分,影响了对激励政策产业层面效应的深入理解。本文认为更为系统地重审技术创新激励政策的效应,有必要将产业市场竞争度与产业技术吸收能力同步纳入研究模型,因为它们分别影响产业创新主体的技术创新动机和技术创新能力。当产业市场竞争度与产业技术吸收能力都处于高水平时,技术创新激励政策对产业技术创新的正向效应最为明显。实证数据来自和五类使能技术的应用密切相关的16个制造业的2013—2017年的数据,包括R&D资本存量、全时人员当量、发明专利申请数、新产品开发项目数、新产品销售收入数据,和以DEA视窗方法计算得到的产业技术创新绩效数据,分析结果表明：产业技术吸收能力放大了税收优惠政策对技术创新绩效的正向作用;但是R&D补贴政策对于技术吸收能力低的产业有更高的正向效应;当技术市场竞争度高时,技术吸收力对税收优惠与R&D补贴的正向促进作用最高。本研究深化了对技术创新激励政策的作用机理的理解,并提示政策制定者需要充分重视产业的市场竞争度。 相似文献
12.
本文研究了财税激励和研发投入交互作用下，企业创新绩效是否会受到影响。本文构建固定效应模型，选取西部地区59家上市高新技术企业2014-2018年的面板数据，以此检验财税政策支持、企业研发投入与企业创新绩效三者之间的关联。结果显示:从所有制和行业视角分析，税收优惠和财政补贴都通过研发投入这一中介变量对制造业企业的创新绩效产生显著影响，但享受税收优惠的民营企业，其研发投入对创新绩效的提升存在挤出效应。深入考察企业研发投入的作用路径，发现：税收优惠与企业费用化研发投入交互作用更加有利于提升企业创新绩效，而财政补贴与资本化研发投入相融后对创新绩效的提升也存在积极影响。最终本文根据以上研究结果，提出进一步合理运用财税政策来优化研发投入的作用路径，以提升企业创新绩效的建议。 相似文献
13.
改革开放以来我国财政政策效应的实证研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过构建财政政策效应模型进行计量分析,结果表明:财政政策的总效果即对GDP的增长率贡献约为12.23%。其中,主动政策对经济增长的贡献率较大;而主动效果中,政府购买支出效果远大于税收的效果,说明了政府财政支出是促进我国经济增长的重要因素;在自动效果中,税收的效果大于政府购买支出的效果,说明我国的税收对经济的稳定效果是非常明显的。 相似文献
14.
15.
利用面板数据模型研究了各省财政投资对地区经济差距的影响，发现各省财政投资对本地经济增长具有较强的促进作用，但是其经济增长效应存在明显的差异，东部地区的正向影响力最大，中部地区次之，西部地区最小，这是促使我国地区差异进一步增大的重要影响因素。分析了各省财政投资效应存在差异的原因。分析认为，立足于有效提高本地区公共服务水平的财政投资比单纯扩大财政投资规模更有利于提高落后地区的人均产出水平，缩小地区差距。 相似文献
16.
任务导向型创新政策:框架理论与实践 《科学学研究》2023,41(1):30-37
任务导向型创新政策是为应对重大社会挑战而兴起的新政策范式，已成为许多国家解决“急、难、险、重”等科学问题的系统性政策干预方案。文章围绕任务导向型创新政策的概念内涵、要素构成、主要特征、理论解释与政策实践等不同维度展开全面分析。研究表明，任务导向型创新政策主要由政策目标、政策主体、政策工具和政策过程等要素构成，并具有方向引导、市场创建、协同参与和动态评估等特征。转型失灵理论为任务导向型创新政策干预创新活动的合法性提供了理论解释。现有任务导向型创新政策实践主要聚焦于保障国防安全、实现产业追赶和应对重大社会挑战三个方面。研究可为中国制定和实施任务导向型创新政策提供理论支撑和经验借鉴。 相似文献
17.
近年来我国雾霾污染天气频发,大气污染越来越严重,因此支持雾霾防治类中小企业的技术创新工作势在必行,但这类企业面临自身规模不大,资金投入有限,融资渠道单一,专业技术人才缺乏等多种条件限制,其技术创新工作亟需相关政策的大力支持。文章把我国支持雾霾防治类中小企业技术创新政策体系分为财政、税收、金融、技术、人才和公共服务几个部分;探讨了支持雾霾防治类中小企业技术创新政策的积极作用;分析了目前我国支持雾霾防治类中小企业技术创新政策存在财政支持不足,税收政策不完善,金融扶持政策缺乏针对性,技术政策落实不到位,人才激励政策存在缺陷,国际合作技术创新政策缺位等问题,并针对这些问题给出了相应的解决方案。 相似文献
18.
本文选取2015-2018年新能源汽车产业110家上市公司面板数据,探索政府补助与市场融资及其协同配合对企业研发创新影响的差异性。结果显示,新能源汽车产业政府补助对企业研发创新具有显著激励效应,市场融资并未显著促进企业研发创新,政府补助与市场融资协同配合能有效促进新能源汽车产业研发创新。通过进一步研究发现,处于不同新能源汽车产业链阶段的企业,政府补助对中上游企业研发创新的激励效应更大,而市场融资对下游企业研发创新的激励效应更大,政府补助与市场融资协同配合对中上游企业研发创新的激励效应更大。同时,相对于国有企业,新能源汽车产业政府补助与市场融资及其两者协同配合对非国有企业研发创新的激励效应更大。本文在一定程度上丰富了创新激励与政府干预理论,并为政府扶持新能源汽车产业精准设计创新政策提供理论指导。 相似文献
19.
绿色服务产业是绿色产业中提供智力支持和专业服务的支持性产业。在加快推动低碳经济发展的进程中,绿色服务产业的发展明显落后于绿色制造产业,为进一步激励和规范绿色服务产业,充分发挥其对低碳经济的助推作用,政府密集出台了一系列绿色服务产业的相关政策。本文根据《绿色产业指导目录》（2019年版）中绿色服务产业相关目录提取政策主题词,并利用北大法宝数据库提取2002—2017年间2921条绿色服务产业政策,实证分析绿色服务产业政策对低碳经济增长的影响效应及传导路径。研究表明：①2000年后中国绿色服务产业政策数量快速增长,绿色制造较为发达的东部地区,其政策规模明显大于其他地区;②绿色服务产业政策对低碳经济增长具有显著的促进作用,在经济基础或者生态基础好的区域促进作用更强;③中国绿色服务产业政策主要通过扩张绿色产业规模、促进产业结构绿色转型、加强绿色技术创新促进低碳经济增长。因此,应进一步完善绿色服务产业政策体系,为绿色制造的高质量发展提供有力支撑,同时关注绿色服务产业政策的异质性特征,促进不同地区的协调发展。 相似文献
20.
在激励理论的分析框架下对早期阶段创新项目的财政资助政策进行了研究,主要结论包括:1)为担保创业企业家的努力投入,创新企业必须投入足够的自有资本才能吸引创业资本的进入,因此政府的财政资助可以弱化创新企业的财富约束,从而激励更多的创新活动;2)要求按比例分享项目收益的有偿资助方式帕累托劣于无偿资助,而仅要求固定回报的有偿资助则是激励中性的。根据上述结论进一步解释了创业投资家在投资项目选择上的阶段偏好现象,并分析了天使投资的矛盾性,证明了在对早期阶段创新项目的扶持中,公共资本起着不可替代的作用。 相似文献