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1.
Paul A. Schutz Heather A. Davis Paula J. Schwanenflugel 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(4):316-342
The purpose of this study was to assess aspects of college students' organization of concepts related to emotions and their regulation during test taking. The authors also evaluated whether students who report having problems with test anxiety hold a different conceptual organization about test taking compared with students who do not report having such problems. Concepts relevant to emotions and their regulation during test taking were sampled from the emotion and emotional regulation literature. Participants rated how similar these concepts were during test taking. These ratings were then submitted to multidimensional scaling analyses (MDS). The resulting arrangement of concepts provides insight into the underlying organizational conceptions held by low, moderate, and high test-anxious participants. Students' organizational schemes surrounded 2 dimensions: (a) task-focus and (b) pleasantness. High test-anxious participants had differing conceptual organizations about test taking than moderate and low test-anxious participants with regard to pleasantness. In addition, the high test-anxious participants saw task-focused processes such as reading directions during test taking as more highly related to unpleasant emotions like anxiety than moderate and low test-anxious participants. 相似文献
2.
本文通过教学实验证明：集中教授几个隐喻概念的“V ＋down”构式时,对于中等水平的中国成年英语学习者来说,用认知语言学方法（CLA）与意义猜测法相结合的方法比单独采用CLA更有效.实验一用CLA和传统教学法分别进行了教学实验,发现两组教学效果没有显著性差异.实验二选取实验一相同的材料,用CLA与意义猜测法相结合进行教学实验,发现教学效果明显优于单独的CLA.本文还认为,对于缺乏语言环境的中国成年外语学习者,同时教授几个相关隐喻概念的同一短语动词构式比同时教授几个不相关隐喻概念的不同短语动词构式更有效. 相似文献
3.
Schillinger Frieder L. Mosbacher Jochen A. Brunner Clemens Vogel Stephan E. Grabner Roland H. 《Educational Psychology Review》2021,33(4):1887-1906
Educational Psychology Review - The inverse relationship between test anxiety and test performance is commonly explained by test-anxious students’ tendency to worry about a test and the... 相似文献
4.
The present study examines the role of orthographic complexity on Italian children’s word reading. Two experiments are reported
in which elementary school children (3rd and 5th graders) read aloud words containing simple or contextual letter-sound conversion
rules. In Experiment 1, both groups of participants read words containing contextual rules more slowly and less accurately
than words containing simple, non-contextual rules. Experiment 2 showed that the effect of rule complexity held for low but
not high frequency words, on both reading speed and accuracy. No interactions with grade were found. This pattern is in line
with previous findings on the effects of rule contextuality on adult performance [Burani, C. Barca, L. & Ellis, A. W. (2006).
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 346–352]. Despite the regularity of the Italian orthography, the presence of complex rules influences both reading speed
and accuracy of young readers. Moreover, the reading system of readers of a shallow orthography seems efficient from the first
years of reading instruction. 相似文献
5.
According to dual-route models of reading,consistency effects in pseudoword reading areevidence for the activation of lexicalinformation. We investigated whether thislexical interference has a semantic or anon-semantic origin. In Experiment 1,participants named aloud a set of words andpseudowords. The consistency effect in readingpseudowords co-occurred with associativepriming effects in reading words but not withsemantic priming effects. In Experiment 2, onlywords were presented. Comparable effects ofboth associative priming and semantic primingin naming words were found. This patternprovides evidence for the existence of alexical non-semantic pathway in reading aloud.It also shows that this pathway is sensitive toassociative relations among words. Finally, itcalls into question the likelihood of afeedback mechanism from the semantic system tothe orthographic input lexicon. 相似文献
6.
Claire E. Weinstein Walter E. Cubberly Frank C. Richardson 《Contemporary educational psychology》1982,7(2):107-112
The effect of test anxiety on learning superficial and deep level tasks was examined. Ninety college students classified as either high or low test-anxious learned a paired-associate word list using either a superficial level or a deep level processing strategy. The results indicated that on the superficial level processing task, the performance of the low test-anxious students was not significantly different from that of the high test-anxious students, while on the deep level processing task the performance of the low test-anxious students was significantly better than the performance of the high test-anxious students. The results are discussed in the context of a cognitive-attentional theory of test anxiety and the mechanisms by which test anxiety may disrupt performance. 相似文献
7.
Brenda Hannon 《Learning and Instruction》2012,22(5):299-310
Definitions of related concepts (e.g., genotype–phenotype) are prevalent in introductory classes. Consequently, it is important that educators and students know which strategy(s) work best for learning them. This study showed that a new comparative elaboration strategy, called differential-associative processing, was better for learning definitions of related concepts than was an integrative elaborative strategy, called example elaboration. This outcome occurred even though example elaboration was administered in a naturalistic way (Experiment 1) and students spent more time in the example elaboration condition learning (Experiments 1, 2, 3), and generating pieces of information about the concepts (Experiments 2 and 3). Further, with unrelated concepts (morpheme-fluid intelligence), performance was similar regardless if students used differential-associative processing or example elaboration (Experiment 3). Taken as a whole, these results suggest that differential-associative processing is better than example elaboration for learning definitions of related concepts and is as good as example elaboration for learning definitions of unrelated concepts. 相似文献
8.
Test performance and reported anxiety levels of high and low test-anxious subjects taking either a regular exam or an exam containing brief, written relaxation instructions were compared. A consistent main effect for test anxiety was found; high test-anxious subjects performed more poorly and reported greater worry and emotionality than did low test-anxious subjects. Effects for the relaxation manipulation were found only on the second of three exams where the high anxious subjects receiving the relaxation exam format reported less worry than the high anxiety-regular exam group. Results provide greater external validity for the Test Anxiety Scale (TAS). 相似文献
9.
Paula J. Schwanenflugel Robin D. Morris Melanie R. Kuhn Gregory P. Strauss Jennifer M. Sieczko 《Reading and writing》2008,21(3):177-203
The purpose of the experiments was to determine the automatic use of large or small word reading units in young readers in
the absence of word decoding strategies. Picture-word Stroop interference was examined from four types of conflicting labels:
(a) words containing both highly predictable grapheme–phoneme correspondence (GPC) units and highly consistent rime units
(henceforth, Hi-GPC + Hi-Rime); (b) words with highly predictable GPC units and less consistent rime units (Hi-GPC + Lo-Rime);
(c) words with low predictability GPC units and highly consistent rime units (Low GPC + High Rime); (d) nonwords that contained
both highly predictable GPC and highly consistent rime units. Naming time for pictures containing these labels was compared
against that for pictures with random letter strings or no labels. In Experiment 1, Stroop interference was examined in first,
second, and third grade children to determine whether there was developmental change in the presence of rime or GPC interference.
In Experiment 2, Stroop interference was examined as a function of relative reading skill in first grade children. In Experiment
3, Stroop interference in adults was compared to the use of rime or GPC pronunciation strategies for nonword reading. In all
experiments, Stroop interference in picture naming was longer for pictures with highly predictable GPC unit labels than less
predictable GPC unit labels. However, in Experiment 3, even though adults showed interference from predictable GPC units in
the Stroop task, they always preferred rime pronunciation for ambiguous nonwords in the nonword reading task. It is argued
that the current experiments provide evidence for a flexible units model.
The results of this study were presented at the Cognitive Development Society meeting, November 2001, Virginia Beach, VA,
and the American Educational Research Association meeting, April 2004, San Diego, California. 相似文献
10.
In the current study, we report two eye movement experiments investigating how Chinese readers process incremental words during reading. These are words where some of the component characters constitute another word (an embedded word). In two experiments, eye movements were monitored while the participants read sentences with incremental words whose first two characters (Experiment 1) or last two characters (Experiment 2) constituted a word (referred to respectively as “head-embedded” and “tail embedded”). Reading times on these words were longer when the frequencies of the embedded words were lower. However, this was only seen on first fixation duration for head-embedded words. These results suggest that embedded words are activated when Chinese readers process incremental words, and that this activation is earlier for a head-embedded word than for a tail-embedded word. These results support a hierarchical model which assumes that the representation for whole word is activated via the representation of its constituent morphemes. 相似文献
11.
NOTETAKING SKILLS INSTRUCTION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ NOTETAKING PERFORMANCE 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ilhan Ilter 《Psychology in the schools》2017,54(6):596-611
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of explicit instruction in notetaking skills on the notetaking performance of seventh‐grade students at different reading ability levels. The students in the notetaking instruction condition (NTI) received classroom‐based notetaking skills instruction (approximately 40 minutes) every week for 10 weeks. The comparison condition students (CNT) were asked to use conventional notetaking (CNT) that was embedded within the daily social studies lessons. The participants’ reading comprehension abilities were identified through the Sentence Verification Technique, which consisted of a 16‐item expository text. A notetaking performance test (NTPT) was used to assess the effect of notetaking skills instruction on two dimensions of the participants’ notes (verbatim copying and terse value). The results demonstrated that the terse value of students’ notes in the NTI condition was significantly better than that of the students in the CNT condition. The students in the NTI condition reduced their percentage of verbatim copying and used fewer words to cover more main concepts in the NTPT that followed the instructional intervention. Surprisingly, the students at low reading ability showed the greatest gains in notetaking performance from verbatim copying to terse notetaking. 相似文献
12.
Two lexical decision experiments are reported that investigate whether the same segmentation strategies are used for reading printed English words and fingerspelled words (in American Sign Language). Experiment 1 revealed that both deaf and hearing readers performed better when written words were segmented with respect to an orthographically defined syllable (the Basic Orthographic Syllable Structure [BOSS]) than with a phonologically defined syllable. Correlation analyses revealed that better deaf readers were more sensitive to orthographic syllable representations, whereas segmentation strategy did not differentiate the better hearing readers. In contrast to Experiment 1, Experiment 2 revealed better performance by deaf participants when fingerspelled words were segmented at the phonological syllable boundary. We suggest that English mouthings that often accompany fingerspelled words promote a phonological parsing preference for fingerspelled words. In addition, fingerspelling ability was significantly correlated with reading comprehension and vocabulary skills. This pattern of results indicates that the association between fingerspelling and print for adult deaf readers is not based on shared segmentation strategies. Rather, we suggest that both good readers and good fingerspellers have established strong representations of English and that fingerspelling may aid in the development and maintenance of English vocabulary. 相似文献
13.
Three experiments are reported that investigate the cognitive processes underlying contextual and isolated word reading. In Phase 1, undergraduate participants were exposed to 75 target words under three conditions. The participants generated 25 words from definitions, read 25 words in context and read 25 in isolation. In Phase 2, volunteers completed either an explicit recall task (Experiment 1), an implicit word stem completion task (Experiment 2) or both tasks (Experiment 3). Our findings provide converging evidence that contextual and isolated word reading elicit different patterns of cognitive processing. Specifically, Experiments 1–3 demonstrated that words read in context were remembered similarly to words generated from definitions: words from both conditions were recalled more frequently in the surprise memory task and selected less often to complete the word stems in the implicit memory task. The opposite pattern was noted for words read in isolation. Reading in context is discussed in terms of its greater reliance on semantic processing, whereas isolated word reading is discussed in relation to perceptually driven processes. 相似文献
14.
Maya M. Khanna Michael J. Cortese Katharine S. Birchwood 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(5):407-439
In two experiments we examined how children's nonword pronunciations are influenced by learning words. In Experiment 1, children pronounced nonwords before and after learning words sharing orthographic rimes with the nonwords. These rimes varied in spelling-to-sound consistency and regularity. Children's nonword pronunciations were more sensitive to consistency and regularity after instruction than before. Experiment 2 expanded upon Experiment 1 by modifying the instruction to highlight regularity and consistency in rime unit neighborhoods and by including both younger (M age = 7.6) and older (M age = 9.92) participants. After instruction, Experiment 2 participants demonstrated greater sensitivity to rime unit consistency and regularity than Experiment 1 participants. In both experiments, the children, especially the younger participants, made more adultlike pronunciations after instruction than before. We conclude that learning words varying in consistency and regularity increased the children's sensitivity to these properties. 相似文献
15.
The majority of naturalistic reading occurs within passages. Therefore, it is important to understand how reading in context affects the division of labor between semantic and orthographic processing. However, it is difficult to compare the cognitive processes elicited by reading in context and lists because of the perceptual differences that define them. In 2 experiments, undergraduate students read 72 different words divided across three conditions (context, semantic-list, and orthographic-list). Participants then completed a memory task that was used to estimate either the semantic processing (surprise recall; Experiment 1) or orthographic processing (word stem completion; Experiment 2) elicited during reading. In both experiments, memory performance for words read in context more closely resembled words read in the semantic-list condition and differed greatly from those read in the orthographic-list condition. We interpret these results as showing that contextual reading biases the division of labor toward semantic processing and away from orthographic processing. 相似文献
16.
Comparisons of the effects of typical and atypical typeface on reading performance among readers of different linguistic backgrounds may yield new insights into the psychology of word recognition. A total of 143 adults (i.e., 50 Chinese, 55 Koreans, 38 native English speakers) participated in the study that involved two computer-based naming tests. The tests presented words with letters that varied in size and shape in Experiment 1 and words containing scrambled letters in Experiment 2. Results from Experiment 1 showed that the interference effect of size and shape on word naming accuracy and latency was robust for all readers. Likewise, results from Experiment 2 showed a broad interference effect of scrambled letters on word naming; however, scrambled letters appeared less disruptive to word naming among Chinese readers compared to their Korean and native English speaking counterparts. Taken together, Chinese speakers were less efficient in recognizing atypical words at the sublexical level, but more efficient at the lexical level. 相似文献
17.
William F. Cox 《Contemporary educational psychology》1978,3(1):95-101
Two groups of undergraduates were required to verbally reorder previously memorized pairs of nouns to detect the underlying structural relationship or chain among certain memorized pairs. While the types of word chains were always structurally identical for the two groups, the groups differed as to whether the list of word pairs were concrete or abstract nouns. Subjects who received concrete words both memorized the pairs and solved the problems in less time than did subjects who received abstract word pairs. Superior performance was supposedly due to the differential effect of imaginai versus verbal encoding. Implications were discussed regarding both educational and psychological issues. 相似文献
18.
Kathy Green 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(4):225-228
Item-response changing as a function of test anxiety was investigated. Seventy graduate students completed the Test Anxiety Scale and 73 multiple-choice items during the quarter. The data supported the hypothesis that high test-anxious students make more item-response changes than low test-anxious students. Results also suggested that both high- and low-anxious students profit to a similar extent proportionally from answer changing. It was further found that more responses were changed on difficult than on easy items for both high- and low-anxious students. Test anxiety is suggested as a factor forming test-taking style. 相似文献
19.
Kai Makita Mika Yamazaki Hiroki C. Tanabe Takahiko Koike Takanori Kochiyama Hirokazu Yokokawa Haruyo Yoshida Norihiro Sadato 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2013,7(4):213-224
Psychological research suggests that foreign‐language vocabulary acquisition recruits the phonological loop for verbal working memory. To depict the neural underpinnings and shed light on the process of foreign language learning, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging of Japanese participants without previous exposure to the Uzbek language using learning of novel Uzbek words. During encoding, spoken Uzbek words and corresponding visual objects were shown, and subjects either overtly repeated the words (phonological rehearsal) or overtly rehearsed numbers (phonological suppression). Phonological rehearsal improved the encoding performance. A learning‐related decrease in rehearsal‐specific activation was found in the left fusiform gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellum. Recollection of the phonologically rehearsed words activated the right cerebellum and left fusiform gyrus more prominently than recollection of the phonologically suppressed words in a performance‐dependent manner. The phonological loop might provide the temporal and fragile registration of the articulatory pattern that is converted into a more durable form in the right cerebellum, which is in turn integrated with the object information in the fusiform gyrus. 相似文献
20.
单强 《潍坊教育学院学报》2005,18(2):30-33
我们说话或写文章时常出现表达不清的现象,而在领会别人的话语或文章的时候又会存在理解不透的问题,所有这些都与语境有关。本文据此提出了语境是检验与评价言语活动的唯一依据这个观点,主要展开内容有:语境能帮助我们使用尽量少的语言材料传达出尽可能多的言语信息;语境能帮助我们铺设条件,排除歧义,准确理解言语;语境能帮助我们在言语交际中使多义语词的语义具体化;言语意义往往不等于语词意义的简单加合,语境能帮助我们选择信息;语境能对语词意义施加影响,甚至改变语词的一些意义;根据语境,筛选出表达真正所需的语词。 相似文献