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1.
The first part of this article explores whether convergence has occurred in technology and income across EU regions during the period 1990-2002. The second part evaluates whether these two processes of convergence are related to each other. With respect to the first question, we find that all R&D indicators and patents have converged among regions during the 1990s and this has ran parallel to a real convergence in income per capita levels. Regarding the second question, we have identified a strong relationship between the distribution of technology indicators and the distribution of regional income in Europe. Our main result is that convergence in business R&D leads to convergence in patents, which in turn leads to convergence in income per capita. Although, we identify a role for government R&D and higher education spending in this process, the policy implications for these two variables are less clear. 相似文献
2.
中国区域经济增长的空间相关性分析:1990～2004 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用ESDA方法,通过考察1990~2004年中国341个地区人均GDP增长速度的空间相关性,揭示了中国区域经济增长的空间相关格局及其变动特征,进而指出为了更加深入地理解中国区域经济增长,必须考虑地区之间的相互作用;最后给出了协调区域经济发展的政策启示。 相似文献
3.
Many regions of the European Union with a high degree of autonomy have elected very clearly to stimulate scientific research and technological development (R&D) as a specific means of promoting economic growth and the welfare of their citizens. In Spain, several autonomous regions have organised their efforts in science and technology by means of the adoption of regional R&D plans. In some cases, particular concern is taken to link the scope of scientific research with that of technology, but even in these few cases, it is acknowledged that little is known of the mechanisms by which the results of scientific research are translated into technological development, and how this latter in turn influences the objectives of scientific research. Our aim in this article is to study in greater depth the relationship between science and technological development in the various regions of Spain. The methodology that we apply to investigate the links between science and technology is based on an analysis of scientific citations in patent documents (non-patent citation (NPC)). The results obtained from this study provide some relevant data on the interconnection between the scientific and technological systems from a regional perspective. 相似文献
4.
依据"电热碳分摊"原则测算出中国30个省级行政区(不包括西藏和港澳台地区)碳排放量,基于EKC理论,构建协整空间DURBIN模型,研究中国区域碳排放环境管制的空间溢出效应。结果表明:区域人均碳排放量、环境管制等变量存在着显著的空间相关性;区域人均碳排放量与区域人均地区生产总值之间存在着长期稳定的EKC曲线关系;本区域能源强度、产业结构、城市化率以及环境管制对本区域人均碳排放的直接效应(弹性)分别为0.690、0.181、0.029、-0.001,对邻近区域人均碳排放的溢出效应(弹性)分别为0.090、0.024、0.004、-0.036,本区域环境管制对邻近区域人均碳排放的溢出效应要明显高于其对本区域人均碳排放的直接效应。 相似文献
5.
Motivated by recent statistics that show significant growth in labor productivity, this paper seeks to analyze the long-term relationship between domestic R&D, knowledge stock and productivity dynamics. Time series data of the German manufacturing industry is used to estimate a variable cost function with the stock of knowledge being dependent upon current and past R&D spending. The estimates indicate that 50% of the effects of R&D on the knowledge stock appear within 4 years. However, the rate of return on R&D are shown to be drastically declining; recent rates of return on R&D are estimated to have reached an all-time low spanning the last 45 years. Current yields of R&D are only one third compared to the sixties. In conclusion, though the productivity slowdown of the seventies seems to have been overcome, this is not attributed to R&D investments. 相似文献
6.
The centrality of firms vis-à-vis regions underlines a general contrast between two models of producing innovations. This paper uses a new database composed of 4262 European chemical patents applied by 693 firms during 1987–1996 to compare the relative effect of firm and regional characteristics on the production of technological “hits” (highly cited patents). By using extensive controls, the main finding of the paper is that technological hits in the “traditional” chemical sectors are explained only by R&D intensity at the firm level and the scale of the research projects. Firm competencies, particularly technological specialisation, are still important in biotechnology. However, the distinct feature of the biotechnology model is that localised knowledge spillovers also matter. 相似文献
7.
《Research Policy》2022,51(8):104156
One the one hand, complex technologies offer substantial economic benefits, and on the other, they are difficult to invent and to imitate, and they refuse a fast dissemination. This two-sidedness motivates the idea that regions’ competitive advantages and, in consequence, their economic growth, originate in their ability to produce and utilize complex technologies. However, the relationship between technological complexity and regional economic growth has rarely been empirically investigated. Here, we address this pressing research gap by assessing the complexity of technological activities in 159 European NUTS 2 regions and relating it to their economic growth from 2000 to 2014. Our empirical results suggest that technological complexity is an important predictor of regional economic growth. A 10% increase in complexity is associated with a 0.45% GDP per capita growth. By showing that technological complexity is important for regional economic growth, our results fuel current policy debates about optimal regional policies such as the Smart Specialization strategy. 相似文献
8.
This study examines the technology strategies of 88 technology-based growth companies that went public on the German “Neuer Markt” between 1997 and 2002. The regression analyses show significant positive effects of R&D on growth but negative effects on profitability. The data suggests that firm age is a moderating factor influencing whether technology investments lead to higher growth or profitability in the life cycle of technology-based growth companies. In our sample, higher R&D intensity led to increased sales growth but lower return on sales, but the growth effect was negative and the impact on profitability positive. These results support the significance of company life cycle theories for formulating technology strategies, which suggests that different stages in the development of technology-based firms call for specific levels of R&D intensity to sustain growth and profitability. 相似文献
9.
Complementary insights from Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm are combined to predict the relationship between firm specific technological knowledge and patterns of integration within organizational boundaries. The findings show that the level of Research and Development (R&D) intensity (representing the creation of firm specific technological knowledge) has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the propensity of firms to integrate activities within organizational boundaries. At low levels of R&D intensity, firms’ propensity to integrate their activities is low, but increases with escalating levels of R&D intensity in order to avoid the misappropriation of value generated by technological knowledge. However, beyond a certain R&D intensity level, the propensity to integrate activities declines, since the level of technological knowledge is high enough to prevent imitation by third parties. As expected we further find that firms which follow this integration pattern outperform those which do not. As the level of R&D intensity increases, the integration of production and marketing activities enables firms to improve performance until a certain R&D intensity threshold, after which such integration negatively affects performance. 相似文献
10.
自2002年中国的黄金市场开放以来,中国的黄金需求大幅增长,于2013年首次成为全球第一大黄金消费国。中国作为具有黄金消费传统习俗的国家,未来的黄金消费需求规模值得深入探讨。本文通过对亚洲、美洲和欧洲地区的黄金制造业黄金消费历史进行分析,得出人均黄金制造业黄金消费量与人均GDP之间并不呈“S”形规律,而是呈一种“倒U”形轨迹;黄金制造业黄金消费强度与人均GDP之间虽然也呈“倒U”形轨迹,但是并没有相近的消费顶点;人均黄金制造业黄金消费量与人均国民收入之间呈“倒U”形轨迹。通过研究日本、美国和欧洲的黄金制造业黄金消费规律并分别在日本模式、美国模式和欧洲模式下对中国的黄金制造业黄金消费量进行预测,预计未来中国的黄金制造业黄金消费量将介于日本模式1 371t与美国模式2 361t之间,为1 800t。 相似文献
11.
利用灰色关联度与面板回归模型探讨近30年主要科技大国能源消费结构演变及影响因素。研究表明：能源消费结构演变总体呈去碳化、清洁化、安全化特征，表现为能源消费中石油及煤炭降低、天然气缓慢增长、核能波动下降、可再生能源较快增长的发展态势；城镇化、人口规模、产业结构、技术进步、对外经济贸易、人均地区生产总值（GDP）与各国化石能源消费占比高度关联，但各国最大关联因子不尽相同；能源消费强度、人均GDP、城镇人口占比、进出口额占GDP比对化石能源消费占比具有显著影响，其中城镇人口占比的正向影响最大，人均GDP的抑制作用最强；相较而言，中国能源消费量较大，结构长期保持为“煤炭-石油-可再生能源-天然气-核能”，化石能源消费与产业结构、能源消费强度、人口规模关联度较高。 相似文献
12.
Edward J. Malecki 《Research Policy》1981,10(4):312-334
This paper reviews the literature on the location and regional effects of science and technology (S&T) in the context of developed economies. Two processes associated with the creation of new products, agglomeration and spin-off, act to attract further innovative activity in those regions. Other regions, where R&D and related activities do not take place, are unlikely to be the locations of new-product production, and instead will tend to specialize in the production of standardized products. Both corporate and government R&D rely on pools of technical labor for technological and new-product activities; these pools of mobile workers are most attracted to large urban areas. In only some of these areas, however, does the spin-off process result in the generation of new technology-based firms. The availability of local venture capital appears to be the principal influence on this variation. Government policy regarding science and technology has impacts on regions by contributing to the agglomeration of R&D. Government policy also often fails to recognize that S&T policy and industrial policy have regional effects that may be long-term in nature and most detrimental to those regions whose economies are least competitive. Finally, some priorities for future research on innovation in a regional setting are identified. 相似文献
13.
采用Pearson相关性分析、灰色关联分析和Granger因果关系检验方法,从相关性和因果关系的角度分析湖南省科技统计面板数据与以RD投入为代表的科技投入的相互作用关系。研究结果表明:湖南省高新技术企业数量、专利申请与授权数量、地区生产总值(GDP)和RD项目金额与其RD投入关系密切,其中高新技术企业数量与RD投入的相关性最高,且这些因素之间存在单向的作用关系,具体表现为GDP增长刺激RD投入增加,RD投入增加则进一步促进高新技术企业成长和专利成果的产出。通过分析认为,湖南省要增加RD投入、提升区域科技创新能力,应稳定经济稳增长,提高RD投入的转化水平,并合理搭配科技政策。 相似文献
14.
This paper analyses the effects of the deregulation policy introduced in India in the mid-1980s on the relationship between technology imports and in-house R&D efforts. Using appropriate statistical techniques, it examines the interactions between policy regime, economic environment and the determinants of inter-industry variation in technology imports in Indian manufacturing. In doing so, it introduces R&D efforts as one of the main determinants. Literature suggests that there is simultaneity in the relationship between technology imports and R&D efforts. To tackle this problem, lagged R&D expenditure intensity is adopted as a proxy for in-house R&D efforts. The empirical results reveal that technology imports were only weakly related with the past in-house R&D efforts in the protective regime. Deregulation promoted complementarity between technology imports and R&D efforts significantly. The results also suggest that after deregulation, the impact of product differentiation, demand conditions and technology-related factors increased significantly in determining the inter-industry patterns of technology imports. Thus, unlike in a regulated regime where technology imports are viewed important for filling gaps in domestic technological capabilities, in a deregulated regime technology upgradation seems to be the major role of technology imports. 相似文献
15.
以区域上榜品牌丰裕度、总价值、多样性三个变量来描述区域品牌分布的基本特征,以人均GDP代表区域经济发展状况,建立相应的回归模型,揭示品牌分布与中国区域经济发展之间的内在联系。实证结果表明:上榜品牌总价值和上榜品牌多样性与区域人均GDP有显著的正相关关系,区域上榜品牌丰裕度与区域人均GDP呈现弱的负相关关系。 相似文献
16.
我国R＆D科学家工程师规模预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究采用时间外推与目标增长两种模型预测我国 2 0 2 0年R&D科学家工程师总人数 ,并对两种模型预测结果的差异作了分析。研究认为 ,时间外推模型侧重科学家工程师的质量 ,目标增长模型侧重数量 ;时间外推模型侧重发挥国家导向作用的日本和欧盟模式 ,目标增长模型侧重发挥企业自发作用的美国模式 相似文献
17.
Indicators for complex innovation systems 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J. Sylvan Katz 《Research Policy》2006,35(7):893-909
Performance indicators such as national wealth (GDP per capita), R&D intensity (GERD/GDP) and scientific impact (citations/paper) are used to compare innovation systems. These indicators are derived from the ratio of primary measures such as population, GDP, GERD and papers. Frequently they are used to rank members of an innovation system and to inform decision makers. This is illustrated by the European Research Area S&T indicators scoreboard used to compare the performance of member states.A formal study of complex systems has evolved over the past few decades from common observations made by researchers from many fields. Complex systems are dynamic and many of their properties emerge from the interactions among the entities in them. They also have a propensity to exhibit power law or scaling correlations between primary measures used to characterize them.Katz [Katz, J.S., 2000. Scale independent indicators and research assessment. Science and Public Policy 27, 23-36] showed that scientific impact (citations/paper) scales with the size of the group (papers). In this paper it will be shown that two other common measures, R&D intensity and national wealth, scale with the sizes of European countries and Canadian provinces. Some of these scaling correlations are predictable. These findings illustrate that a performance indicator derived from the ratio of two measures may not be properly normalized for size.This paper argues that innovation systems are complex systems. Hence scaling correlations are expected to exist between the primary measures used to characterize them. These scaling correlations can be used to construct scale-independent (scale-adjusted) indicators and models that are truly normalized for size. Scale-independent indicators can more accurately inform decision makers how groups of different sizes contribute to an innovation system. The ranks of member groups of an innovation system by scale-independent indicators can be subtly and profoundly different than the ranks given by conventional indicators. The differences can result in a shift in perspective about the performance of members of an innovation system that has public policy implications. 相似文献
18.
Reuven Glick 《Research Policy》1982,11(6):359-372
This paper examines the relationship between US R&D expenditures and the pattern of US manufacturing exports and foreign affiliate sales across industries and regions for the years 1966 and 1976. While differences in relative research capability between the United States and the rest of the world have narrowed over this period, research effort still significantly explains the pattern of US sales in foreign markets. For any region, the export and foreign affiliate sales performance of research-intensive industries exceeds that of non-research-intensive industries. The relative performance of the formed is greater in regions with larger market size and high per capita income. The analysis also reveals that over the time period studied the ratio of US exports to foreign affiliate sales has generally fallen for all industries and foreign markets.These observations accord with a broad interpretation of the product cycle theory. While the United States has lost its uniqueness as a location of innovation, the ability to develop and market new products through R&D expenditures is still a strong force behind its exports and sale abroad. The decrease in exports relative to foreign affiliate sales may reflect a more rapid shift in comparative advantage in the production of such products to foreign locations. Hence the positive effect on US exports of development of any given new product may be becoming more short-lived. 相似文献
19.
基于特征参量调整法的中国省域生态足迹研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文以中国各省(市、自治区)2004年统计数据为基础,采用适合中国国情的生物生产性土地分类体系和世界自然基金会(WWF)发布的《Living Planet Report 2006》中最新的均衡因子,计算并分析了各省、直辖市、自治区和东部、西部、中部、东北四大经济板块2004年的生态足迹、各地区地均生态承载力及地区万元GDP生态足迹。引入了"地均生态承载力"概念,讨论了不同地区生态足迹和生态承载力与经济发展的关系,探讨了各地区自然资源环境和生态平衡的关系。将计算结果与1999年,2002年,2003年,2005年中国生态足迹进行了比较,就其异同进行了讨论。研究表明:2004年中国人均生态赤字为1.35hm2,省际人均生态足迹差异较大,地区生态足迹与经济发展程度具有明显相关性。本研究调整特征参量后,生态足迹法能够更好地反映中国的生态可持续发展现状。最后,结合各地区生态环境压力和经济发展水平,提出了促进可持续发展应采取的对策和措施。 相似文献
20.
Eric C. Wang 《Research Policy》2010,39(1):103-116
This paper investigates the determinants of R&D investment at the national level with an emphasis on the roles of patent rights protection, international technology transfer through trade and FDI, and economic growth, in addition to the essentials of human capital accumulation and the number of scientific researchers. The Extreme-Bounds-Analysis (EBA) approach is applied to examine the robustness and sensitivity of these factors.The results of the EBA tests on data from 26 OECD countries from 1996 to 2006 showed that tertiary education and the proportion of scientific researchers in a country were robust determinants that had positive effects on R&D intensity. Foreign technology inflows had a robust and negative impact on domestic R&D. Patent rights protection and the income growth rate are fragile determinants of R&D investment. 相似文献