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1.
Tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) measures an antigenic determinant associated with human cytokeratin 18. TPS is a marker of tumor cell activity in contrast to markers related to tumor burden. The value of detecting circulating TPS lies in the early detection of recurrence by serial determinations and in the rapid assessment of the efficacy of the treatment. Pretreatment levels of TPS in patients with metastatic breast cancer are related with prognosis. Decreasing TPS levels during therapy monitoring indicate response and a fast response is correlated to favourable prognosis. Increasing TPS levels, in the presence of clinically stable disease or partial remission, predict disease progression with a considerable lead-time. Improved effectiveness in breast cancer management can be seen when TPS is used in combination with CA 15-3. When tumor marker determinations are applied in a proper way in the appropriate situation, the results can assist the oncologist. Thus monitoring of therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer should be based upon serial TPS and CA 15-3 determinations in serum. The use of tumor marker determinations in the early follow-up interval following surgery to detect early tumor recurrence may be simpler, more sensitive and less expensive than imaging methods.  相似文献   

2.
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death in women. The incidence of this malignancy increases in women over the age of 40. The overall five years survival is less than 30%, as most women present with advanced stage disease. Until recently, detection of early stage ovarian cancer has been difficult since it is usually nonpalpable and asymptomatic. The definitive diagnosis of an ovarian mass is a common problem in gynecologic patients with adnexal mass. The routine standard evaluation for adnexal masses includes patient's history, physical examination, ultrasound and histopathological examination. These parameters individually or in combination have little predictive value. The accuracy of diagnostic tools are of immense value and great concern to practicsing Gynecologists and Oncologists. The clinical application of serum concentration of CA 125, AFP and hCG is of great help not only as diagnostic aid but also in monitoring efficacy of any treatment modality like chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgical resection. Additionally, evaluation of tumor marker concentration helps in predicting early biochemical recurrence and in prognostication in different types of ovarian malignancies. The ability to differentiate a malignant mass from a benign pelvic mass pretherapeutically could be enhanced optimally by additional use of tumor markers such as cancer antigen CA-125, alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin in pre-and postmenopausal women.  相似文献   

3.
Tumor markers are molecules produced in the body in response to cancer. An ideal tumor marker should have high sensitivity and specificity, should be cheap, and should be easily detected in body fluids. Identification of novel markers is important and it is expected that with the advent of newer technologies, more reliable markers will be discovered. This review discusses the currently available tumor markers for different malignancies.  相似文献   

4.
The objective was to test the utility of the cytokeratins CYFRA 21-1, tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS), Neuron specific enolase (NSE) and Carcino Embryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with lung cancer and in the pleural fluid of the patients with lung cancer and also the predicting ability of these tumor markers with respect to the histological types [including non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)] and pathological stages. 40 normal subjects and 222 cases of histological proven lung cancer were studied. The findings suggest that TPS and CYFRA 21-1, are useful serum markers for the diagnosis of NSCLC and NSE seems to be useful tumor marker for monitoring course of patients especially SCLC. The combined use of these cytokeratin markers TPS and CYFRA 21-1 may provide additional information for prognosis.  相似文献   

5.
The number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) found in blood is known to be a prognostic marker for recurrence of primary tumors, however, most current methods for isolating CTCs rely on cell surface markers that are not universally expressed by CTCs. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) can discriminate and manipulate cancer cells in microfluidic systems and has been proposed as a molecular marker-independent approach for isolating CTCs from blood. To investigate the potential applicability of DEP to different cancer types, the dielectric and density properties of the NCI-60 panel of tumor cell types have been measured by dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) and compared with like properties of the subpopulations of normal peripheral blood cells. We show that all of the NCI-60 cell types, regardless of tissue of origin, exhibit dielectric properties that facilitate their isolation from blood by DEP. Cell types derived from solid tumors that grew in adherent cultures exhibited dielectric properties that were strikingly different from those of peripheral blood cell subpopulations while leukemia-derived lines that grew in non-adherent cultures exhibited dielectric properties that were closer to those of peripheral blood cell types. Our results suggest that DEP methods have wide applicability for the surface-marker independent isolation of viable CTCs from blood as well as for the concentration of leukemia cells from blood.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield of the tumour markers carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 15-3, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125, in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a group of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected in a group of 90 patients with benign or malignant pulmonary diseases. After appropriate processing, tumour markers were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The diagnostic yields (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) in each environment (serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) were obtained by using "Receivers operating characteristic" curve. Determined individually, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125, showed the greatest diagnostic accuracy in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Carbohydrate antigen 15-3 did so in serum. Carcinoembryonic antigen was the most relevant marker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. For the factors evaluated in this study, determination of carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were clinically more useful markers in comparison with serum, although the latter may also be helpful in certain situations. Although there is no specific tumour marker for lung cancer, the combination of several can be used to diagnose most patients with lung cancer and also to rule out false positive and negative cases.  相似文献   

7.
The early diagnosis of bladder cancer is important for effective treatment of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP 22), soluble epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), cathepthin-D and total protein with clinico-pathological features of bladder cancer, and to determine the relation between each marker and tumor progression after treatment. The study includes 65 patients with bladder cancer, 14 benign urinary diseases and 11 healthy volunteers. Patients were categorized according to bilharzial infestation, T stage, tumor grade, size and the presence of lymph node metastasis. Forty patients were followed for disease progression after surgery. There was a significant increase of NMP22, E-cadherin, cathepthin-D and total protein detected in cancer group compared to healthy and benign groups. It was found that NMP 22 and E-cadherin had highest sensitivity (84.4, 76.9 %, respectively) while, total ddedprotein showed highest specificity (77.4 %). Tumor size correlated with urinary NMP22 (r = 0.3, p = 0.02), although, E-cadherin, cathepsin-D and total protein correlated with tumor size (r = 0.3, 0.28, 0.2; p = 0.01, p = 0.01, 0.04, respectively) and lymph node metastasis (r = 0.32, 0.34, 0.2; p = 0.003, 0.005, 0.04, respectively). Elevated pretreatment urinary NMP22, E-cadherin and total protein levels was associated significantly with bladder cancer recurrence (p = 0.02, 0.001, 0.005, respectively). In conclusion, determination of urinary NMP22, E-cadherin and total protein in bladder cancer patients or persons at risk of developing bladder cancer will help in early detection of the disease and prediction of recurrence. The use of a combination of tumor markers is markedly useful than the assessment of single one.  相似文献   

8.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers migratory and invasiveness abilities on cancer cells, as well as leading to changes in biomechanical properties and cytoskeletal structure. Cell mechanical properties are considered to be promising label-free markers for diagnosis of cancer metastasis. In this work, cell compressibility, a novel and important parameter of cell mechanical properties, was measured directly and quickly using a specially designed acoustofluidic microdevice. The compressibilities of cells with different metastatic potentials were investigated. Based on a comparison of the measurement results, non-metastatic cells exhibited lower compressibility than metastatic cells. The correlation between cell compressibility and EMT status was further studied; the results showed that the acquisition of mesenchymal status was accompanied by an increase in cell compressibility. These findings imply strong correlations among cell compressibility, EMT status, and invasiveness. Therefore, cell compressibility represents a novel biomechanical marker for evaluating malignant transformation and metastasis of cancer.  相似文献   

9.
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) has emerged as the most applicable and important tumor marker for carcinoma prostate. In the present study PSA was determined in serum of healthy subjects, patients of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and Carcinoma Prostate (Ca−P) to evaluate its diagnostic efficiency in day to day management of prostate cancer patients and in differentiating patients of early prostate cancer from those with BPH. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) revealed 2 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml cut off serum PSA level for BPH and untreated carcinoma prostate patients (Ca−P). An extremely significant increase (P<0.0001) was observed in mean PSA concentration in BPH patients and adenocarcinoma prostate patients when compared to healthy males. Clinical relevance of PSA was highlighted by a case study of cancer patient prior to any therapy till death.  相似文献   

10.
Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA) and Cancer Antigen 15.3 (CA15.3) are the most common tumor markers in breast cancer patients. Measurement of circulating tumor markers is a non-invasive quantitative method. Serum levels of CEA and CA 15.3 were studied in female breast cancer patients prior to treatment. To evaluate the utility of these markers, 207 Breast carcinoma patients belonging to all the stages were considered. Healthy age matched 75 female individuals formed the control group. The serum levels of CEA and CA 15.3 were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results were taken and compared with stages, tumor size, node and grade. The serum CA 15.3 levels were significant in all the study parameters whereas serum CEA levels showed no significant changes with any of the parameters. Measurement of serum CA 15.3 levels showed significant correlation (24.8%) with advanced stages and larger tumor sizes, whereas serum CEA levels did not show any significant correlation in breast cancer patients prior to treatment.  相似文献   

11.
Breast cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in the world. Available staging procedures to detect breast cancer are bone scan, chest X-ray, liver ultrasonography, computerized tomography, estimation of tumor markers like carbohydrate antigen (CA15-3) and carcino embryonic antigen. These procedures are expensive and may not be required in all cases. Out of 70 patients studied, 55 had normal CA15-3 and 15 had elevated levels of Ca15-3. Eight (14.5%) of the 55 patients with normal CA15-3 had abnormal bone scan. Fifteen patients had CA15-3 levels above the normal range and among these 9 (60%) had abnormal bone scan. While prime facie it would appear that a high level of CA15-3 correlate with abnormal bone scan, it is also true that the numbers are small at present and conclusions about the validity of CA15-3 as marker of bone metastasis may be premature.  相似文献   

12.
Oral cancer has emerged as an alarming public health problem with increasing incidence and mortality rates all over the world. Therefore, the implementation of newer screening and early detection approaches are of utmost importance which could reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Sensitive and specific biomarkers for oral cancer are likely to be most effective for screening, diagnosis, staging and follow-up for this dreaded malignancy. Unlike other deep cancers, oral cancer is located in oral cavity. Hence, the direct contact between saliva and oral cancer lesion makes the measurement of tumor markers in saliva an attractive alternative to serum and tissue testing. The DNA, RNA and protein molecules derived from the living cancer cells can be conveniently obtained from saliva. Thus, salivary biomarkers, a non-invasive alternative to serum and tissue-based biomarkers may be an effective modality for early diagnosis, prognostication and monitoring post therapy status. In the current post-genomic era, various technologies provide opportunities for high-throughput approaches to genomics and proteomics; which have been used to evaluate altered expressions of gene and protein targets in saliva of oral cancer patients. The emerging field of salivary biomarkers has great potentials to prove its clinical significance to combat oral cancer. Hence, we have reviewed importance of several salivary genomics and proteomics biomarkers for oral cancer.  相似文献   

13.
In this study tumor markers CA 125, CEA and CA 19-9 were evaluated to assess the best tumor marker for epithelial ovarian carcinomas in diagnosis, prognosis and management. The results indicated that CA 125 is the best and the most superior marker today for the epithelial ovarian malignancies irrespective of the histologic type. CA 125 has the highest positivity rate in mucinous tumors compared to CEA and CA 19-9. Combined assay of either CEA or CA 19-9 or both along with CA 125 did not increase diagnostic sensitivity compared to sensitivity achieved by CA 125 alone for epithelial tumors of the ovary. Serum CA 125 concentration correlated well with pretherapy, stable course and recurrence of ovarian carcinoma. CA 125 could be used effectively for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of the ovarian malignancies as evident from long term follow up of adenocarcinoma ovary.  相似文献   

14.
The separation of cells based on their biomechanical properties, such as size and deformability, is important in applications such as the identification of circulating tumor cells, where morphological differences can be used to distinguish target cancer cells from contaminant leukocytes. Existing filtration-based separation processes are limited in their selectivity and their ability to extract the separated cells because of clogging in the filter microstructures. We present a cell separation device consisting of a hydrodynamic concentrator and a microfluidic ratchet mechanism operating in tandem. The hydrodynamic concentrator removes the majority of the fluid and a fraction of leukocytes based on size, while the microfluidic ratchet mechanism separates cancer cells from leukocytes based on a combination of size and deformability. The irreversible ratcheting process enables highly selective separation and robust extraction of separated cells. Using cancer cells spiked into leukocyte suspensions, the complete system demonstrated a yield of 97%, while enriching the concentration of target cancer cells 3000 fold relative to the concentration of leukocytes.  相似文献   

15.
An on-chip lectin microarray based glycomic approach is employed to identify glyco markers for different gastritis and gastric cancer. Changes in protein glycosylation have impact on biological function and carcinogenesis. These altered glycosylation patterns in serum proteins and membrane proteins of tumor cells can be unique markers of cancer progression and hence have been exploited to diagnose various stages of cancer through lectin microarray technology. In the present work, we aimed to study the alteration of glycan structure itself in different stages of gastritis and gastric cancer thoroughly. In order to perform the study from both serum and tissue glycoproteins in an efficient and high-throughput manner, we indigenously developed and employed lectin microarray integrated on a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platform. We analyzed serum and gastric biopsy samples from 8 normal, 15 chronic Type-B gastritis, 10 chronic Type-C gastritis, and 6 gastric adenocarcinoma patients and found that the glycoprofile obtained from tissue samples was more distinctive than that of the sera samples. We were able to establish signature glycoprofile for the three disease groups, that were absent in healthy normal individuals. In addition, our findings elucidated certain novel signature glycan expression in chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. In silico analysis showed that glycoprofile of chronic gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma formed close clusters, confirming the previously hypothesized linkage between them. This signature can be explored further as gastric cancer marker to develop novel analytical tools and obtain in-depth understanding of the disease prognosis.  相似文献   

16.
Despite being invasive within surrounding brain tissues and the central nervous system, little is known about the mechanical properties of brain tumor cells in comparison with benign cells. Here, we present the first measurements of the peak pressure drop due to the passage of benign and cancerous brain cells through confined microchannels in a “microfluidic cell squeezer” device, as well as the elongation, speed, and entry time of the cells in confined channels. We find that cancerous and benign brain cells cannot be differentiated based on speeds or elongation. We have found that the entry time into a narrow constriction is a more sensitive indicator of the differences between malignant and healthy glial cells than pressure drops. Importantly, we also find that brain tumor cells take a longer time to squeeze through a constriction and migrate more slowly than benign cells in two dimensional wound healing assays. Based on these observations, we arrive at the surprising conclusion that the prevailing notion of extraneural cancer cells being more mechanically compliant than benign cells may not apply to brain cancer cells.  相似文献   

17.
Plasma vitamin E levels were estimated in 75 patients each of carcinoma breast and benign breast diseases. Mean plasma vitamin E concentration was found to be significantly reduced in malignancy compared to the controls as well as the non malignant conditions. The decrease in plasma vitamin E in cancer patients was directly related with the TNM stage of cancer. The levels, however, did not vary significantly with respect to histopathology or after 8 days of surgery.  相似文献   

18.
The human epidermal receptor-2/neu (HER-2/neu) oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. This molecule could have a diagnostic value since the extracellular domain of c-erbB-2 (HER-2) transmembrane is shed into the blood as a circulating antigen. The diagnostic value of serum HER-2/neu was calculated along with the conventional marker carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) at 85th percentiles. Serum levels of breast carcinoma antigens HER-2/neu, CEA and CA15-3 were determined in 175 normal individuals and 268 malignant patients. The soluble form of serum HER-2/neu, CEA and CA15-3 was assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in control and breast cancer patients prior to treatment. Serum levels of the tested tumor markers HER-2/neu and CA15-3 and CEA were significantly higher in cancer patients compared to controls. At 85th percentile the sensitivity of HER-2/neu was 51.12 %; the specificity was 86.29 % and the overall accuracy was 64.56 %. The sensitivity of CA15-3 was 73.13 %; the specificity was 85.14 % and the overall accuracy was 77.88 %. The sensitivity of the combined testing was 82.84 %; the specificity was 73.71 % and the overall accuracy was 80.01 %. The sensitivity and the overall accuracy of combined testing were higher than those of HER-2/neu and CA15-3 testing single. The combined testing of HER-2/neu and CA15-3 can increase the sensitivity and overall accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis. The results of this study suggest that the use of multiple tumor markers may be employed as combination and at 85th percentiles to assess the prognosis.  相似文献   

19.
Albumin and enzymes-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated in the morning random urine samples of 196 albustix negative diabetic patients to evaluate the clinical utility of these urinary enzymes as early markers of diabetic nephropathy. Albumin was estimated by immunoturbidimetric method and enzymes by linetic essay within six hours of voiding of urine. The urinary albumin and urinary enzyme concentration was calculated in terms of ratio with respect to urinary creatinine. Correlation coefficient (r) bewween urinary albumin and urinary enzymes in normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and overall diabetic cases was 0.23, 0.32 and 0.40 respectively for NAG, and 0.08, 0.06 and 0.18 respectively for GGT. NAG excretion was found increased in 34%, 63.7% and 49.5% of normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and overall diabetic cases respectively while GGT in 6.4%, 24.5% and 15.8%. The correlation coefficient between urinary albumin and NAG in normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric, and overall diabetic patients with increased NAG excretion was found only 0.31, 0.27 and 0.35 respectively. No correlation was found between duration of diabetes and enzyme excretion. The study suggests that urinary NAG or GGT or both together do not have any clinical significance as an early marker of diabetic nephropathy.  相似文献   

20.
Sialic acid, the end moieties of the carbohydrate chains are biologically important and essential for functions of glycoconjugates and are reported to be altered in cancer patients. Two hundred and twenty five breast cancer (BC) patients, 100 patients with benign breast disease (BBD) and 100 healthy females (controls) were enrolled for the study. Eight hundred and twenty four follow-up samples of 225 breast carcinoma patients were also evaluated. The association of sialic acid forms, sialyltransferase and α-2–6 sialoproteins levels with presence and extent as well as prognosis of breast carcinoma was studied. Serum sialic acid forms and sialyltransferase revealed significantly elevated levels among untreated breast cancer patients as compared to the controls, patients with BBD as well as cancer patients in remission. Non-responders showed comparable levels of the markers with those found in breast cancer patients at the time of diagnosis. Higher levels of sialic acid forms at diagnosis were associated with poor prognosis. A positive correlation between serum levels of different forms of sialic acids and extent of malignant disease was observed. The changes in serum proteins with terminal α-2–6 sialic acid correlated well with alterations in the levels of sialic acid forms and sialyltransferase. Malignant tissues showed elevated levels of sialic acid and sialyltransferase as compared to surrounding normal tissues. The results suggested potential utility of these markers in evaluation of clinical outcome.  相似文献   

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