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1.
Lynn Ilon Peter Moock 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1991,37(4):429-451
Educational expansion, long a goal of many LDCs, has become a difficult policy to pursue. Growing populations, shrinking national incomes and higher marginal costs of schooling as schooling reaches more rural dwellers have caused policy makers to take a hard look at factors which influence educational demand and expansion. This paper examines the case of Peru where rural areas have yet to attain the nearly universal enrollment of urban areas. The study examines 2500 rural households to explore reasons why children do not attend school, drop out of school, and begin school at later ages. The study finds that the monetary costs of schools (fees and other costs) have a substantial influence on parental decisions regarding school attendance and continuation. Sensitivity analysis reveals that mother's education has a bearing on their children's educational participation, particularly in low-income households. Sensitivity analysis also reveals that school attendance of low income and female children are most strongly affected by simulated changes in school fees. 相似文献
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Despite significant educational expansion, Mexico’s educational attainment rates are relatively low. Though primary school enrollment is at nearly 100%, less than half of young adults ages 18-29 have finished upper secondary school (USE). This article examines how family-level factors, particularly parental education and household wealth, are associated with the likelihood of children dropping out of USE early in Mexico – a shift away from the well-established focus on primary education. Using region fixed effects logistic regressions, I examine the role of both mother’s and father’s education in predicting children’s educational persistence – and how this varies for boys and girls. Data is derived from a nationally representative sample of USE-aged youth in Mexico (n = 8,235). Results indicate that increases in parental education decrease the likelihood of children dropping out in upper secondary school, even when controlling for financial resources and other family- and household-level characteristics. Notably, these results vary across boys and girls. 相似文献
3.
Education and poverty in rural China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
We analyze household and school survey data from poor counties in six Chinese provinces to examine the effects of poverty, intra-household decision-making, and school quality on educational investments (enrollment decisions) and learning outcomes (test scores and grade promotion). Unlike previous studies, we use direct measures of credit limits and women's empowerment. Drawing a distinction between the effects of wealth (measured by expenditures per capita) and credit constraints, we find that the former improves learning while the latter reduces educational investments. We find evidence of a story of gender bias in which academically weak girls are more likely to drop out in primary school while most boys continue on to junior secondary school. Women's empowerment reduces the likelihood of dropping out but does not affect other outcomes. Finally, our measures of school quality have some effect on the duration of primary school enrollment but not on learning. 相似文献
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This paper estimates the causal impacts of delayed primary school enrollment on children's educational outcomes in rural China. Instrumental variable estimates exploiting the discontinuity in children's enrollment age around the enrollment cut-off date indicate that a one-year delay in school enrollment increases the incidence of first-grade retention by approximately 10 percentage points for boys and reduces the probabilities of middle school enrollment by 6 percentage points for both boys and girls. These results suggest that delayed enrollment, even if it may be an optimal choice made by poor parents in response to financial constraints, is likely to be harmful to children's educational development in rural China. 相似文献
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既有研究表明,家庭背景是影响教育机会获得的重要影响因素.在就近入学政策的背景下,户籍所在地与实际居住地成为就近入学的依据,或会使得住房位置及其价格成为优质教育机会获得乃至教育分层的重要影响因素.但到目前为止,既有研究对优质教育资源获得过程中的“以房择校”机制揭示得并不充分.针对此,利用江苏省2016年基础教育学业质量监测数据,以是否获得优质小学入学机会为因变量,以样本学生的家庭背景和居住地住宅均价为自变量,构建二元logistic模型对南京市四个主城区11704个学生样本进行回归分析.结果表明:就近入学政策背景下,家庭背景对优质教育机会的获得仍具有显著的影响;居住地在学生优质教育机会获得的过程中发挥了中介作用,即家庭背景优势可通过选择居住地位置的方式来影响优质教育机会的获得.因此,增加优质教育资源供给,阻断房价和优质教育资源获取之间的联系,成为新时期推进教育公平的关键环节. 相似文献
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This paper presents data relevant to discussions on the financing of secondary education in Tanzania. The issue of financing is important because expansion in public schools is severely limited by budgetary constraints, high unit costs, and the fact that no part of public expenditures is currently recovered through fees. Given the financing difficulties, it may now be appropriate to reconsider the role of fees as a means of mobilizing private resources to supplement government funds. A prior question, however, is whether or not households already incur a significant cost even in the absence of fees, and further, whether or not they are willing to bear additional charges. The empirical analysis for Tanzania shows that although students pay no fees, their school related expenditure is in fact quite substantial, amounting in 1981 to US$139 for state students, and US$439 (including US$242 for fees) for private students. The results also show that students' expenditures vary more by enrollment characteristics than by family background, suggesting that given the substantial expenses involved, students do not spend more or less than what is necessary, regardless of their background. The large proportion of privately enrolled students in Tanzania indicates, however, that wealthier parents are both willing and able to bear a substantial user charge. A possible implication of these results is that user charges for public secondary education could potentially play an important role in mobilizing private household resources for the sector. Their actual relevance in Tanzania needs, however, to be confirmed by additional research. 相似文献
7.
There is a sound research base attesting to the importance of parental involvement and to the many potential benefits it can offer for children's education. This study sought to examine differences in parental aspirations (as a mechanism of parental involvement in their children's education) for their children's educational attainment between slum and non-slum residing parents in Kenya. The study used cross-sectional household data for a sample of 4065 parents, collected in 2007 by the African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) in Nairobi. A multinomial logistic model was used for the analysis to explore the factors determining parental aspirations. The results indicate the following: (i) that parents who live in the slums have lower aspirations for their children's educational attainment when compared to those who live in non-slum areas; (ii) that parents in the slums have aspirations for higher levels of educational attainment for their children than their own levels of education. We conclude that parents in urban Kenya have a strong belief in the education of their children irrespective of their slum or non-slum residence but aspirations are higher in non-slums than in slums. 相似文献
8.
本研究借鉴Creemers学校效能综合模型探索中国农村中小学学校效能的影响因素。本研究以学生学校适应性为学校效能的一个替代指标,于2006-2008年对我国西部地区的甘肃、宁夏、四川、云南、广西等5个省份的73所农村小学、2864名学生进行调查,使用多水平模型对农村小学学校效能的影响因素进行分析,结果发现:(1)不同学校对学生学校适应性的影响存在显著差异;(2)学校因素对学生的学习方法、师生关系以及自我评价等方面影响较大;(3)学校生源质量对学生学校适应性发展的影响更大;(4)课堂教学方式对学生学校适应性提高有积极影响。 相似文献
9.
城市和县乡村地区不同收入/支出组的家庭,其义务教育阶段的静态或动态收入弹性均小于1,这一缺乏弹性的表现可能说明义务教育属于"必需品",是无法替代或者替代品较少的"正常商品"。动态收入弹性的整体变化趋势则是随家庭年人均收入的增加而减少,随教育价格的增加而增加。至于价格弹性方面,静态价格弹性无论城乡均为正数且大于1,而动态价格弹性均为正数,不过受不同家庭收入、教育价格及教育阶段的影响,发生了或富有弹性或缺乏弹性的变化。静态或动态价格弹性均为正数,表明教育需求者对教育价格变动的反应为同方向变动,意味着教育商品不符合需求法则,教育的价格提高并没有使人们的教育需求降低反而使其升高。结合相关研究,考虑是教育的质量效应超过了其价格效应。 相似文献
10.
2005年末,国家提出农村义务教育经费保障新机制,以促进义务教育资源配置均衡本研究使用三个省区的校级和县级数据,基于准实验研究设计,以小学为例,构建倾向分数配对模型对新机制的影响进行实证研究。研究发现,该政策有利于编小生均公用经费、生均预算内公用经费的县域内支出差异,一定程度上促进了义务教育均衡发展,同时生均支出水平、教师平均工资在县域内还存在一定差异。 相似文献
11.
农村儿童为何失学?——基于多层模型的经验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
刘泽云 《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2007,(2):70-80
我国农村基础教育已经取得了很大进展,但农村儿童失学现象仍然比较普遍。分析影响农村儿童失学的因素,探究减少农村儿童失学现象和加快农村人力资本积累的有效途径,将有助于更好地实现教育公平,从长远来看则有利于提高农民收入和加快农村发展。在以往的研究中,影响儿童失学的个体层面因素和社区层面因素被简单地放在一个模型中分析,不能准确地估计出这两个层面的因素对儿童失学的影响。运用分层线性模型则能够有效避免这一问题。研究发现:儿童入学在整体上已不存在性别差异,但女孩入学受到的限制更大,即更依赖于家庭经济条件;家中有兄弟姐妹、父亲为少数民族、母亲文化程度较低、母亲不曾加入过共青团以及家庭经济条件较差的儿童面临更高的失学可能性;富裕村的儿童失学的可能性要小,村中学校教育质量较高有助于提高儿童的入学机会。因此,应进一步加大对农村基础教育阶段贫困儿童的资助,放缓削减学校布点的步伐,提高教育质量,以减少农村儿童失学。 相似文献
12.
Mamusu Kamanda 《Compare》2016,46(3):435-456
In Sierra Leone, the number of primary schools is almost seven times more than junior-secondary schools (JSS). Living in a poor community has been shown to reduce children’s school attendance because of lower access and poorer quality of education in these communities. However, it is unclear whether living in a poor community reduces attendance at primary school more than at JSS, given the wide disparities in school supply between the two educational tiers. Random effects logistic regression models are applied to the 2008 Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey for analyses. The results show that living in a poor community reduces primary school attendance but increases attendance at JSS. These results reflect post-war reconstruction in Sierra Leone where: (1) primary schools were rapidly reconstructed without inspection, leading to poor-quality schools; and (2) the redevelopment of JSS was concentrated in war-torn areas, which had minimal access to post-primary education in the pre-war era. 相似文献
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This paper uses Fairlie's techniques to estimate differences in school enrollment between municipal and non-municipal area, we found that group differences in all explanatory variables explain approximately 70% of the gap. Education level of household head is the largest significant factor accounting for a gap in males’ school enrollment whereas the largest factor explaining the municipal/non-municipal gap in school enrollment rate of female 15–17 of age is income.Based on empirical results, some educational policies are suggested to increase school enrollment of Thai youths. Demand-side financing policies such as target vouchers should be used to the chance of schooling especially for those facing financial difficulty. Non-formal education and distance learning could be used to provide alternative and more appropriate way of learning for married youths. Establishment of child care center in a community can reduce workload of youths in taking care of young family members and allow them to participate in school activity. 相似文献
16.
Joacim Ramberg 《欧洲特需教育杂志》2013,28(4):440-462
This paper analyses the special educational resources in the Swedish upper secondary schools using a total population survey that covers all upper secondary schools. Special educators and special teachers together constitute the special educational resources at each school. With two types of regression models (logistic and linear regression), the study investigates which variables at school level determine the presence and availability rate of special educational resources. The main findings are that there is a great difference between public and independent schools in the presence and accessibility of special educational resources, where many independent schools do not offer special educational support for their students. It also shows that what kind of provider (public or independent school) and the size of the school are especially important variables for predicting presence of special educational resources. When analysing the variance of availability rate of special educational resources, student variables (grades from compulsory school and parental educational level) on the school level, together with school size, are especially important. 相似文献
17.
《International Journal of Educational Development》2006,26(5):513-531
The paper aims to assess the impacts of a dramatic decentralisation reform in Indonesia on access to and quality of primary and secondary education. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys in four selected districts. The main conclusions are threefold; the administration of educational services is without transparency and accountability, household expenditures on children's education are high and increasing, and huge social and geographical disparities exist. Policy recommendations include increased government spending to make primary education available to all and improved measures to control public policies and expenditure in this sector. 相似文献
18.
Despite progress toward gender equality in education in Bangladesh, its female labor force participation (FLFP) rate has been stagnant relative to that of men, especially in marginal rural areas. To identify the overall benefit of schooling investment in women in rural Bangladesh, we examine the impact of female educational attainment on not only FLFP but also gains from marriage and household welfare. Applying a fuzzy regression discontinuity design where plausibly exogenous variation in school enrollment is created by the nationwide stipend program for women, we find moderate impacts of female education on FLFP, while female with higher education are more likely to marry more educated husbands who generate higher household income, particularly from non-farm activities. The results also show the significantly positive impacts of women’s education on sanitation control and children’s health. These findings indicate that female schooling enhances women’s role and well-being through marriage and household activities rather than their labor market activities. 相似文献
19.
One major concern with public school open enrollment programs is the potential for parents’ school selection errors to adversely affect their children's academic achievement. In this study of the Beijing middle school open enrollment program, we estimate the degree to which children's school outcomes were negatively affected by the poor choices their parents made during the school selection process. We do this by examining parents’ responses to a survey on school choices combined with actual school applications, school admission records, and High School Entrance Examination test scores for 4717 students entering middle schools in Beijing via randomized lotteries. We find that the children of parents who made judgment errors in school selection were admitted to lower quality schools and achieved lower test scores on the High School Entrance Examination. Parents who had less education, whose children performed at lower levels in primary school, and who were less attentive to teachers’ opinions about schools were more prone to make these errors. Providing assistance to parents, especially those less prepared to make informed choices about school selection, is consequently important for supporting more efficient and equitable open enrollment programs. 相似文献
20.
Investment in human capital is an important tool for reducing poverty. However, the poor may lack the capacity to aspire, which often results in underinvestment in their children's education. This paper studies the effect of a social program on the educational aspirations poor parents have for their children, and explores the role of exposure to educated professionals as a possible channel for increasing these aspirations. First, using differences-in-differences, we show that the Mexican antipoverty program PROGRESA raises the educational aspirations of beneficiary parents for their children of a third of a school year. Then, exploiting PROGRESA's mandated differential exposure to professionals, using triple differences, we find evidence suggesting that educational aspirations for children from high-exposure households are almost half of a school year higher six months after the start of the program. Finally, we show that there is a positive correlation between parental aspirations and children's educational attainment. 相似文献