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1.
Uganda's Makerere University and the University of Dakar in Senegal were for many years after independence among Africa's premier universities. Today, their facilities have visibly deteriorated and the quality of instruction the institutions provide is seriously threatened — the consequence of political and economic turmoil combined with persistent underfunding. If higher education remains supply-driven without reference to available resources, the problems of Makerere and the University of Dakar can only increase and become even more unmanageable. The governments of Senegal and Uganda are being encouraged by donors to undertake reforms to revitalize the university sector. However, it will not be possible to reform financing of public higher education, or to carry out many other reforms, unless the universities have more administrative and financial autonomy. Strategies for reforming higher education systems in these countries are proposed requiring a shift from government participation in the governance of public universities and in matters affecting their enrolments and utilization of resources to more indirect forms of control. Nevertheless, the policy implications for Senegal and Uganda are very different. In Senegal, measures to increase autonomy must be articulated with a larger role for the state in regulating the flow of students to university, rationalizing the programs of different institutions and restricting students' eligibility for support. In Uganda, there is need for greater government co-ordination of public and private investments in higher education and significant devolution of control of public universities.McGill University, Education and Employment Division, Population and Human Resources Department, The World BankEducation and Employment Division, Population and Human Resources Department, The World Bank 相似文献
2.
20世纪90年代以来,日本进行了高等教育市场化改革。进入21世纪,日本高等教育市场化改革更加频繁和深入,推行了国立大学法人化、事后监督制度和认证评价制度等改革措施。这些改革措施的目的在于通过"放宽对大学的限制"和"让大学具有像民间机构一样的活力"来增加大学的自主性和自律性,在高等教育领域引进市场竞争机制。但是,这些改革的实际影响却并非一定符合改革的初衷,而改革的很多副作用也在改革实施之后渐渐显现出来。 相似文献
3.
日本高等教育改革:回顾与展望 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
日本高等教育正面临着 1 2 0年来从未有过的危机。虽然日本高等教育在第二次世界大战后实现了民主高等教育体制下的大众化 ,但是今天它却缺少 2 1世纪全球化时代所必需的国际竞争力。此外 ,近年来 1 8岁人口的急剧减少 ,也严重影响了依赖学费办学的私立大学的经营状况。在这样一种困难的局面下 ,日本文部科学省出台了“大学结构改革方针”(2 0 0 1年 6月 ) ,其主要内容包括国立大学的重组及“法人化”和建立大学的外部评价体制。 相似文献
4.
高等教育全球化与日本大学改革 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
波平勇夫 《福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2003,(1):9-11
在高等教育全球化的背景下,日本大学正在经历着重大变革,同时给大学教育提出了许多新课题。大学教育应高度重视评价体系的确立等战略性课题,同时对“马太效应”等新课题进行研究。在全球化的背景下,应努力做到不被潮流所淘汰,同时也要觉察到全球化的误区。 相似文献
5.
This article presents recent reform processes in Japanese higher education, concerning the tensions emerging within the system
regarding ‘excellence’ and ‘diversity’. The article particularly focuses on how Japanese universities have reacted to the
recent ‘competition’ and ‘differentiation’ policy promoted by the government, drawing on recent survey results conducted with
academic managers at Japanese universities. It is interesting to examine the case of Japan, a historically diversified and
differentiated national system, which has been changing rapidly with recent national ‘top-down’ policy reforms, followed by
more recent and new bottom-up institutional initiatives. The study shows that universities are trying to achieve excellence, fulfilling different functions at the same time, aspiring to be excellent in teaching, research and social contribution
without having institutional capacity to meet these expectations. Appropriate internal governance and external mediation mechanisms
need to be created at the institutional level to manage diversification of the higher education system as a whole. 相似文献
6.
Naoko Ota 《International Studies in Sociology of Education》2013,23(1):43-60
This article aims to describe the general framework of the teacher training system and its recent reform in Japan. As elsewhere, Japanese society is moving into an era of mass higher education provision. Since initial teacher training is provided by universities, the reform of teacher training is a part of the higher education restructuring that is also under way. At the same time, Japan is facing educational problems in compulsory education. The Educational Personnel Training Council of Japan is recommending reforms, which attempt to create a new type of teacher to cope with these educational problems. This opens the way for the Japanese state to develop more direct control over the curriculum and assessment of teaching staff in universities. The Ministry of Education is attempting to develop new control methods of 'Evaluative State' strategies. The reform of teacher education system exemplifies this shift. 相似文献
7.
Motohisa Kaneko 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2009,10(1):59-67
As of April 1 of 2004, Japanese national universities became National University Corporations (NUCs hereafter). While the
reform was implemented in a wave of initiatives for restructuring government activities, it reflected to an extent the current
global trend toward marketization of higher education. Examination of this reform will not only help understand the current
reforms in Japan, but also illuminate some of the fundamental issues that the higher education systems in the world are facing.
In this article, I shall outline the historical and political backdrops of the reform (Sect. 1), outline the basic construct of the NUC (Sect. 2), examine the process of implementation and the issues revealed in the process (Sect. 3), and discuss basic problems involved in this scheme. 相似文献
8.
大学生就业难问题探析 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
大学生就业难反映的是经济体制改革与教育体制改革之间的内在矛盾,问题的实质是在工业化加速推进阶段,经济社会大量需要的是具有一定的理论知识、熟悉某项操作与技能的实务型人才,但现实的人力资本供给却与此需求结构不相吻合。高等院校有必要实现研究型教育与技能型教育的分离均衡,少部分大学从事研究型教育和精英教育,绝大多数大学则从事应用型和技能型教育。从短期看,要硬化高校的预算约束,逐步放松对于学费和招生计划的统一管制,给予学校更多的其他方面的办学自主权,并改革配置高等教育资源的方式;从长期看,必须改革更为基础的制度安排,促进高等教育领域的产权改革,高等教育最终将形成面向市场的办学机制。 相似文献
9.
本文在概述香港高等教育发展历程的基础上，分析了世纪之初香港高等教育所面临的主要问题、重要改革举措和政策变革。香港高等教育在21世纪初的主要发展和改革表现在：素质评鉴机制的制度化，大学管治体制和教职员薪酬制度的改革，大学角色的再定位，社区学院和私立大学的发展，以及大学教育的国际化等方面。这些改革对香港高校与政府的关系、高校的角色定位等都带来重要影响。香港高等教育的国际化发展，将使香港高校在中国内地高等教育体系中扮演越来越重要的角色，推动香港与中国内地高等教育的互动和发展。为此，香港与内地之间需要加强在高等教育政策上的协调与合作。 相似文献
10.
地方性普通高校实施双语教学的探索 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在经济发展全球化进程加快的背景下，我国高校启动了双语教学改革。地方性普通高校在实施双语教学过程中，在师资力量、教学管理、学生学习能力、人事制度、教学研究等方面存在诸多问题。但是，随着双语教育理念的不断更新，地方性高校要在办学定位、人才培养方向、师资队伍建设、教学环境创谩、教学实验与研究、学生学习能力提高、教学方法与手段等方面不断强化改革，探索出适合地方性高校实施双语教学的有效逢径。 相似文献
11.
韩国高考改革的动向及启示 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
20世纪80年代以来,韩国高等院校入学制度经过几次重要的变革:大学入学考试形式发生重大变化,试图推进个性化教育;入学考试将由大学自主并由大学负责人组成的“入学管理院”负责;新生录取方式采取不公布大学入学考试成绩等。韩国高考改革所采取的措施和遇到的问题值得我们借鉴和参考。 相似文献
12.
在全球化浪潮的影响下,亚洲和太平洋地区的高等教育取得了巨大发展。随着冷战格局的破灭,亚太地区国家的高等教育逐步摆脱了对美国或苏联模式的“依附”,开始走向“自立”;其高等教育扩张政策的推行,也使由大学升学竞争带来的“学历病”有所缓解。在亚洲地区高等教育大众化过程中,私立高等教育不断壮大,逐步由“边缘”地位走“向主导”地位。近年亚太地区国家所采取的应对全球化战略的高等教育改革举措主要包括四个方面:1)运营效率化;2)保证教育质量;3)研究高度化;4)推进国际化。这些举措对日本有诸多启示。 相似文献
13.
2012年岁末安倍晋三第二次出任日本首相之后,着力推动改革在社会各领域的开展,以“教育再生”作为教育领域改革的基本政策方向。“教育再生实行会议”在成立之后的6年多时间里共提出11份有关教育改革与发展的建议书,直接指向大学改革与发展的是第三份建议书“关于大学教育的应有发展态势”和第四份建议书“高中教育与大学教育衔接及大学入学者选拔的应有方式”。以建议书为依据,日本政府先后制定了多项大学教育再生政策,一方面以项目形式推动适应全球化趋势的人才培养与科学技术创新;另一方面通过立法,以法律的形式体现政府政策,推动大学改革的深入。同时,日本政府还将“大学教育再生”与高等教育的未来发展联系起来,中央教育审议会提出了到2040年日本高等教育走向的基本设想。 相似文献
14.
Japanese flagship universities at a crossroads 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Akiyoshi Yonezawa 《Higher Education》2007,54(4):483-499
The increasing pace and scope of global structural change has left Japanese flagship universities at a crossroads. Reflecting
upon historical trends, current policy changes and respective institutional strategies for global marketing among Japanese
top research universities, the author discusses possible future directions for these institutions and how key decisions may
be influenced by selected national policies. By taking a more active role in building flagship universities and making use
of higher education for social and economic development, the Japanese government has already taken concrete measures to keep
apace with higher education policies of neighboring Asian countries. However, in the author’s view, whether or not Japan can
truly develop and maintain world-class universities ultimately depends on an overall improvement in the status of East Asian
higher education. 相似文献
15.
16.
P. A. McGavin 《Higher Education》1991,21(1):27-48
The particularities of history, culture, economy and politics of Papua New Guinea and similar Pacific island and other developing nations place strains upon the formulation and implementation of reform in the financing of higher education (and of education in general). There has been progress in reducing unit costs, with favourable implications for the rate-of-return that links higher educational costs and benefits. Funding constraints continue to elicit calls for reform of higher educational financing and for increased student contributions. Failure to communicate human capital analysis and policy implications for improving efficiency, access, and equity in higher education have hindered reform. The analysis focuses on policy implementation of reform in the financing of higher education in Papua New Guinea, and concludes in favour of a shift in financing away from institutions and toward students. 相似文献
17.
日本国立大学通识教育改革动向与争议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,为了提高国际竞争力,日本国立大学尝试以改革通识教育为核心的本科教育改革.这次通识教育改革浪潮主要包括:四年一贯制的大学通识教育模式、通识教育国际化的再重视、人文社会学科政策性削减.其中,四年一贯制的大学通识教育模式代表了日本大学通识教育和专业教育从对立割裂的状态走向了相互统一;通识教育国际化的背后体现了日本国家和学校层面重视国际化发展与学生个体本土化发展需求之间的矛盾;人文社会学科的削减体现了日本行政当局的功利主义和人文主义之间的矛盾. 相似文献
18.
我国高等教育体制改革专家问卷调查的结果与分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文是我们就当前我国高等教育体制改革的进展状况及一些热点问题 ,在全国高校范围内进行的一次专家问卷调查的基础上 ,所作的结果统计及分析。调查结果显示 ,目前我国高等教育体制改革已取得一定成效 ,但改革的各项内容进展参差不齐 ;扩大高等学校办学自主权仍未有实质的进展 ;一些制度因素是困扰社会力量办学的主要因素等等 相似文献
19.
高等教育财政拨款制度直接影响着我国高等学校的办学自主权。在作为改革探索的高等教育拨款委员会设置中，应以保障办学自主权价值导向为首要原则，同时，还应坚持其法律地位的相对独立性原则、组织结构的合理有效原则、机构运行的参与原则和公开原则。通过五个原则层层推进、相辅相成的体系设置，使高等教育拨款委员会既能较好实现政府对高校设定的政策目标，又能有效防止行政化对高校自主办学的不当影响。 相似文献
20.
Philip G. Altbach 《Higher Education》1993,26(1):3-20
India has been trying to reform its higher education system for more than a half-century but the results in terms of systemic change have been minimal. The universities have expanded dramatically to meet the demands of an increasingly powerful middle class although resources have not been adequate to ensure the maintenance of standards. In India's bureaucratic environment, political will to change the universities has been inadequate. For these and other reasons, the mainstream of Indian higher education, now including 7,000 colleges and 150 universities serving more than 4 million students, suffers from deteriorating standards, occasional unrest and inadequate resources. However, at the margins of this seemingly unmovable system have been a variety of significant changes and reforms. The Indian Institutes of Technology, for example, provide high quality post-secondary education. Even within the traditional universities and colleges, some interesting reforms in curriculum have been successful in limited areas. This analysis points to the factors inhibiting reform and change as well as some examples of limited successes. 相似文献