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1.
Members of the lay public are turning increasingly to the internet to answer health-related questions. Some authors suggest
that the widespread availability of online health information has dislodged medical knowledge from its traditional institutional
base and enabled a growing role for alternative or previously unrecognized health perspectives and ‘lay health expertise’.
Others have argued, however, that the organization of information retrieved from influential search engines, particularly
Google, has merely intensified mainstream perspectives because of the growing consolidation of the internet with traditional,
commercial media sources. In this paper we describe an analysis of ‘first page’ results retrieved through Google searches
about several common health concerns, each of which has been the subject of controversy as a result of uncertain aetiology,
diagnoses, outcomes and/or contested approaches to treatment. Our findings suggest that the online search tactics used by
most lay health information seekers produce sources of information that, for the most part, reflect mainstream biomedical
discourses, often linked to commercial interests, rather than a plurality of voices that offer a variety of perspectives and
resources. We discuss the implications for health-interested internet searchers who fail to look beyond the ‘first page’. 相似文献
2.
Samir P. Patel Subhash D. Katewa Surendra S. Katyare 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2005,20(1):1-8
Effects of treatmentin vivo with the antimalarials:chloroquine (CQ), primaquine (PQ) and quinine(Q) on lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal membrane integrity
were examined. Treatment with the three antimalarials showed an apparent increase in the membrane stability. CQ treatment
resulted in increase in both the ‘free’ and ‘total’ activities of all the enzymes i.e. acid phosphatase, RNase II, DNase II
and cathepsin D. PQ treatment lowered the ‘free’ and ‘total’ activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D, but the DNase
II activities increased. Treatment with Q resulted in increased ‘free’ and ‘total’ activities of RNase II and DNase II. While
‘free’ activities of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D were low; the ‘total’ activities increased significantly. Our results
suggest that a generalized increase in free nucleases activities following prolonged treatment with antimalarials may lead
to cell damage and/or necrosis. 相似文献
3.
Noëmi Manders-Huits 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(1):1-2
Over the past decade Identity Management has become a central theme in information technology, policy, and administration
in the public and private sectors. In these contexts the term ‘Identity Management’ is used primarily to refer to ways and
methods of dealing with registration and authorization issues regarding persons in organizational and service-oriented domains.
Especially due to the growing range of choices and options for, and the enhanced autonomy and rights of, employees, citizens,
and customers, there is a growing demand for systems that enable the regulation of rights, duties, responsibilities, entitlements
and access of innumerable people simultaneously. ‘Identity Management’ or ‘Identity Management Systems’ have become important
headings under which such systems are designed and implemented. But there is another meaning of the term ‘identity management’,
which is clearly related and which has gained currency. This second construal refers to the need to manage our moral identities
and our identity related information. This paper explores the relation between the management of our (moral) identities and
‘Identity Management’ as conceptualized in IT discourse. 相似文献
4.
Mark Coeckelbergh 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(2):81-92
Nussbaum’s version of the capability approach is not only a helpful approach to development problems but can also be employed
as a general ethical-anthropological framework in ‘advanced’ societies. This paper explores its normative force for evaluating
information technologies, with a particular focus on the issue of human enhancement. It suggests that the capability approach
can be a useful way of to specify a workable and adequate level of analysis in human enhancement discussions, but argues that
any interpretation of what these capabilities mean is itself dependent on (interpretations of) the techno-human practices
under discussion. This challenges the capability approach’s means-end dualism concerning the relation between on the one hand
technology and on the other hand humans and capabilities. It is argued that instead of facing a choice between development
and enhancement, we better reflect on how we want to shape human-technological practices, for instance by using the language
of capabilities. For this purpose, we have to engage in a cumbersome hermeneutics that interprets dynamic relations between
unstable capabilities, technologies, practices, and values. This requires us to modify the capability approach by highlighting
and interpreting its interpretative dimension. 相似文献
5.
Jyoti Titus Suresh Chari Madhur Gupta Nitin Parekh 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2004,19(2):168-172
The role of oxidant damage to red cells in sickle cell anaemia has been of interest in recent years. Although, available reports
suggest that sickle cell erythrocytes are susceptible to endogenous free radical mediated oxidant damage there remains discrepancy
in the status of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant vitamins in these patients. In view of this, 107 cases of sickle cell
anaemia (36 ‘SS’ and 71 ‘AS’ pattern—as confirmed by haemoglobin electrophoresis) were subjected to analysis of malondialdehyde,
ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and albumin. The results were compared with 54 age and sex matched healthy controls. The
results indicate a marked increase in lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase levels in both ‘SS’ and ‘AS’ types of sickle
cell anaemia as compared to controls. Although no difference was observed in the levels of albumin in these groups the levels
of ascorbic acid were significantly depleted in sickle cell anaemia patients. The results are indicative of enhanced lipid
peroxidation along with imbalance in the pro-oxidant and antioxidant status in patients of sickle cell anaemia. 相似文献
6.
Gloria González Fuster 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(1):87-95
The accuracy principle is one of the key standards of informational privacy. It epitomises the obligation for those processing
personal data to keep their records accurate and up-to-date, with the aim of protecting individuals from unfair decisions.
Currently, however, different practices being put in place in order to enhance the protection of individuals appear to deliberately
rely on the use of ‘inaccurate’ personal information. This article explores such practices and tries to assess their potential
for privacy protection, giving particular attention to their legal implications and to related ethical issues. Ultimately,
it suggests that the use of ‘inaccurate’ data can potentially play a useful role to preserve the informational autonomy of
the individual, and that any understandings of privacy or personal data protection that would tend to unduly limit such potential
should be critically questioned. 相似文献
7.
K. S. S. Saibaba P. V. L. N. Srinivasa Rao K. V. Dakshina Murty M. Vijaya Bhaskar 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》1997,12(2):139-141
Selecting the correct method for routine analysis by ‘method evaluation’ is an important component of quality assurance. It
is a step-wise procedure that evaluates various analytical parameters like accuracy, precision etc of the given method. Finally
reference intervals are established for selected population. We evaluated an enzymatic method for serum creatinine. The results
show that it is an acceptable method based on the above mentioned criteria. 相似文献
8.
S. N. Kalmunkar N. K. Hase F. R. Billimoria K. P. Chawla 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》1993,8(1):16-19
Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) was estimated at various intervals during conventional Acetate hemodialysis (A), Sequential haemodialysis (SHD) i.e. ultrafiltration
followed by haemodialysis and Isolated ultrafiltration (IUF) on 35 patients. Study was extended for PO2 measurement one hour after termination of above treatment. There was a significant lowering of PO2 observed at 1 h. during ‘A’ (93.3±10.5 Pre to 78.8±4.2 post, P<0.01) during SHD, a significant fall was observed after the
dialysate flow was started (81.1±11.5 Pre to 76.3±11.8, 2hr P<0.05) at second hour of the procedure. IUF showed significant
increase (88.4±10.3 pre, to 100.4±12.4, post, P<0.01) at the end of treatment. A significant rebound increase was observed
after one hour of termination of ‘A’. Changes observed after termination of ‘SHD’ and ‘IUF’ were not significant. The results
suggest that, though dialyzer membrane lowers the PO2 level, major role is played by the dialysis fluid. 相似文献
9.
In this paper I question the claims made for a ‘coming era of nanotechnology’ and the ethical challenges, it is argued, that
are entailed by this particular technological revolution. I argue that such futurist claims are sustained by an untenable
modernist narrative which separates the technical and the social. This is exemplified by the work of K. Eric Drexler and his
claim that whilst the course of scientific knowledge may remain unpredictable we nevertheless can predict with accuracy the
trajectory of technology and particularly the emergence of nanotechnology. The problem then, on the basis of knowledge about
the future state of technology, is to make choices now which will forestall unintended and undesirable consequences. Firstly,
the paper argues for a radical scepticism towards all forms of forecasting or prediction but especially technological forecasting
of the type exemplified in the debate around nanotechnology. Secondly, given this radical scepticism the paper criticises
the idea that a prospective ethics can be created on the basis of an assessment of consequences of nanotechnology. 相似文献
10.
John Forge 《Metascience》2000,9(3):326-333
Conclusion This is a challenging book and it addresses important questions. This review has focused on what I think is the most important
question of all: just what is the relationship between the ‘strategies’ which drive modern science and the social values which
guide the societies we live in. I have much sympathy with the way in which Lacey tries to answer this question and how he
tries to open up alternative possibilities and give us a view of the future which is not just a continuing catalogue of environmental
disaster ‘for the relief of man's estate’. However, I have expressed doubts as to whether he has been entirely successful
in this regard, especially concerning the alternatives to the materialist strategies. 相似文献
11.
Santosh C. Das Aminu Z. Mohammed Sani U. Al-Hassan Abraham A. Otokwula Uche P. Isichei 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2007,22(2):79-83
In order to see the pattern of changes in differential serum lipid and lipoprotein fractions as a risk marker of coronary
complication in paired ‘maternal—neonate’ blood samples in an iodine deficient zone, 26 pregnant women and their corresponding
new born infants at term delivery from the iodine deficient Bassa region of Plateau state, Nigeria were assessed and the results
were compared with those seen in a similar 44 group of women and their newborns assessed in non lodine deficient region of
Jos. The serum thyroid function and lipid and lipoprotein profiles were determined by ‘ELISA’ and ‘enzymatic’ methods respectively.
Urinary iodide excretion level was also measured in 14 pregnant women in Bassa, 23 pregnant women in Jos and 16 non pregnant
control from Jos. Results indicate that the pregnant women assessed in Bassa were iodine deficient (P<0.01) and their thyroid
status was strikingly reduced as reflected by a drop in serum level of T4/TBG ratio (P<0.01) and a rise in TSH (P<0.005) in
comparison to that seen in Jos. There was marked hypertriglyceridaemia and total hypercholesterolaemia (P<0.005), with differential
significant rise in LDL cholestotol fraction (P<0.005) in the women assessed in Bassa as compared to Jos. The HDL cholesterol
however dropped less significantly in the group (P<0.05) with a concurrent marked rise (P<0.001) in the serum ratio of LDL
cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and triglycerides/HDL cholesterol in the lodine deficient group.
A similar pattern of changes were seen in the corresponding neonates in the Bassa group as compared to Jos group. It is concluded
that the pregnant women and their newborn offsprings living in a longstanding environmental iodine deficiency run a higher
risk of developing coronary complications than those living in non endemic region. It is striking that such newborns surrounded
by a continued state of lodine deficient may at a later adult-period of life develop marked risk of coronary complication
and other features of hyperlipidaemias associated with varying thyroid insufficiency and accompanied iodine deficiency disorders.
Prophylaxis measures as intervention has been highlighted. 相似文献
12.
David Sanford Horner 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(4):299-312
I argue that the problem of ‘moral luck’ is an unjustly neglected topic within Computer Ethics. This is unfortunate given
that the very nature of computer technology, its ‘logical malleability’, leads to ever greater levels of complexity, unreliability
and uncertainty. The ever widening contexts of application in turn lead to greater scope for the operation of chance and the
phenomenon of moral luck. Moral luck bears down most heavily on notions of professional responsibility, the identification
and attribution of responsibility. It is immunity from luck that conventionally marks out moral value from other kinds of
values such as instrumental, technical, and use value. The paper describes the nature of moral luck and its erosion of the
scope of responsibility and agency. Moral luck poses a challenge to the kinds of theoretical approaches often deployed in
Computer Ethics when analyzing moral questions arising from the design and implementation of information and communication
technologies. The paper considers the impact on consequentialism; virtue ethics; and duty ethics. In addressing cases of moral
luck within Computer Ethics, I argue that it is important to recognise the ways in which different types of moral systems
are vulnerable, or resistant, to moral luck. Different resolutions are possible depending on the moral framework adopted.
Equally, resolution of cases will depend on fundamental moral assumptions. The problem of moral luck in Computer Ethics should
prompt us to new ways of looking at risk, accountability and responsibility. 相似文献
13.
Dorothea Kleine 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(2):119-130
Amartya Sen’s capability approach has become increasingly popular in development studies. This paper identifies controllability
and operationalisability as two key stumbling blocks which prevent the capability approach from being used even more widely
in development practice. It discusses the origins and application of the Choice Framework, a conceptual tool designed to help
operationalise the approach. The framework can be used to deconstruct embedded ideologies and analyse the appropriateness
of development goals, to map development as a systemic process, and to plan interventions which can result in increased freedom
of choice for people. Three examples of the application of the Choice Framework in the field of information and communication
for development (ICT4D) are given. The three technologies which are examined, telecentres (Infocentros), Chilecompra and Fair
Tracing, can be placed at different places of a determinism continuum, some reducing the spectrum of choices a user has. The
paper argues that while frameworks such as the Choice Framework can be developed further to increase the operationalisability
of the capability approach, it is up to development funders to accept the fact that people’s choices are never fully predictable
and thus Sen’s ‘development as freedom’ will inevitably be a dynamic and open-ended process. 相似文献
14.
Russell Blackford 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(1):41-51
We commonly identify something seriously defective in a human life that is lived in ignorance of important but unpalatable
truths. At the same time, some degree of misapprehension of reality may be necessary for individual health and success. Morally
speaking, it is unclear just how insistent we should be about seeking the truth. Robert Sparrow has considered such issues
in discussing the manufacture and marketing of robot ‘pets’, such as Sony’s doglike ‘AIBO’ toy and whatever more advanced
devices may supersede it. Though it is not his only concern, Sparrow particularly criticizes such robot pets for their illusory
appearance of being living things. He fears that some individuals will subconsciously buy into the illusion, and come to sentimentalize
interactions that fail to constitute genuine relationships. In replying to Sparrow, I emphasize that this would be continuous
with much of the minor sentimentality that we already indulge in from day to day. Although a disposition to seek the truth
is morally virtuous, the virtue concerned must allow for at least some categories of exceptions. Despite Sparrow’s concerns
about robot pets (and robotics more generally), we should be lenient about familiar, relatively benign, kinds of self-indulgence
in forming beliefs about reality. Sentimentality about robot pets seems to fall within these categories. Such limited self-indulgence
can co-exist with ordinary honesty and commitment to truth. 相似文献
15.
Santosh C. Das Uche P. Isichei Aminu Z. Mohammed Abraham A. Otokwula Abiodun Emokpae 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2005,20(2):35-42
The effect of iodine deficiency (ID) on thyroid function in African women during pregnancy and postnatal period was examined,
for which very limited information is available. Serum T4, T3, TSH, TBG, thyroxine binding capacity (TBK), free thyroxine index (FT4I=T4/TBK) and T4/TBG were determined by ELISA technique in 32 pregnant women (resident of Plateau state, Nigeria- an ID zone) through pregnancy
upto term delivery, and in 5 women up to 6 weeks post delivery. Urinary iodide level was measured at delivery to determine
the degree of iodine deficiency. Results were matched with a non pregnant control comprising 44 subjects. 5555 birth weights
(BW) of term babies in the region were analysed to determine the prevalence of ‘small for dates’ (SFD) babies in the population.
Results show that the level of serum FT4I was elevated very significantly at late gestation (P<.001) but the women were not hyperthyroid, suggesting a marked disturbance
in binding of T4 with TBG during pregnancy. Five women with SFD babies were found in ‘compensated hypothyroid state’ and showed a significant
depression (p<.01) in serum T4/TBG, T4, FT4I and T3 levels to a low normal range, with a concurrent significant rise (p.<.001) in TSH level (above normal range) throughout pregnancy.
Incidence of SFD babies was higher (p.<.001) in ID zone (Bassa 15.2%) compared to control zone (Jos 9.8%). It is concluded
that a state of maternal ‘subclinical (compensated) hypothyroidism’ during pregnancy possibly plays an important role in the
aetiopathogenesis of SFD babies in Africans. A normal reference range for thyroid parameters at various stages of pregnancy
in healthy African women is established for the first time. 相似文献
16.
Locke,Intellectual Property Rights,and the Information Commons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines the question whether, and to what extent, John Locke’s classic theory of property can be applied to the
current debate involving intellectual property rights (IPRs) and the information commons. Organized into four main sections,
Section 1 includes a brief exposition of Locke’s arguments for the just appropriation of physical objects and tangible property.
In Section 2, I consider some challenges involved in extending Locke’s labor theory of property to the debate about IPRs and
digital information. In Section 3, it is argued that even if the labor analogy breaks down, we should not necessarily infer
that Locke’s theory has no relevance for the contemporary debate involving IPRs and the information commons. Alternatively,
I argue that much of what Locke has to say about the kinds of considerations that ought to be accorded to the physical commons
when appropriating objects from it – especially his proviso requiring that “enough and as good” be left for others – can also be applied to appropriations involving the information
commons. Based on my reading of Locke’s proviso, I further argue that Locke would presume in favor of the information commons
when competing interests (involving the rights of individual appropriators and the preservation of the commons) are at stake.
In this sense, I believe that Locke offers us an adjudicative principle for evaluating the claims advanced by rival interests
in the contemporary debate about IPRs and the information commons. In Section 4, I apply Locke’s proviso in my analysis of
two recent copyright laws: the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). I then
argue that both laws violate the spirit of Locke’s proviso because they unfairly restrict the access that ordinary individuals
have previously had to resources that comprise the information commons. Noting that Locke would not altogether reject copyright
protection for IPRs, I conclude that Locke’s classic property theory provides a useful mechanism for adjudicating between
claims about how best to ensure that individuals will be able to continue to access information in digitized form, while at
the same time also allowing for that information to enjoy some form of legal protection. 相似文献
17.
The paper investigates the ethics of information transparency (henceforth transparency). It argues that transparency is not
an ethical principle in itself but a pro-ethical condition for enabling or impairing other ethical practices or principles.
A new definition of transparency is offered in order to take into account the dynamics of information production and the differences
between data and information. It is then argued that the proposed definition provides a better understanding of what sort
of information should be disclosed and what sort of information should be used in order to implement and make effective the
ethical practices and principles to which an organisation is committed. The concepts of “heterogeneous organisation” and “autonomous
computational artefact” are further defined in order to clarify the ethical implications of the technology used in implementing
information transparency. It is argued that explicit ethical designs, which describe how ethical principles are embedded into
the practice of software design, would represent valuable information that could be disclosed by organisations in order to
support their ethical standing. 相似文献
18.
D. M. Armstrong 《Metascience》1999,8(1):85-91
Conclusion The air of consensus in these reviews is, as McNaughton notes, methodological. The future of philosophical emotion theory
is in synthesising what a wide range of science has to tell us and using this to reflect on the nature of mind in general.
In this respect the philosophy of emotion has been seriously out of step with the rest of a very exciting contemporary scene
in the philosophy of mind. Whatever the shortcomings of my own attempt to bring the philosophy of emotion into contact with
the rest of the discipline, I predict that this ‘reclaimed land’ will prove fertile. 相似文献
19.
This paper analyzes ethical aspects of the new paradigm of Ambient Intelligence, which is a combination of Ubiquitous Computing
and Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI’s). After an introduction to the approach, two key ethical dimensions will be analyzed:
freedom and privacy. It is argued that Ambient Intelligence, though often designed to enhance freedom and control, has the
potential to limit freedom and autonomy as well. Ambient Intelligence also harbors great privacy risks, and these are explored
as well. 相似文献
20.
Kei Hiruta 《Ethics and Information Technology》2006,8(4):227-236
In this critical response to Charles Ess’ ‚Ethical Pluralism and Global Information Ethics’ presented in this Special Issue of Ethics and Information Technology, it is firstly argued that his account of pros hen pluralism can be more accurately reformulated as a three layered doctrine by separating one acceptance of diversity at a cultural level and another at an ethical theoretic level. Following this clarificatory section, the next section considers Ess’ political and sociological reasons for the necessity and desirability of pros hen pluralism, criticising the former reasons as social scientifically problematic, while elaborating on the latter as more persuasive. In the last section, I discuss how pros hen pluralism may be realised, making three arguments in particular. First, Ess’ requirement for sensitivity to cultural diversity is to be interpreted as differentiated and extended sensitivity. Second, his discussion of shared responses to central ethical problems is ambiguous and needs further elaboration and clarification. Third, his focus on dialogue and Socratic education is persuasive, although excessive optimism is not reasonable. 相似文献