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HYDRUS-2D模型对海冰水灌溉情景下水盐迁移的模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
环渤海滨海地区土地盐碱、淡水资源紧缺,严重制约区域经济持续快速发展。非常规海冰水资源利用的深入研究为盐碱地改造、粮食稳产丰产提供了新途径。本文利用HYDRUS数值模拟的方法对3g/L海冰水灌溉进行模型模拟与验证,验证结果表明模型具有较好的可靠性;选择春季作物需水关键期141d为情景灌溉日,灌溉量采用0m3/hm2、300m3/hm2、600m3/hm2、1200m3/hm2、1800m3/hm2,分析表明:海冰水灌溉量为1200m3/hm2时耕层土壤水分含量达到饱和,耕层盐分含量不再会随灌溉量的增加而增加,海冰水灌溉量≥1800m3/hm2时,部分盐分可淋洗到1m层以下。本文旨在利用数值分析方法揭示研究区春季海冰水农业利用在灌溉量上的关键性技术,以期为科学合理的利用海冰水资源提供参考。 相似文献
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李常建 《科学学与科学技术管理》2000,21(7)
国家海洋局天津海水淡化与综合利用研究所(简称淡化所)是国家海洋局所属的专门从事海水淡化、苦咸水淡化、饮用纯净水及工业用水脱盐等水处理技术、海水直接利用技术、海水化学资源利用技术研究的专业性研究所.下辖水资源利用技术开发中心、膜分离技术开发中心、海洋防腐工程技术开发中心、海洋化工技术开发中心、分析监测五个研究开发中心,一个用于研究成果产业化的试验基地和一个水处理工程公司及水处理设备加工厂. 相似文献
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不同盐分含量的海冰水灌溉对棉花产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用不同盐分含量的海冰水进行棉花灌溉试验,结果表明:①经过1年3次灌溉和降雨淋洗作用,海冰水盐分含量为1g/L、3g/L和5g/L的灌溉处理,土壤均表现为明显的脱盐效果,在0～20cm表层土壤脱盐率随海冰水盐分含量升高而降低,脱盐率最高为1g/L处理,达到57.22%,分别高于3g/L和5g/L处理3.28%和18.34%;而盐分含量为7g/L和9g/L的灌溉处理0～80cm土壤各层次表现为积盐,以60～80cm积盐最为严重。②各处理以1g/L和3g/L海冰水灌溉棉花果枝数、单颗棉桃重和产量最高,随灌溉水盐分含量增加产量呈递减的趋势,9g/L海冰水灌溉3次的处理与无灌溉相比出现显著减产,减产率为28.48%;7g/L和9g/L的2个处理,棉花整齐度指数和断裂比强度都有降低趋势,但各处理间棉纤维品质差异不显著。综合考虑海冰水长期灌溉效应及海冰脱盐技术,建议采用3g/L海冰水进行棉田灌溉,并要注意配合必要的灌溉和排水措施。 相似文献
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盐碱地改良技术综述与一种新的研究模式展望 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
我国是一个农业人口大国,耕地和粮食的质量安全及稳定生产,在国民经济发展中具有非常重要的地位。体现农业综合生产能力的重要标志是耕地资源质量问题,其中对盐碱化土壤等中、低产改造利用是一项重要的基础工程,为此我国在农田盐碱地改良利用治理和研究诸多方面付出了不懈的努力,并取得了显著的成效。本文根源于我国盐碱地改良整治技术的发展,对传统的水利改良技术、后起的土壤生物化学改良技术、现代节水灌溉农田水盐调控技术研究内容和效果等进行了综述分析。随着我国多形式节水灌溉技术研究应用和推广,以适应新的灌溉条件下土壤水盐管理利用的新技术理论和方法也在不断呈现,如"土壤水盐定向迁移"和农田土壤"盐分上移地表排"即为近年来我国水利科技人员,创新提出并研究的土壤水盐改良利用新技术理论和解决模式,本文对这一新的技术理论和灌排模式研究内容进行了介绍,并提出展望。 相似文献
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海冰水灌溉配合农艺措施对棉田土壤水盐动态的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用海冰水(含盐量3‰)灌溉,结合4种施肥措施(无机肥、有机肥与无机肥配施、土壤调理剂与无机肥配施和不施肥处理),研究海冰水灌溉配合农艺措施对土壤水分和盐分动态的影响。2007年-2008年结果表明:苗期和花期灌水后海冰水处理的土壤含水率均显著高于井水处理,尤其灌溉后播种前期0～40cm土层含水量差异显著;井水灌溉施加液膜处理的土壤含水率较未处理的显著提高。海冰水灌溉土壤1m土体脱盐率达40%。连续两年试验,两种灌溉水处理并配合不同农艺措施条件下均可有效淋洗土壤中盐分。2007年海冰水灌溉下,土壤调理剂与无机肥配施处理和有机肥与无机肥配施处理的小区0～40cm土壤脱盐率显著高于无机肥单施的处理(约53%～55%)。本试验研究得出,使用3‰的海冰水加液膜处理后灌溉棉田,并配合土壤调理剂与无机肥配施或有机肥与无机肥配施,能够加快灌溉后水分入渗和土壤盐分的淋洗。 相似文献
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"十二五"国家科技支撑计划课题"宁夏干旱半干旱区现代节水高效农业关键技术创新与示范"主要针对宁夏干旱半干旱区水资源短缺与利用效率低并存的突出问题,以农业水资源高效利用为突破口,开展了抗旱节水优势作物品种引选及优化布局、雨水资源就地利用、优势作物补充灌溉技术、旱作精准高效节水补灌设备研发、非充分灌溉与现代用水管理关键技术、旱作耕地质量提升关键技术及优势作物节水高效关键栽培技术及种植模式等方面的研究与示范.课题由宁夏回族自治区水利科学研究院主持承担,参加单位包括宁夏农林科学院、宁夏大学和宁夏农村科技发展中心,课题主持人为宁夏回族自治区水利科学研究院杜历研究员. 相似文献
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华北地区农业用水的发展历程与展望 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
农业用水特征在一定程度上反映区域经济与农业状况、水资源环境与管理水平等.本文回顾了1950年以来华北地区农业用水情况.以1980年和2000年为时间节点,可划分3个阶段:①地表水为主、粗放灌溉阶段.农业用水量持续上升,农业供水主要依赖地表水;②地下开采持续增长阶段.农业用水量和比重均下降,地下水开采量不断增加;③节水灌溉深入发展阶段,用水矛盾加剧,节水灌溉农业深化.分析华北地区农业供水情况表明:未来农业供水将进一步紧缩.针对上述情况,提出以下政策建议:调整作物结构;发展综合农业节水措施;山东、河南应积极开发浅层地下水资源;污水资源化,利用地下微成水,增加灌溉水源;在城郊和经济条件好的地区,大力发展喷灌、微灌技术. 相似文献
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海冰在其成冰过程中盐分大量析出而盐度较低,可能成为干旱季节的一种灌溉水资源。海冰水改良滨海盐渍土是在渤海湾地区利用海冰融解的低盐水灌溉和淋洗高盐土壤的一种措施,该措施应用的同时也产生土壤熟化时间慢、土壤结构恶化、土壤养分的流失和土壤生物种群数量减少等问题。本文在收集和分析大量资料基础上,论述了蚯蚓与盐渍土壤的相互关系:盐碱地土壤中蚯蚓种类和盐渍土壤对蚯蚓的影响因素。根据在盐渍土壤中,蚯蚓活动能够增加有机物的分解和养分释放,同时使盐碱地土壤的团聚体结构、渗透率、生物数量和活性得以恢复和改善,进一步阐述了在海冰水改良滨海盐渍土壤中引入蚯蚓的可行性,并探讨引入蚯蚓改良滨海盐渍土壤的研究方法和存在的问题以及今后的研究方向。 相似文献
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农业生产活动是大气温室气体的主要来源之一,不同作物栽培体系和管理方式都会影响农田温室气体的排放。国内外已有大量关于农业温室气体排放规律和控制机理的研究,但关于土地利用方式转变对温室气体排放规律和影响机制的研究相对较少。本文以中科院千烟洲红壤丘陵综合开发试验站为研究平台,通过对新（刚从旱田转为稻田）老（过去20余年一直为稻田）稻田进行连续4年（2013—2016）观测,分析稻田温室气体排放规律及影响因子。在此基础上预测稻田温室气体排放量的动态变化。研究表明,旱田转变为稻田后,前4年新稻田CH4排放通量显著低于老稻田,但随着耕作年限的延长新稻田的CH4排放速率呈增加趋势,而老稻田的CH4排放速率没有明显变化趋势;耕作年限对CO2和N2O的排放速率影响不显著;新稻田的pH值和土壤有机碳含量低于老稻田。模型模拟结果表明缩短稻田轮作（水-旱轮作）期（小于7年）能够有效降低稻田CH4和总温室气体排放量。该结果表明利用老稻田的CH4排放系数可能会显著高估新稻田的CH4排放量。研究结论可为准确评估土地利用方式变化对农业温室气体排放的影响提供新的视角,同时为区域农业温室气体管理和减排政策的制定提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences was established in 1957 and it is a national multi-discipline research organization in the field of animal sciences. The Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences sets up 5 research departments, namely: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Animal Biotechnology and Reproduction, Animal Germplasm Resources and Production, Grassland Science and Veterinary Medicine as well as a central laboratory for chemical analysis. Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences carries out applied and fundamental research and technical development and research with swine, poultry, cattle, sheep and goats as main research objectives. The institute puts emphasis on the areas of germplasm resources, genetics and breeding, reproduction, feed science, nutrition and animal bio-technology, veterinary medicine, in order to solve the scientific and technical problems in animal production which are crucial, basic, commonly encountered or orientation-determining for the animal production. Moreover it is also engaged in organizing and coordinating key national research projects, extension of research achievements and advanced techniques, training of high-ranking scientists and technicians, promotion of domestic and international scientific exchange and collaboration.
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC) plays an important role in promoting the ability of undertaking national scientific and technical projects, enhancing the basic research and independent innovation, supporting the industrial development, training research teams and extending the international academic influence for the Institute of Animal Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Based on the summary and analysis of the number of applications and projects funded by NSFC, the funded rate and the distribution of disciplines and fields since the implementation of the 12th Five-Year Plan from the Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, we analyzed the overall development trend and the major driving factors of the growth on projects supported by NSFC from Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in three aspects. They are the macro level of the State, the medium level of the institute and the micro-level of NSFC′s delicacy management. Besides, we summarize the refined managerial experience of the institute′s projects funded by NSFC, propagate the culture of NSFC and build up the mechanism of mobilization and examination. Furthermore, based on the gap of the National Natural Science Foundation of China undertaken in our institute, we put forward some ideas about designing the strategic layout in top-level, constructing and developing the discipline and training the talent team. Meanwhile, we also take some measures to tap potential in the application of NSFC, widen application type and increase application quality. At last, we expect to further improve the management and service level of NSFC and move forward the work of NSFC into a new phase, which will provide strong scientific and intellectual support for establishing world-class agricultural research institution and innovation-oriented country. 相似文献
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中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所成立于1957年，是中央级公益性科学研究机构，以畜禽和牧草为主要研究对象，以资源研究和品种培育为基础，以生物技术为手段，以营养与饲养技术研究为保障，以生产优质安全畜禽产品为目标，开展动物遗传资源与育种、动物生物技术与繁殖、动物营养与饲料、草业科学、动物医学、畜产品质量安全等学科领域的应用基础和应用技术研究，着重解决国家全局性、关键性、方向性、基础性的重大科技问题。国家自然科学基金对于提升研究所承担国家科技任务的能力、增强基础研究自主创新能力、支撑产业发展、培养人才队伍、扩大国际学术影响等方面发挥着重要作用。
本文在总结分析“十二五”以来中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所申请国家自然科学基金项目数、获资助项目数、受资助率和学科领域分布等基本情况基础上，从国家宏观层面、研究所中观层面和科学基金精细化管理微观层面等三个层面入手，分析了中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所承担国家自然科学基金的总体发展态势，开展了中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所国家自然科学基金资助项目增长驱动分析；从宣传科学基金文化、建立科学基金申报动员机制、严格审核机制、学术把关机制等方面入手，总结了研究所国家自然科学基金精细化组织管理经验。同时，针对研究所承担科学基金存在的差距，提出了研究所战略布局顶层设计、学科发展构建、人才队伍建设等方面的设想，提出了挖掘科学基金申报潜力、拓宽申请类型、提高申报质量、提升项目档次等措施，以期进一步提高国家自然科学基金的管理和服务水平，努力把研究所的科学基金工作推向一个新的阶段，为创建世界一流农业科研院所、建设创新型国家提供强有力的科技支撑和智力支撑。 相似文献
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Hepeng Jia 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(11):1787
With the fast development of cutting-edge technologies and their greater integration into human life, more ethical challenges emerge. The problem became more salient when the world''s first genetically edited babies were born in China in violation of existing ethical rules. Although the responsible researcher He Jiankui was sentenced for imprisonment for three years last December, it is still necessary to examine the current status of research ethics and the challenges in China. Has China set up a sophisticated research ethics system? For research ethics and their implementation in China, are there unique national characteristics? Can the dominant ethics principles primarily developed from life science research be equally adopted in the emerging artificial intelligence research and development? At an online forum organized by National Science Review (NSR) and through subsequent correspondences among forum participants, NSR Executive Editor-in-Chief Mu-ming Poo and guest moderator Hepeng Jia asked three scientists and three bioethicists or philosophers of science and technology in the field to examine the dynamic development of research ethics in China. Weiwen DuanPhilosopher of Science and Technology at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China Junjiu HuangLife scientist focused on genetics at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Renzong QiuBioethicist at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China Qiang SunLife scientist and the principal investigator (PI) of clone monkey program at Shanghai Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Yi ZengArtificial intelligence scientist at Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Xiaomei ZhaiBioethicist at Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Mu-ming Poo (Chair)Neurobiologist at Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Hepeng Jia (Co-chair)Professor of Science Communication at Soochow University, Suzhou, China 相似文献
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Weijie Zhao 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(5):938
In the summer of 2003, a heat wave swept Europe and caused more than 70 000 additional fatalities [J.-M. Robine et al., C. R. Biologies331 (2008)]. Global warming and climate change is no longer a prophecy to be fulfilled, as strong heat waves and typhoons, as well as severe rainfalls, are becoming more severe. Extreme weather and climate events in the world, especially over Europe and North America, are widely studied and frequently reported in the media. These events may be related to the ongoing climate change. In this NSR forum, active researchers specialized in this field gather to discuss the climate and weather changes in China. They present the current changes, identify knowledge gaps, discuss the research difficulties, and propose ways forward to better serve the society with climate science. Ying Sun Professor at the National Climate Center of the China Meteorological Administration, China Qiuhong Tang Professor at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Zhongwei Yan Professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Jing Yang Professor at the Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, faculty of Geographic Science of Beijing Normal University, China Panmao Zhai Professor at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences of the China Meteorological Administration, and the current Co-Chair of the IPCC Working Group I, China Tianjun Zhou Professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Deliang Chen (Chair) Professor at the University of Gothenburg, NSR Editorial Board member, Sweden 相似文献
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围绕我国省级层面如何推进科技成果转移转化示范区建设,以山东省科技成果转移转化示范区建设为例,构建基于要素的科技成果转移转化示范区建设基础评价框架模型,并基于该模型建立示范区分类标准体系,促进科学开展示范区建设的定期评估工作。最后提出加快推进山东省科技成果转移转化示范区建设的几点建议,以期为国内其他省份推进科技成果转移转化示范区建设提供借鉴。 相似文献
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Hepeng Jia 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(1):171
In recent years, Chinese scientists have achieved significant progress in paleontological discoveries and scientific studies. Series of studies published in top journals, such as Science, Nature and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), have astonished the world by presenting beautiful fossils that furnish robust evidence to enrich the understanding of organismic evolution, major extinctions and stratigraphy. It has been portrayed as the heyday in the paleontology of China. What is the status of the field? What factors have caused the avalanche of fossil discoveries in China? What implications can these new discoveries provide for our understanding of current evolution theories? How, given their significant contribution to the world''s paleontology scholarship, can Chinese scientists play a due leadership role in the field? At an online forum organized by the National Science Review (NSR), its associate editor-in-chief, Zhonghe Zhou, asked four scientists in the field as well as NSR executive editor-in-chief Mu-ming Poo to join the discussion. Jin Meng Paleobiologist at American Museum of Natural History Mu-ming Poo Neurobiologist at Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuzhong Shen Stratigrapher at Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuhai Xiao Paleobiologist and geobiologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Zhonghe Zhou (Chair) Paleobiologist at Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences 相似文献
18.
Chao Gu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(10)
Throughout history, gender inequality has persisted in most parts of the world. Since the founding of the People''s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, substantial progress has been made towards gender equality in China. Today, a large number of Chinese women scientists are making significant contributions to advance science. However, are they facing gender discrimination in hiring and promotion? Do they have access to the same opportunities as their male colleagues? What are the potential approaches to further promote gender equality in China''s scientific community given myriad unfavorable social factors? Recently, NSR invited five Chinese female scientists and two gender experts to discuss these issues. Here are their observations and suggestions. Bing LiuProfessor at the Department of the History of Science, Tsinghua University Jun LuSenior Engineer at Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology, and Deputy Chief Designer of BeiDou Grounded Test and Validation System Chih-chen WangProfessor at the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hongyang WangPresident of the China Women''s Association for Science and Technology (CWAST), Director of the National Center for Science in Liver Cancer Xiaoyun WangC. N. Yang Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University Yan ZhengChair Professor at the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Wenpei Tang (Chair)Professor at the School of Health Humanities, Peking University 相似文献
19.
IPv6网络关键技术研究和城域示范系统 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“IPv6网络关键技术研究和城域示范系统”于2004年6月22日在重庆通过专家组验收。该项目由计算技术研究所牵头,联合声学研究所和计算机网络信息中心共同完成。首席科学家为李国杰院士.本文主要介绍项目开展的意义、研究目标和取得的成果。 相似文献