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1.
MacLeod C 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):328-339
At a time when neoliberalism and financial austerity are together encouraging academic scientists to seek market alternatives to state funding, this essay investigates why, a century ago, their predecessors explicitly rejected private enterprise and the private ownership of ideas and inventions available to them through the patent system. The early twentieth century witnessed the success of a long campaign by British scientists to persuade the state to assume responsibility for the funding of basic research ("pure science"): their findings would enter the intellectual commons; their rewards would be primarily reputational (financial only secondarily, through consequent career advancement). The essay summarizes recent research in three separate fields of British techno-science--electricity, aviation, and agricultural botany--all of which were laying claim, at this time, to a heightened commercial or military importance that raised new questions about the ownership of scientific ideas. It suggests that each of the three established an idiosyncratic relationship with the patent system or with other forms of "intellectual property," which would both influence their emergent disciplines and affect the extent to which commercial enterprise could remain a viable funding strategy. 相似文献
2.
Bjørn L. Basberg 《Research Policy》1982,11(3):163-171
This paper presents an example of the use of patent statistics as a technology indicator in one industry. The first part deals with the problem of interpretation. Through examination of several other partial technology indicators, it is concluded that at least in this industry, patent statistics provide a reliable indicator, not only for the timing of inventions, but for the timing of innovations and diffusion as well. The reason is that the intervals between the stages in the innovation process are very short. This contradicts evidence from many other industries, and it is therefore emphasized that generalizations are unwarranted.The second part of this paper deals with the possible causes of technological change in Norwegian whaling. The methodology is inspired by J. Schmookler's work. Thus, the patents are correlated with other indicators of economic development in the industry. But while Schmookler's view is that the patent activity is determined by social demand and economic growth, the conclusions for the Norwegian whaling industry point in the opposite direction: the technological transformation that took place during the 1920s and early 1930s was forced upon the firms in their efforts to cut costs, which was achieved by rationalizing production and catching methods in line with a downward price trend for whale oil. 相似文献
3.
Scientific breakthroughs coming from universities can contribute to the emergence of new industries, such as in the case of biotechnology. Obviously, not all research conducted in universities leads to a radical change from existing technological trajectories. Patents and patent dynamics have long been recognized as critical in understanding the emergence of new technologies and industries. Specifically, patent citations provide insight into the originality of a discovery that has received patent protection. Yet while a large body of literature addresses the impact of patent originality on various firm performance measures, we address the question of what conditions drive patent originality in the process of knowledge creation within the university. Using data on patented cancer research, we examine how research context – as reflected by the funding source for each scientist – is associated with patent originality. We find that when university scientists are partly funded by their own university, they have a higher propensity to generate more original patents. By contrast, university scientists funded either by industry or other non-university organizations have a lower propensity to generate more original patents. The significance of our findings in the cancer research setting call for further research on this question in other research fields. 相似文献
4.
We examine career patterns within the industrial, academic, and governmental sectors and their relation to the publication and patent productivity of scientists and engineers working at university-based research centers in the United States. We hypothesize that among university scientists, intersectoral changes in jobs throughout the career provide access to new social networks and scientific and technical human capital, which will result in higher productivity. For this study, the curriculum vitae of 1200 research scientists and engineers were collected and coded. In addition, patent data were collected from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The overarching conclusion from our analysis is that the academic scientists’ and engineers’ research careers we studied are quite different than characterized in the research productivity literature that is a decade or more old. The wave of center creation activity that began in the early 1980s and continues today has resulted not only in greater ties between universities and industry, but also markedly different academic careers. 相似文献
5.
[研究目的]高质量专利对促进专利转化、技术追踪和战略布局十分重要,面对海量专利数据,如何准确高效自动识别高质量专利,为开展后续专利投资融资、产业转型等专利工作做基础铺垫,成为当前重要研究问题。[研究方法]以国家知识产权局受理的申请专利为研究对象,使用专利维持年限表征专利质量,提取专利数字特征并嵌入专利文本特征生成的专利-核心词汇网络,搭建图卷积网络模型自动识别高质量专利。[研究结论]目前针对专利质量的研究专注于挖掘专利数字特征而忽视专利文本特征,该方案在高质量专利自动识别过程中使用专利数字特征与文本特征,对当前专利质量研究做出补充。此外,所提方案可在专家标注少量专利文档情况下完成专利质量识别任务,解决现有专利质量标签标注方案无法全面衡量专利质量的局限。同时,将图卷积网络扩展到专利背景下的质量识别领域,为专利质量研究提供崭新框架,实验结果也显示方案具有较高实践价值。 相似文献
6.
Theunissen B 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2012,103(2):278-309
In the 1970s and 1980s Dutch farmers replaced their dual-purpose Friesian cows with Holsteins, a highly specialized American dairy breed. The changeover was related to a major turnabout in breeding practices that involved the adoption of quantitative genetics. Dutch commercial breeders had long resisted the quantitative approach to breeding that scientists had been recommending since World War II. After about 1970, however, they gave up their resistance: the art of breeding, it was said, finally became a science. In historical overviews this turnabout is seen as part of what is called the "modernization project" in Dutch agriculture that the government instigated after the war. Economic developments are assumed to have necessitated this project, and specialization of production is seen as a natural consequence. This essay argues that the idea that the art of breeding was turned into a science is to a certain extent misleading. Furthermore, it aims to show that economic pressures and government policies cannot adequately explain the turn toward Holsteins. A better understanding can be obtained by framing the Holsteinization process as the result of a changeover in breeding culture--that is, in the ensemble of shared convictions, beliefs, conventions, methods, practices, and the like that characterized practical cattle breeding and that involved scientific, technical, economic, aesthetic, normative, and commercial considerations. 相似文献
7.
Brock WH 《Endeavour》2002,26(3):87-91
Forging a scientific career in 19th-century Britain was difficult for most middle-class scientists. Despite his discovery of thallium in 1861 and later distinction as an experimental physicist that led him to the Presidency of the Royal Society (1913-1915), William Crookes (1832-1919) never obtained one of the limited number of academic or official positions. Scientific journalism and commercial activities were eventually to bring him financial security, but before that he was an opportunist willing to try his hand at anything that would win him national publicity. This is illustrated by his intervention in the great cattle plague epidemic that swept the UK between 1865 and 1866. 相似文献
8.
Michelle Gittelman 《Research Policy》2006,35(7):1052-1068
The biotechnology industry is a striking example of the disconnect between the location of knowledge creation and its commercial development. I argue that national technological performance in biotechnology is critically affected by institutions governing scientific careers, which shape the professional identities and boundary-spanning activities of research scientists. I test this in a comparison of the United States and France. Drawing on fieldwork and analysis of patent data, I compare institutional frameworks and estimate models of forward patent citations. The models show that entrepreneurial firms are associated with high-performing innovations in this sector whereas large established firms perform poorly in both countries, and highlight the importance of institutions in creating country-specific combinations of human capital with organizational capabilities. 相似文献
9.
In a detailed comparison of matched samples of electronics establishments in Britain and France, this paper finds that the two samples of establishments were operating in distinctively different national labour markets for engineers and scientists, reflecting structural differences in national higher education systems and a far higher level of individual mobility between enterprises in Britain than is found in France. These differences were found to have very little effect on quantitative measures of establishments’ external research interactions which tended to reflect other national-institutional differences such as continued government support for public laboratories in France of a kind which have now been largely privatised in Britain. However, qualitative evidence pointed to a faster rate of development of new external knowledge sourcing and relationship building in Britain which was partly stimulated by the greater mobility of individual engineers and scientists between enterprises and other organisations bringing new personal networks of external contacts with them. These tendencies contrasted with a marked stability in external research linkages in France. The paper suggests that the greater openness of British R&D networks to new ideas and knowledge may be particularly advantageous in fast-changing high-tech industries such as electronics. 相似文献
10.
为推动以企业科技创新能力为审核重心的新型专利质押融资模式顺利实施,本文运用信号博弈模型对该融资模式实施的市场均衡状态进行分析,结合博弈模型中的参数研究了其实施的困境。结果发现,该融资模式在实施过程中存在“专利质押融资市场失灵”与“质押融资市场效率低下”的问题。建议政府采取措施加大专利数量伪装的经济成本、技术成本与失信成本,保障专利质押融资市场有效运行,在此基础上组合运用贷款补贴与科技政策工具调控可融资的企业数量,以提升专利质押融资的整体市场效率。 相似文献
11.
We conducted empirical analysis of the role of corporate scientists in Japanese pharmaceutical companies using data on published papers and patent applications. We found that scientists with the highest publication performance scores did not apply for a considerably greater number of patents than other researchers in their companies. Instead, we found that these “core scientists” had a positive effect on the number of patent applications filed by their co-authors. Our findings suggest that core scientists play an important role as central conduits for the in-flow of knowledge from outside their companies, thereby stimulating innovation. 相似文献
12.
In search of complementary assets: The determinants of alliance formation of high-tech start-ups 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Why do new technology-based firms (NTBFs) cooperate? Starting from Teece's [Teece, D.J., 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing, and public policy. Research Policy 15, 285-305] conceptual framework and taking advantage of subsequent literature on alliance formation in the resource and competence-based tradition and in the social structure perspective, we derive an empirical model that aims at highlighting the inducements and obstacles that these firms face in alliance formation according to firm-specific characteristics and the nature of the alliance. In particular, a distinction is made between exploitative commercial alliances and explorative technological alliances. The econometric estimates, based on a large sample of Italian young high-tech firms that are observed from 1994 to 2003, provide strong evidence supporting two key intuitions of Teece's work. First, the “combination of specialized complementary assets” appears to be a key driver of the formation of exploitative commercial alliances by NTBFs. More specifically, patent holding affects positively the likelihood to establish commercial alliances, but this propensity is found to rapidly decrease with firm size, suggesting that as long as NTBFs become larger and possess specialized commercial assets their urge for commercial alliances diminishes. Second, following the parallelism set forth by Teece between search for alliance partners and access to external financing, the analysis indicates that potentially beneficial alliances may not take place because of the high transaction costs faced by smaller NTBFs. In this respect, our results clearly support the view that sponsor institutions as public research organizations, venture and corporate venture capitalists may sensibly reduce these costs and that their role crucially depends on both the identity of the sponsor and the type of alliance. 相似文献
13.
[研究目的]美国临时专利申请制度类似于本国优先权制度,已经实施了二十余年,它的存在是否有助于促进发明创造,提高专利质量?若是,则对我国完善知识产权保护,提高专利申请质量,建设知识产权强国具有重要借鉴意义。[研究方法]使用美国USPTO专利数据库,首先考察美国临时专利申请案的特性,然后使用6个与专利质量相关的指标比较了主张临时专利申请案优先权的专利(PA)和未主张临时专利申请案优先权的专利(NPA)的质量差异,并运用Logistics模型分析哪一专利指标与PA的关联性最强。[研究结论]研究表明,2004-2018年间,美国临时专利申请案不但存在国别(地区)差异,而且技术领域也存在显著差异。PA和NPA在平均前引和后引次数、专利权利要求数量、专利家族规模以及审查持续时间方面存在显著差异,主张临时专利申请案优先权的专利确实具有更高的专利质量,且专利请求项数与PA的关联性最强。 相似文献
14.
本文构建了集成创新的过程模式,并以这个模式为基础,提出专利情报在各个阶段的应用措施,具体包括:分析技术发展趋势确保企业选择了正确的创新方向,达到战略集成;建立相关专利数据库、分析专利引文,促进企业知识集成;分析专利技术领域,并查阅、参考相关的专利说明书中的产品规格和技术标准,提高企业技术集成;通过专利分析识别竞争对手、了解竞争对手的技术构成及其实力,辅助企业制定创新产品的商业化策略;通过专利分析寻找合适的合作伙伴、发现重要客户或供应商,加强组织间的交流与合作,实现组织集成。专利情报不仅可以为企业提供重要的技术信息,而且还能提供法律和经济方面的信息,是企业集成创新的利器。 相似文献
15.
Otter C 《Endeavour》2011,35(2-3):80-90
This study explores the history of horseflesh consumption in modern Britain and France. It examines why horsemeat became relatively popular in France, but not Britain. These reasons include the active role of scientists, philanthropists, journalists and butchers. These figures did not actively promote horsemeat in Britain. These factors are as important as cultural and economic ones in explaining dietary transformation. 相似文献
16.
【目的/意义】构建企业专利威胁预警的概念模型,完善专利威胁预警理论,为企业参与专利威胁预警工作
提供理论支撑。【目的/意义】从影响企业专利威胁形成的技术研发人员因素出发,确定评估维度,构建企业专利威
胁预警的概念模型,分析其预警机理,并进行实证研究。【结果/结论】研究结果表明,利用构建的企业专利威胁预警
的“卡带”模型可以指导企业从技术研发人员角度对企业在各项技术领域中所面临的专利威胁进行评估,有助于实
现对企业专利威胁进行更为有效的识别与预警。【创新/局限】本文的创新主要体现在以HCM理论框架为基础,从
创新型人力资本存量、人力资本质量和人力资本维持时间3个维度对企业专利威胁进行评估,进而构建企业专利威
胁预警的概念模型。研究局限主要表现在对于相对技术研发能力维度的测度主要采用的是技术研发人员的专利
申请数量,尚未从专利申请质量角度对该评估维度进行测度。 相似文献
17.
组态视角下高校专利的转化路径选择 《科学学研究》2022,40(2):309-318
专利是实现国家自主创新能力提升的重要手段，高校作为专利的聚集地，其“高产出、低转化”的现实难题亟待解决。对此，研究从整体视角出发，以高校、科技中介和企业为研究对象，采用模糊集定性比较分析方法，基于专利转化的全过程，探究高校专利转化的多元等效路径。研究发现，高校的专利转化存在多重并发因果关系；大数据能力是提升高校专利转化绩效不可缺失的关键因素；产生高专利转化绩效的有高校创新主导下的科技服务驱动、企业能力支撑下的商业资本赋能以及科技中介连接下的校企协作转化三种模式。研究结论为高校专利转化提供了不同的路径选择，也为高校专利商业化模式的选择提供了指导。 相似文献
18.
我们正处在一个科学技术高速发展、科技创新深刻改变社会组织形式的新时代。在科技创新活动中,人才是最重要的资源,培养和吸引更多高水平创新人才是我国赢得未来发展先机的重中之重。目前我国人才计划的总体设置仍存在不足,使许多青年人才不得不将本应用于科研的精力分散到追逐以稀缺人才"帽子"所代表的科研资源上去。因此,应以完善人才计划为抓手,一方面扩大以"千人计划""万人计划"为代表的高层次人才计划支持数量,并更多支持中青年科学家;另一方面,要在尊重科学研究规律的基础上改革科研资助模式,形成以项目为基础和以人才为基础并重的科研资助模式,实现对科研人员发展各阶段的全链条支持。尤其应该注重对各类人才计划在国家层面的统筹规划、专业评审和后期考核,避免不合理的重复支持,抑制只认"帽子"、不重产出的浮躁风气。以完善人才计划为抓手推动我国人才建设工作健康发展,对于改善科技领军人才匮乏的现状和改进人才管理制度具有重大意义,将为建设世界科技强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供人才保障。 相似文献
19.
专利权质押中专利出质企业指标体系构建初探 《科学学研究》2017,35(7):1026-1031
摘要：专利权质押是一种缓解中小企业融资难的风险比较大的金融产品。中国专利权质押涉及主体有国有五大商业银行、股份制银行、 城市商业银行以及融资担保公司等金融机构和出质企业。如何帮助这些金融机构地控制专利权质押风险,建立专利权质押出质企业指标非常重要,文章初步构建专利权质押出质企业指标体系为这些金融机构开展业务时作为参考。 相似文献
20.
In the presence of asymmetric information, economic agents need to communicate their quality to investors and other parties. This paper investigates how information generated during the patenting process affects the ability of new ventures to attract VC financing. While much of the literature on information asymmetries focuses on patent applications, we argue that the entire examination process should be considered, including information that emerges in the course of patent examination and review. We test several hypotheses using a sample of British and German companies that seek venture capital. We find that the filing of patent applications is positively related to VC financing. Moreover, the examination process at the patent office generates valuable technological and commercial information via search reports, citations and opposition procedures which affect the likelihood of VC financing. Our results suggest that the patenting process supports investors in updating their expectations regarding the quality of new ventures. 相似文献