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1.
Devendra Sahal 《Research Policy》1985,14(2):61-82
This paper presents an integrative view of innovation processes based on a theory of systems developed by the author over the past few years. In its essence, one of the most important clues to the origin of innovations is to be found in the fact that the performance of every technology depends upon its size and structure. Specifically, as a technology is continuously made to become larger or smaller, the relationship between its size and structural requirements changes, which in turn, severely limits the scope of its further evolution. Thus the origin of a wide variety of innovations lies in learning to overcome the constraints that arise from the process of scaling the technology under consideration. In short, technical progress is best characterized as a process of learning by scaling.These considerations in turn point to a trilogy of innovations corresponding to three main types of technological constraints: structural innovations that arise from a process of differential growth whereby the parts and the whole of a system do not grow at the same rate: material innovations involving a change in the construction stuff; and systems innovations that arise from the integration of two or more symbiotic technologies in an attempt to simplify the outline of the overall structure. The proposed trilogy is shown to account for the emergence of various techniques including the so-called revolutionary innovations in a variety of fields.The theory is developed and illustrated through three case studies of technical progress in the aircraft, farm tractor, and computer industries. The results of our investigation further reveal that the process of innovation is best conceived in terms of a certain topography of technological evolution. Specifically, we find that technical progress is invariably characterized by the existence of what may be called technological guideposts and innovation avenues that lay out certain definite paths of development. Chance determines which amongst many technological guideposts will be chosen in the course of development. Once the development is well along a certain innovation avenue. necessity prevails until another point connecting other technological guideposts and innovation avenues is reached. This brings chance back to the fore and the process continues. In sum, the process of technological evolution is determined by the interplay of chance and necessity rather than one at the exclusion of the other. 相似文献
2.
The diffusion of innovations is identified as an important aspect of technological and social change. Innovations diffuse through segmented networks of knowledge that limit the flow of knowledge from any one technological domain to any other. Despite this segmentation, some organizations are capable of developing pieces of knowledge that overcome these limitations. Within this context, we develop four hypotheses regarding specific R&D strategies that affect a firm’s ability to develop inventions that diffuse beyond the firm’s technological boundaries. Specifically, we examine how a firm's scientific intensity, technological collaborations, technological diversity, and internal focus impact breadth of innovation diffusion. We use two of the main determinants of innovation diffusion, namely, the relative advantage and the observability, as theoretical mechanisms to build our arguments. We empirically test our hypotheses on longitudinal data from the industries of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and chemicals. Our findings show that the extent to which the knowledge embedded in a firm’s inventions diffuses in distant technological areas is positively related to the firm’s scientific intensity and to its extent of collaboration, but it is negatively related to its technological diversity. 相似文献
3.
Pablo J. Boczkowski 《The Information Society》2013,29(4):255-267
This article argues that a mutual shaping lens enables a more encompassing account of the joint processes of technological and social change in new media than the diffusion of innovations and social shaping of technology perspectives. Drawing from recent work in sociology and history of technology, organization studies, social informatics, and computer-supported cooperative work, this article suggests that the shaping and diffusion of media artifacts are so intimately tied that they should be seen as the two sides of the same innovation coin. Using examples from the history of videotex newspapers in the United States, the analysis shows that actors simultaneously pursued interdependent technological and social transformations, that this was an ongoing process in which partial outcomes in the technological domain influenced social events at a later phase—and vice versa—and that such process was influenced by historical developments. 相似文献
4.
Pablo J. Boczkowski 《The Information Society》2004,20(4):255-267
This article argues that a mutual shaping lens enables a more encompassing account of the joint processes of technological and social change in new media than the diffusion of innovations and social shaping of technology perspectives. Drawing from recent work in sociology and history of technology, organization studies, social informatics, and computer-supported cooperative work, this article suggests that the shaping and diffusion of media artifacts are so intimately tied that they should be seen as the two sides of the same innovation coin. Using examples from the history of videotex newspapers in the United States, the analysis shows that actors simultaneously pursued interdependent technological and social transformations, that this was an ongoing process in which partial outcomes in the technological domain influenced social events at a later phase—and vice versa—and that such process was influenced by historical developments. 相似文献
5.
Keichi Oshima 《Research Policy》1984,13(5):285-301
As a background to the development of Japanese industry, important characteristics of its technological innovations and industrial research are discussed. The parrticular nature of Japanese development, if any, should be explained by the fact that from the start of industrialization by the Meiji Government, technological innovation was pursued as an integrated process from the outset, including important facets such as education, technology transfer, indigenous research, development, commercialization, and diffusion of technology and products.The integrated approach was a natural consequence of the effort of late-coming Japanese industry and the government to catch up with the already highly developed industries abroad. However, the world-wide trend after World War II for technological innovations to take place on an increasingly large scale, required an integrated approach. This favoured the break-through of Japanese industries, especially in the economic environment of high growth in the 1960s.Industrialization in the Meiji Era. technological development of Japanese industry in the post-war period, the characteristics of industrial research which supported development and new innovations in the 1980s are described.It is concluded that the industrial policy of the government in promoting a broad economic and social background for innovation and the activities of innovative enterprises in the private sector have been the two major activities which worked together to achieve the present state of Japanese industry. 相似文献
6.
Arthur M Diamond Jr. 《Research Policy》2003,32(9):1607-1617
Edwin Mansfield’s contributions to the economics of technology are summarized from the early 1960s through his death in 1997. Mansfield’s methodology is discussed, as are his contributions on: the diffusion of technical innovation, the effect of firm size on innovation, the role of academic and basic research in increasing innovation and productivity, international technology transfer and the inaccuracy of technological forecasts. The economics profession’s evaluation of the relative importance of Mansfield’s work is presented, using as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). Identified as among Mansfield’s most important contributions are his work on the importance of academic research for industrial innovations, his empirical estimation of the rates of diffusion of different innovations, and his estimation of the private and social returns from investments in industrial innovations. Finally, we present Mansfield’s advice on the future of the economics of technology. 相似文献
7.
Techno therapy or nurtured niches? Technology studies and the evaluation of radical innovations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article contributes to recent discussions in technology studies about applying insights from technology studies to policy decisions about the development and management of technological innovations. It does so by examining two approaches that can be used by policy makers to manage radical technological innovations in mobility and transportation: strategic niche management (SNM) and the PROTEE approach. The SNM approach uses protective ‘niches’ to develop radical innovations, whereas the PROTEE method is grounded in the assumption that technological innovations have a better chance of success if made “vulnerable” by subjecting them to risks and oppositions from the outset. Both SNM and PROTEE have, so far, been applied to retrospective case studies. This paper examines their potential effectiveness in the monitoring of real time innovation projects by comparing their conceptualizations of ‘learning’ and ‘experimenting’. It argues that the two approaches can draw upon each other to achieve a more refined conceptualization of learning and experimenting and in dealing with the problem of change and obduracy in the development of innovation projects. 相似文献
8.
9.
技术创新与企业规模关系的形成与转化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以定向性技术创新和非定向性技术创新为核心概念,通过对企业规模与技术创新的倒U关系进行线性分拆,将"熊彼特假设"和倒U关系的争议在同一个分析框架内进行解说。并以中国工业企业1991-2005年的数据进行实证研究,实证结果不仅得到企业规模与技术创新的倒U关系结论,而且得到了定向性技术创新和非定向性技术创新与企业规模之间的几组线性关系。对实证结果的分析表明大企业的组织惯性对技术范式具有锁定效应,从而有利与企业的定向性技术创新,而竞争性的市场是使得小企业不断进行非定向性技术创新的主要动因,倒U关系则是企业规模对这两种技术创新影响的综合效应。 相似文献
10.
探索式创新有助于企业通过改变技术轨道来实现转型升级。通过对83家中国上市电子企业2005—2010年的面板数据,采用随机效应的负二项式模型,分析企业技术多样化结构二元平衡、企业内聚性与探索式创新绩效的关系,结果表明:(1)相对相关技术多样化与探索式创新绩效呈倒U型关系,即技术多样化结构二元平衡时探索式创新绩效最大;(2)在中国转型经济背景下,电子行业竞争激烈且行业技术动态较大,企业内聚性会降低对已有技术利用的路径依赖,一定程度上会促进对不相关技术的探索,导致企业内聚性并不会正向调节相对相关技术多样化与探索式创新绩效间关系。因此,企业为了增强探索式创新绩效,需要维持技术多样化结构二元平衡。 相似文献
11.
Diana Crane 《Research Policy》1977,6(4):374-395
The recent literature on the role of science and technology in developing countries is reviewed in order to assess the extent of our current knowledge concerning the sociological factors affecting the development of indigenous scientific and technological innovations. Existing studies provide some preliminary evidence in favor of the hypothesis that inadequate linkages between institutions in the various sectors of developing societies inhibit the development and utilization of indigenous technological innovations.In general, relationships between government research organizations and the potential users of their technological innovations are absent or unsatisfactory. Academic research tends to be oriented toward the interests of the international scientific community. The substantial literature on the problems of indigenous technological transfer in India suggests that inadequate coordination between different sectors of that society is in part responsible for its failure to develop its potential for technological innovation.Recent attempts to stimulate the production and diffusion of indigenous technology in developing countries by creating new types of research institutes in the university and coordinating agencies in the government are discussed. Systematic evaluations of these programs are lacking, but coordinating agencies have often performed poorly because of insufficient power to influence the policies of other organizations.A sociological approach based on interorganizational analysis is suggested for future studies of this problem. This literature identifies the optimal characteristics of coordinating organizations at the government level and of research utilizations systems which link research organizations to their clients at the local level.A bibliography comprising 102 references classified by region is included. 相似文献
12.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104724
Despite the importance of process innovation in fostering supply chain competitiveness, existing studies primarily emphasize product innovation and overlook institutional environments. This study builds on the dyadic capability-based view and institutional theory to investigate how buyer's and supplier's technological capabilities jointly affect supply chain process innovation in China. We differentiate between two distinct dimensions, technological capability strength and technological capability asymmetry, and propose that technological capability strength negatively influences supply chain process innovation whereas technological capability asymmetry promotes such innovation. We also examine how formal (i.e., government intervention) and informal (i.e., guanxi importance) institutional factors moderate the effects of technological capability strength and asymmetry on supply chain process innovation. Empirical analyses based on 157 buyer–supplier dyads in China offer strong support for our hypotheses, which provide important implications for the supply chain innovation collaboration literature and managerial practice. 相似文献
13.
本文探讨了技术创新测度评估的若干问题。强调应分层次地进行技术创新测度评估,重视技术创新扩散的评估,关注技术创新转换成本、转换效益及技术创新微观效应测度评估,并对技术创新测度评估的实施提出了若干建议和意见。 相似文献
14.
以科技成果评价政策文本作为分析样本,运用共词与聚类分析法揭示在中国创新能力发展的不同阶段政策注意力的变迁,反映政策的变化趋势。研究发现：中国创新能力经历了“跟跑”、“跟踪、并行、领跑并存,跟踪为主”和“并行、领跑为主”三个阶段,显示中国创新能力日益提升。同时发现中国科技成果评价政策随着创新能力的提升,政策的焦点从评价方法→评价内容→评价导向与评价内容并重演进的规律,这对预测今后的科技成果评价政策的发展趋势具有重要的启示意义。 相似文献
15.
通过整合技术管理、市场营销和组织理论相关研究,建立了企业技术和营销能力影响突破式和渐进式产品创新战略的理论模型,探究了其中异质性和非线性的作用机制,以及竞争强度的调节影响。使用303套我国双份调研问卷的实证分析表明：技术能力能够促进突破式和渐进式产品创新战略,但对前者的影响更大;营销能力有利于渐进式产品创新;营销能力通过倒U型关系影响突破式产品创新,且该非线性关系的拐点和陡峭性被竞争强度所调节。 相似文献
16.
Bjørn L. Basberg 《Research Policy》1982,11(3):163-171
This paper presents an example of the use of patent statistics as a technology indicator in one industry. The first part deals with the problem of interpretation. Through examination of several other partial technology indicators, it is concluded that at least in this industry, patent statistics provide a reliable indicator, not only for the timing of inventions, but for the timing of innovations and diffusion as well. The reason is that the intervals between the stages in the innovation process are very short. This contradicts evidence from many other industries, and it is therefore emphasized that generalizations are unwarranted.The second part of this paper deals with the possible causes of technological change in Norwegian whaling. The methodology is inspired by J. Schmookler's work. Thus, the patents are correlated with other indicators of economic development in the industry. But while Schmookler's view is that the patent activity is determined by social demand and economic growth, the conclusions for the Norwegian whaling industry point in the opposite direction: the technological transformation that took place during the 1920s and early 1930s was forced upon the firms in their efforts to cut costs, which was achieved by rationalizing production and catching methods in line with a downward price trend for whale oil. 相似文献
17.
This paper explores the barriers and drivers of diffusion associated with permissionless and permissioned blockchains, seeking to establish whether they are the same or different and whether barriers and drivers change over time. The study was undertaken in two stages: (i) interviews in 2016 that examine the barriers and drivers of diffusion; followed by (ii) a case study in 2019 of the Italian wine industry’s permissioned blockchain. The results show that diffusion is reaching a final stage for permissionless blockchains but is lagging behind for permissioned blockchains due to the different barriers and drivers of diffusion.The implications from this study are that: (i) drivers and barriers for different types of technological innovation may be different and change over time; (ii) initial barriers may be surmounted and become features of the underlying technology; (iii) barriers may become drivers of a technology; (iv) drivers of one type of technology may spill-over to become drivers for another type; (v) diffusion may be measured by both the number of adoptions and the number of participants in that technology; (vi) off-chain processes may become a major barrier for permissioned blockchains; and finally (vii) self-interest may be the key driver of technological innovation. 相似文献
18.
《国际创新研究学报(英文)》2022,6(3):128-141
This study identifies relevant innovations and discusses value creation in the aviation industry between 2000 and 2019. Aviation experts with experience in innovation were selected and invited to complete a survey identifying the leading innovations in the industry. This study contributes to recent aviation history by offering a list of innovations and a discussion of technological path dependency and value proposition with examples. This overview is helpful to academics and practitioners to verify how these innovations have shaped the industry worldwide, making it more efficient, agile, sustainable, and safe. The innovations selected comprise consolidated technologies and emerging advances introduced in the timeframe proposed. 33 innovations primarily related to incremental and technical typologies that add value to products were mapped. In addition, this study provides insightful findings by classifying the value created for the aviation sector into five innovation clusters: (1) aircraft technology, adding value in terms of efficiency and sustainability; (2) innovation in passenger services, creating more personalized services and enhancing the customer experience; (3) innovation in flying, adding value in terms of safety and the security environment; (4) business and operational management, improving procedures and revenue; (5) and general applications, adding value in terms of Aviation 4.0 (increases in automation and data exchange, including cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things (IOT) and cloud computing). 相似文献
19.
为了破解技术创新网络的越轨创新机制，基于悖论整合的权变视角分析了常规惯例复制、柔性惯例复制对越轨创新的影响，探究网络闭合、知识基础的单独与协同调节作用。结合研发密集型行业的合作网络数据，运用多元回归分析进行实证检验。研究结果表明：惯例复制、网络闭合与知识基础的多维匹配是实现越轨创新的最小功能集；常规惯例复制、柔性惯例复制的解构维度对越轨创新存在正向影响；高网络闭合的封闭式网络强化了常规惯例复制对越轨创新的促进作用，未能弱化柔性惯例复制的作用效能；高知识基础的多样化知识抑制了常规惯例复制对越轨创新的促进作用，无法提升柔性惯例复制的促进作用；网络闭合与知识基础的协同组合存在差异化的调节作用，削弱了柔性惯例复制对越轨创新的影响，而在常规惯例复制与越轨创新间不存在显著调节。研究结论对厘清越轨创新的形成边界、构建适度宽松的创新生态系统具有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104728
Recent research has demonstrated that employees can develop novel solutions to work-process-related problems that they experience directly, but in order for organizations to benefit from this form of user innovation (“employee-user innovation”), employee-developed innovations need to diffuse within the innovator's organization. This paper challenges the prevalent assumption in studies of employee-user innovation that employee-users readily reveal and diffuse their innovations. Based on a grounded analysis of 117 innovations developed by rank-and-file workers that we identified during 32 months of ethnographic fieldwork in two police units and two military units in Denmark, we show that employee-users frequently invest considerable effort in actively hiding their innovations. We (i) identify four distinct hiding practices that employee-user innovators enact, (ii) demonstrate how decisions about whether and how to hide are based on interpretations of a range of material and organizational conditions, and (iii) show how these decisions negatively impact the employee-user innovation process by impeding not just use and diffusion, but also the development of innovations. Our findings carry implications for user innovation research, as well as for how we understand both covert innovation processes in organization and the relationship between bureaucratic organization and innovation. 相似文献