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通过对十九世纪末二十世纪初震撼整个科学界的“物理学危机”进行深层思考，认为这场危机不仅是物理学及其科学意义上的突破和创新，而且是深层的自然观、科学观的变革。分析了科学家在物理危机中的沉浮，反思自然观、科学观方面的研究和修养对于科学家的重要意义。 相似文献
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魏屹东 《洛阳师范学院学报》2005,24(1):16-19
科学具有历史继承性，它是先前科学思想、理论和方法的传承物。建立历史语境是理解科学的必要前提。历史语境的结构、特征及其作用于科学的历史表明，科学不仅仅是科学家个人的独立认识活动，科学理论也不仅仅是科学家的天才创造，而是其历史语境的产物。 相似文献
3.
科学探究就是让学生在类似科学家的科研活动中去“探索发现”知识与技能,形成科学的态度和价值观．这就意味着教师要在教学中做深入的研究和思考,创建学生主动学习、全面发展的科学教学方式,将科学探究过程融于“教”与“学”的全过程． 相似文献
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《学语文(初中版)》2006,(7):56-58
大家都认为中国古代的诗歌有很高的学艺术水平，但是有人说一些诗歌含有科学道理你可能就有些吃惊，是吗？会有这样的事情？其实，科学与艺术是相通的，科学家和艺术家都在观察自然，科学家通过观察实验发现、揭示自然本质，艺术家则通过不同手法表现自然，但在观察自然的时候也能够发现自然的本质。中国古代的一些诗词中就包含着一些科学的道理。 相似文献
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科学探究是新课程的理念之一，列入初中科学教育的教学目标，是初中科学课程标准提出来的教学建议之一。科学探究可以有双层含义：一是指科学家的探究活动，二是指学生的探究性学习。在初中科学教学中，科学探究主要指学生的探究性学习。学生的探究与科学家的探究有相似之处，但也有本质区别。科学家探究的目的是认识新现象、发现新规律。 相似文献
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本文回顾历史,重新考查了氧化理论建立过程中十多位科学家的实验研究和科学思想,发现精确实验,独立思考,科学批判是拉瓦锡科学研究方法的主要特点,科学批判则是这一过程的突出特色. 相似文献
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科学程序法借鉴了科学家们科学发现和技术发明的探索研究过程,通过化学实验,力求让学生在学习化学的过程中,能像科学家那样,独立地探索认识客观世界物质变化的规律,获得化学知识,培养他们的创新能力,全面提高他们的科学素质。 相似文献
11.
Robyn Yucel 《Science & Education》2018,27(5-6):407-433
Including the perspectives of scientists about the nature and process of science is important for an authentic and nuanced portrayal of science in science education. The small number of studies that have explored scientists’ worldviews about science has thus far generated contradictory findings, with recent studies claiming that scientists simultaneously hold contradictory sophisticated and naïve views. This article reports on an exploratory study that uses the framework of Bhaskar’s critical realism to elicit and separately analyse academic scientists’ ontological and epistemological views about science in semi-structured interviews. When the views of scientists are analysed through the lens of critical realism, it is clear that it is possible to hold a realist ontological commitment about what knowledge is of, simultaneously with a fallibilist epistemological commitment about knowledge itself. The apparent incongruence of scientists’ so-called naïve and sophisticated views about science is resolved when analysed using a critical realist framework. Critical realism offers a simple and coherent framework for science educators that avoids many of the problems of positivism and social constructivism by finding a middle ground between them. The three pillars of critical realism: ontological realism, epistemological fallibilism and judgmental rationality help to make sense of how socially constructed scientific knowledge can be anchored in an independent reality. 相似文献
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Sedat Ucar 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2012,21(2):255-266
Every aspect of teaching, including the instructional method, the course content, and the types of assessments, is influenced
by teachers’ attitudes and beliefs. Teacher education programs play an important role in the development of beliefs regarding
teaching and learning. The purpose of the study was to document pre-service teachers’ views on science, scientists, and science
teaching as well as the relations between these views and the offered courses over several years spent in an elementary science
teacher training program. The sample consisted of 145 pre-service elementary science teachers who were being trained to teach
general science to students in the 6th through 8th grades. The research design was a cross-sectional study. Three different
instruments were used to collect the data, namely, the “Draw a Scientist Test”, “Draw a Science Teacher Test”, and “Students’
Views about Science” tests. The elementary science teacher training program influenced pre-service science teachers’ views
about science, scientists and science teaching to different degrees. The most pronounced impact of the program was on views
about science teaching. Participants’ impressions of science teaching changed from teacher-centered views to student-centered
ones. In contrast, participants’ views about scientists and science did not change much. This result could be interpreted
as indicating that science teacher training programs do not change views about science and scientists but do change beliefs
regarding teaching science. 相似文献
13.
Dorothy V. Smith Pamela J. Mulhall Christina E. Hart Richard F. Gunstone 《International Journal of Science Education》2016,38(10):1607-1621
This article presents a case study of 10 high-profile Australian research scientists. These scientists are highly committed to engaging with the public. They interact with a wide range of groups in the community, including the traditional media. They are aware that they are seen as representatives of science at a time when the authority of science and scientists is threatened in Australia by controversy around issues such as climate change and vaccination. Through their experiences of interacting with non-scientists, they have developed views about qualities, characteristics and knowledge that contribute to, or inhibit, positive interactions between scientists and non-scientists. Their experiences and insights highlight aspects of contemporary science that are not generally acknowledged in science curricula. 相似文献
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Current curriculum demands require primary teachers to teach about the Nature of Science; yet, few primary teachers have had opportunity to learn about science as a discipline. Prior schooling and vicarious experiences of science may shape their beliefs about science and, as a result, their science teaching. This qualitative study describes the impact on teacher beliefs about science and science education of a programme where 26 New Zealand primary (elementary) teachers worked fulltime for 6 months alongside scientists, experiencing the nature of work in scientific research institutes. During the 6 months, teachers were supported, through a series of targeted professional development days, to make connections between their experiences working with scientists, the curriculum and the classroom. Data for the study consisted of mid- and end-of-programme written teacher reports and open-ended questionnaires collected at three points, prior to and following 6 months with the science host and after 6 to 12 months back in school. A shift in many teachers’ beliefs was observed after the 6 months of working with scientists in combination with curriculum development days; for many, these changes were sustained 6 to 12 months after returning to school. Beliefs about the aims of science education became more closely aligned with the New Zealand curriculum and its goal of developing science for citizenship. Responses show greater appreciation of the value of scientific ways of thinking, deeper understanding about the nature of scientists’ work and the ways in which science and society influence each other. 相似文献
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Youths’ and scientists’ authoring of and positioning within science and scientists’ work 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jrène Rahm 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2007,1(3):517-544
What would it take for youth to come to see science as a source of inspiration, as something intriguing and valuable, and as a world including them as active agents and legitimate members irrespective of who they are or who they want to become? I attempt to find some answers to this question by listening in on what youth have to say about science and scientists, talk occasioned through the conduct of oral histories of scientists and reflective work about visits to their work places, conducted by a small group of youth participating in an inner-city summer gardening program. I examine how youth and scientists position each other through talk and action and how they co-construct and deconstruct science and scientists’ work. I show how creating spaces within which youths’ images are validated and taken as resources for further co-construction and deconstruction of the world of science can lead to the development of broad notions of science that make insider status a possibility for them, whether as informed citizens or scientists. 相似文献
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There is an urgent need to strengthen undergraduate science students’ epistemic knowledge, which requires having the scientists qua teachers on board. The divide between scientists’ perceptions of science and the perceptions held by those who study science is in this context problematic. Even so, this remains a sorely understudied area. The aim of the study was to identify pragmatic ways that hold the potential to facilitate integration of scholarly studies of scientific knowledge production with experientially based knowledge held by scientists to support the teaching of epistemic knowledge content to undergraduate science students. Earlier studies suggest that trust building is a central component. Our exploratory case study focuses on instructor perceptions and is based on informal interviews, participatory observation and surveys with instructors in a first-year undergraduate science course under revision. We identified the following central components as central to successful navigation of the divide between the scientific practice and science studies: Explicit formulation of learning objectives tied to epistemic knowledge acquisition; Conscious attention to vocabulary that triggers scientists’ aversion to science studies; Careful selection of historic and contemporary cases; and Systematic scaffolding of course activities. The conclusion regarding a common vocabulary stands out: by ridding our instructions from the vocabulary that caused concern among science instructors we succeeded in engaging them in conversations with students about the knowledge-producing process and challenge the view of science as characterised by facts and truths, rather than a form of scholarly inquiry that aims to produce knowledge about the natural world. 相似文献
17.
当今大科学时代,高科技已渗透到社会各个领域,负面效应也表现得越来越突出,科学的价值不再中立.为此,科技工作者的社会责任日益提上日程.本文着重分析了科技工作者社会责任何以可能及其影响因素,提出了关于加强科技工作者社会责任的相应对策. 相似文献
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Haira Emanuela Gandolfi 《Science & Education》2018,27(3-4):259-297
This article presents the results of an exploratory study of students’ knowledge about scientists and countries’ contributions to science, aiming at answering two research questions: “In which ways are students aware of the history of scientific development carried out by different people in different places of the world? What can be influencing and shaping their awareness?” Thus, this study aimed at depicting students’ knowledge about History of Science (HOS), focusing on what they know about science being done by people and communities from different parts of the world and on how this knowledge is constructed through their engagement with school science. An exploratory research was carried out at two multicultural state secondary schools in London, UK, involving 200 students aged 12–15 (58.5% girls, 41.5% boys) and five science teachers. The method involved an initial exploration of students’ knowledge about HOS through an open-ended survey, followed by classroom-based observations and semi-structured interviews with the participants. Results showed a disconnection between remembering scientists and knowing about their work and background, hinting at an emphasis on illustrative and decontextualised approaches towards HOS. Additionally, there was a lack of diversity in these students’ answers in terms of gender and ethnicity when talking about scientists and countries in science. These findings were further analysed in relation to their implications for school science and for the fields of HOS, science education and public perception of science. 相似文献
19.
In a typical science degree, little emphasis is placed on the need for scientists to make judgements about evidence and little value is placed on the development of students' opinions about science, with the focus largely on assessment of declarative knowledge. Yet it is the ability to evaluate evidence that is crucial to the development of the student as a scientist. This study assesses the impact on students' conceptions of science of a course that aims to engage students in discussion and reflection on what scientists do and on their own learning about science. Analysis of written reflective assignments from the three years the course has been run shows that participants become more confident in their expression of opinions about science and also develop a more mature view of science and its inherent uncertainty. It appears that a critical factor enabling this development is the way the course activities are designed to explicitly value students' opinions and to provide a supportive environment in which they can be expressed and contested. 相似文献
20.
Eylem Bayir Yilmaz Cakici Ozge Ertas 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(8):1286-1312
Science education researchers recently turned their attention to exploring views about nature of science (NOS). A large body of research indicates that both students and teachers have many naïve views about the NOS. Unfortunately, less attention has been directed at the issue of exploring the views of the scientists. Also, the little research in the literature generally took into consideration NOS views of only natural scientists. This study primarily proposes to explore the views of scientists in both the natural and social sciences regarding the seven target aspects of NOS. The second aim of the study is to find out the similarities and dissimilarities between the views of scientists who majored in social sciences and those who majored in natural sciences in terms of the target aspects of NOS. The sample was 69 scientists representing 5 scientific disciplines from natural and social sciences. Interviews were employed for obtaining data. The data were analyzed by means of cognitive maps. This study revealed that the scientists in the sample have neither completely informed views nor completely naïve views according to contemporary scientific understanding. Their views were a blend of the two in terms of almost all the target aspects of NOS. The views of the scientists in natural science and in social science were not substantially different. The scientists from both groups generally had similar viewpoints. This situation suggested that the scientists' views about NOS are not related to their scientific disciplines. 相似文献