Reviews     

Phil Dowe  William Demopoulos  Nessy Allen  Martin Rudwick  F. John Clendinnen  Rachel A. Ankeny  Dorinda Outram  John Forge  William Sarjeant  Keith Campbell  Paul Sheldon Davies  Ketil Gjølme Andersen  Adrian J. Walsh  Wendy Varney  Robert E. Kahn 《Metascience》2000,9(1):108-163

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The energetics and benefit of an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jump performance     

Lees A  Vanrenterghem J  De Clercq D 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(1):51-57

The aims of this study were to investigate the energy build-up and dissipation mechanisms associated with using an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jumping and to establish the energy benefit of this arm swing. Twenty adult males were asked to perform a series of submaximal and maximal vertical jumps while using an arm swing. Force, motion and electromyographic data were recorded during each performance and used to compute a range of kinematic and kinetic variables, including ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow joint powers and work done. It was found that the energy benefit of using an arm swing appears to be closely related to the maximum kinetic energy of the arms during their downswing, and increases as jump height increases. As jump height increases, energy in the arms is built up by a greater range of motion at the shoulder and greater effort of the shoulder and elbow muscles but, as jump height approaches maximum, these sources are supplemented by energy supplied by the trunk due to its earlier extension in the movement. The kinetic energy developed by the arms is used to increase their potential energy at take-off but also to store and return energy from the lower limbs and to "pull" on the rest of the body. These latter two mechanisms become more important as jump height increases with the pull being the more important of the two. We conclude that an arm swing contributes to jump performance in submaximal as well as maximal jumping but the energy generation and dissipation sources change as performance approaches maximum.  相似文献   

The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance     

Simpson SD  Karageorghis CI 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(10):1095-1102

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of motivating and oudeterous (neither motivating nor demotivating) synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance while controlling for the potential confound of pre-performance mood. A panel of volunteer Caucasian males (n = 20; mean age = 20.5 years, s = 1.2) rated the motivational qualities of 32 musical selections using the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. An experimental group of volunteer Caucasian males (n = 36; mean age = 20.4 years, s = 1.4) completed three 400-m time trials under conditions of motivational music, oudeterous music, and a no-music control. Pre-performance mood was assessed using the Brunel University Mood Scale (BRUMS). A series of repeated-measures analyses of variance with Bonferroni adjustment revealed no differences in the BRUMS subscales. A repeated-measures analysis of variance on the 400-m times showed a significant effect (F1.24, 42.19 = 10.54, P < 0.001, eta 2 = 0.24) and follow-up pair wise comparisons revealed differences between the synchronous music conditions and the control condition. This finding supported the first research hypothesis, that synchronous music would result in better performance than a no-music control, but not the second hypothesis, that performance in the motivational synchronous music condition would be better than that in the oudeterous condition. It appears that synchronous music can be applied to anaerobic endurance performance among non-elite sports persons with a considerable positive effect.  相似文献   

Phase analysis in maximal sprinting: an investigation of step-to-step technical changes between the initial acceleration,transition and maximal velocity phases     

Hans C. von Lieres und Wilkau  Gareth Irwin  Neil E. Bezodis  Scott Simpson  Ian N. Bezodis 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(2):141-156

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate spatiotemporal and kinematic changes between the initial acceleration, transition and maximum velocity phases of a sprint. Sagittal plane kinematics from five experienced sprinters performing 50-m maximal sprints were collected using six HD-video cameras. Following manual digitising, spatiotemporal and kinematic variables at touchdown and toe-off were calculated. The start and end of the transition phase were identified using the step-to-step changes in centre of mass height and segment angles. Mean step-to-step changes of spatiotemporal and kinematic variables during each phase were calculated. Firstly, the study showed that if sufficient trials are available, step-to-step changes in shank and trunk angles might provide an appropriate measure to detect sprint phases in applied settings. However, given that changes in centre of mass height represent a more holistic measure, this was used to sub-divide the sprints into separate phases. Secondly, during the initial acceleration phase large step-to-step changes in touchdown kinematics were observed compared to the transition phase. At toe-off, step-to-step kinematic changes were consistent across the initial acceleration and transition phases before plateauing during the maximal velocity phase. These results provide coaches and practitioners with valuable insights into key differences between phases in maximal sprinting.  相似文献   

Global and intercultural competences for whom? By whom? For what purpose? : an example from the Asia Society and the OECD     

Ashley Simpson  Fred Dervin 《Compare》2019,49(4):672-677

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Value differences in foreign students     

Adrian Furnham  Naznin Alibhai 《Int J Intercult Relat》1985,9(4):365-375

The Rokeach Value Survey was administered to four equivalent groups of students studying in London. It was hypothesized that a number of differences would occur between these groups based on their country of origin, respective affluence and traditional cultural values. Half of the values showed significant differences between groups with the British Control Group and the Europeans being most often more similar to each other than the other groups. The Africans were most different from the three other groups. These results were interpreted in terms of cultural and economic differences and related specifically to the literature of sojourner adjustment. Limitations of the research are also noted.  相似文献   

Macbeth: The Final Frontier!     

Adrian Burke  Gill Ager 《English in Education》1985,19(2):49-54

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Daniel Webster and the Cult of the Constitution     

Brooks D. Simpson 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》1992,15(1):15-23

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Refinements Introduced in the Oddy Test Methodology     

Capucine Korenberg  Melanie Keable  Julie Phippard  Adrian Doyle 《文物保护研究》2018,63(1):2-12

The ‘Oddy test’ is an accelerated corrosion test introduced in the 1970s at the British Museum to identify materials likely to emit volatile substances that could harm museum artefacts. It is carried out in many museums all around the world, but not always using the same methodology, which makes it difficult to compare and share test results between institutions. Refinements to the Oddy test methodology have been implemented at the British Museum over the last decade and the aim of this paper is to present these and promote consistency across institutions. The modifications introduced concern the method used to wash the glassware, the preparation of the metal coupons, and standard methods for preparing samples of liquid coatings, adhesives, and adhesive tapes. Finally, conducting Oddy tests is time consuming and measures employed at the British Museum to reduce the number of materials to be tested and streamline testing are described.  相似文献   

When the Gated Misbehave     

Elina Erzikova  Edgar Simpson 《Journalism Practice》2018,12(9):1148-1164

This study analyzes online reader comments on top US newspapers’ stories related to former congressman, Anthony Weiner’s, August 2016 sexting scandal. Audience gatekeeping was seen through such discussion themes as gender bias and sexism, political scandals, and sex addiction. The analysis revealed that the majority of reader comments significantly diverged from the news topic, and many comments about US politicians were uncivil. Furthermore, online discussions “drowned out” newspapers’ intended message about Weiner’s inclusion of his toddler son into a sexually explicit selfie. This study argues that online commentary should not be perceived as a dichotomy—a negative or positive development, a contributor or preventer of public discourse—but rather as a continuum of citizen engagement.  相似文献