Feelings and Failing in Professional Training: the assessor's dilemma     

Irene Ilott  Roger Murphy 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》1997,22(3):307-316

Assessing individuals as failures in education and training is rarely something that is done lightly or without misgivings. Related to this, the challenges of setting clear threshold or passing standards, are considerable. Assessors’ affective responses during fail scenarios in professional training were explored during focused interviews with 30 academic and practice staff. The pattern of feelings reported at each stage of the decision‐making process, factors which influence judgements and the reactions of others are described. The strength and spread of feelings stand out as an important sources of evidence. Understanding more about these affective responses may assist assessors as they make critical judgements at the margins of professional competence.  相似文献   

Relations of Children's Effortful Control and Teacher-Child Relationship Quality to School Attitudes in a Low-Income Sample     

Silva KM  Spinrad TL  Eisenberg N  Sulik MJ  Valiente C  Huerta S  Edwards A  Eggum ND  Kupfer AS  Lonigan CJ  Phillips BM  Wilson SB  Clancy-Menchetti J  Landry SH  Swank PR  Assel MA  Taylor HB;School Readiness Consortium 《Early education and development》2011,22(3):434-460

RESEARCH FINDINGS: The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of children's effortful control and quality of relationships with teachers to school attitudes longitudinally in an ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged sample. Data were collected as part of a larger intervention project during mid-fall, winter, and late spring (ns = 823, 722, and 758, respectively) for 2 cohorts of 3- to 5-year-olds (collected during 2 different school years). Children's effortful control was assessed in the fall with parents' and teachers' reports and 2 behavioral measures. Teacher-child relationship quality was assessed mid-year with teachers' reports of closeness and conflict. Attitudes toward school were assessed in late spring using teachers' and students' reports of school avoidance and liking. Effortful control, in general, was positively correlated with teacher-child closeness and school liking and negatively correlated with conflict and school avoidance. Using structural equation modeling and controlling for sex and ethnicity, we found that effortful control was positively related to teacher-child relationship quality, which in turn was positively related to school attitudes. Furthermore, the relation of effortful control to school attitudes was mediated by teacher-child relationship quality. PRACTICE OR POLICY: Results provide evidence for the importance of relational processes that take place within the classroom context and have implications for teachers and clinicians working to increase school success in ethnic minority and low-income children.  相似文献   

Online collaborative documents for research and coursework     

Karen L. Murphy  Lauren Cifuentes  Yu-Chih Doris Shih 《TechTrends》2004,48(3):40-46

Conclusion Garrison’s (2000) review of distance education theories describes the current need for ”sustained real two-way communication ... that refiect(s) a collaborative approach to distance education” (p. 13). One way to apply such theories to research and coursework is to use collaborative documents to promote transactions culminating in deliberation among the key players. Such deliberation can create ”a particular kind of democratic public culture among the deliberators: listening as well as talking, sharing resources, forging decisions together rather than only advocating positions taken earlier, and coming to disagreement” (Parker, Ninomiya, & Cogan, 1999, p. 129). Her research interests are collaborative learning in distance education, impact of culture on online learners, and design of online instruction for constructivist learning environments. Her primary research interests are in design considerations for collaborative online environments and in the powers of shared multimedia for enhancing personal growth, multicultural understanding, and global awareness. She investigates visual messages: how they can be shared and interpreted by learners, their impact, and how their impact can be researched. Her research interests are in computer and network-based foreign language and cultural learning.  相似文献   

The relation of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast to deprivation,time in session,and within-session changes in responding     

McSweeney FK  Swindell S  Murphy ES  Kowal BP 《Learning & behavior》2004,32(2):190-201

Pigeons' keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI) x VI x and on contrast schedules of multiple VI x VI y. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (+/- 2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables.  相似文献   

Childhood Maltreatment and School Problems: A Danish National Study     

Ask Elklit  Liv Michelsen  Siobhan Murphy 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2018,62(1):150-159

The association between child maltreatment (CM) and educational outcomes have been well documented. However, there is a paucity of research that explores the association between different types of maltreatment and other school problems that may affect the educational outcomes of maltreated children. This study examined the association between different types of CM and school changes, concentration problems, and special educational needs. Gender differences were also examined. Structured interviews were conducted with 2,980 participants. Significant associations emerged between CM, in particular, multiple maltreatment experiences and school problems. Males had higher concentration difficulties and special educational needs. More research attention is needed into optimal learning environments and interventions that support maltreated children more effectively.  相似文献   

The Consistency and Concomitants of Inhibition: Some of the Children, All of the Time   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

Kenneth H. Rubin  Paul D. Hastings  Shannon L. Stewart  Heather A. Henderson  Xinyin Chen 《Child development》1997,68(3):467-483

Toddlers displaying extremely inhibited behavior may be at risk for becoming socially withdrawn. However, behavioral inhibition may be a multifaceted characteristic, and its concurrent relation to toddler wariness with peers has not been examined. In this study, 108 toddlers (54 females) and their mothers were observed in novel situations involving unfamiliar settings, adults, and peers. Vagal tone, temperament, separation-reunion behavior, and maternal oversolicitousness also were assessed. There was little consistency of inhibited behavior across the 3 situations. Consistently inhibited toddlers had fearful temperaments, showed distress following maternal separation, and had mothers who were warm and controlling but unresponsive to children's cues during interaction. Toddlers with highly fearful temperaments and highly oversolicitous mothers were the most inhibited across contexts.  相似文献   

Exploring the effects of personality type on perceived satisfaction with web-based learning in continuing professional development     

Heather Kanuka  Norma Nocente 《Distance Education》2003,24(2):227-244

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between learner personality types and perceived satisfaction when using Web-based instruction for mandatory and self-regulated continuing professional development. Two hundred and four real estate practitioners who participated in a Web-based professional development course completed the Millon Index of Personality Styles (MIPS) instrument and a survey to compare personality type and satisfaction. No relationship was found between personality types and satisfaction when using Web-based instruction. The majority (97%) of participants were satisfied with the course regardless of their personality characteristics.  相似文献   

Anti-bullying procedures for schools in Ireland: principals’ responses and perceptions     

Mairéad Foody  Helena Murphy  Paul Downes  James O’Higgins Norman 《Pastoral Care in Education》2018,36(2):126-140

The role of the principal is imperative in creating a school climate that nurtures differences and equality at the same time. Policy and legislation in Ireland dictates the responsibility of school principals in preventing and intervening in issues relating to bullying. The current research investigates the extent to which principals consider the impact of bullying on their students and the strategies they take to combat it in their schools. We consider how principals respond to bullying and what supports they feel are missing for them to adhere to relevant policy. A sample of 918 principals from a range of schools across Ireland completed an online survey. The results demonstrated some positive actions by principals such as the provision of anti-bullying policies. However, they also document areas that need more action such as increased access to counsellors and appointing a specific staff member to deal with and tackle bullying in each school. Guidance from the Department of Education and Skills in Ireland on the development and provision of an anti-bullying programme is called for. Results are discussed in light of the current Anti-Bullying Procedures established by the Department of Education and Skills and the Action Plan for Bullying 2013.  相似文献   

Humanizing the use of technology in education: A re-examination     

John W. Murphy 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1986,32(2):137-148

Educators are currently attempting to integrate computers into the classroom, in order to humanize their use. The strategies that have been adopted, however, are primarily logistical and ignore the philosophy that underpins this technology. It is argued in this paper that educational technology will not be humanized until it is understood to be sustained by a philosophy other than technological rationality, and thus is provided with a human base. The life-world (Lebenswelt) is identified as a proper foundation for technology, because technological rationality is illustrated to be a modality of human expression. When this is the case, technology is placed in the service of humankind, for it cannot be conceived as the genesis of personal freedom.

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Zusammenfassung Gegenwärtig sind Pädagogen um die Integration von Computern ins Klassenzimmer bemüht, um deren Gebrauch zu humanisieren. Die dabei angewandten Strategien sind jedoch primär logistisch und ignorieren die theoretischen Voraussetzungen, auf die sich diese Technologie stützt. In diesem Bericht wird argumentiert, daß die Bildungstechnologie so lange nicht humanisiert wird, bis sie nicht in einem anderen Sinn als dem der technologischen Rationalität verbunden wird und auf eine humane Grundlage gestellt ist. Die Lebenswelt wird als ein wahres Fundament der Technologie identifiziert, da technologische Rationalität als eine Modalität menschlichen Ausdrucks dargestellt wird. Wenn dies der Fall ist, wird die Technologie in den Dienst der Menschheit gestellt, da sie nicht als Nemesis persönlicher Freiheit angesehen werden kann.

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Résumé Les pédagogues, aujourd'hui, tentent de faire entrer l'ordinateur dans la salle de classe, afin de ramener son utilisation à l'échelle humaine. Cependant, les stratégies adoptées demeurent de l'ordre de la logistique et ignore tout de la philosophie qui étaye cette technologie. Dans cet article, il est argué que l'on ne saurait humaniser la technologie au sein de l'enseignement, tant qu'il n'est pas entendu qu'une philosophie autre que la rationalité technologique la sous-tend, la dotant ainsi d'un fondement humain; l'environnement naturel (Lebenswelt) constitue la véritable base de la technologie car la rationalité ne représente qu'une modalité de l'expression humaine. Dans ce cas, la technologie est placée au service de l'humanité et ne saurait être conçue comme sanction de la liberté individuelle.

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A New Approach to the Study of the Development of Religious Thinking in Children   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. J. L. Murphy 《Educational studies》1978,4(1):19-22

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