Global health social technologies: Reflections on evolving theories and landscapes     

Joanna Chataway  Rebecca Hanlin  Julius Mugwagwa  Lois Muraguri 《Research Policy》2010,39(10):1277-1288

This paper has two core purposes. First, building on Nelson and Sampat's work, we outline the social technology conceptual framework and explain why we favour using it to explore two global health initiatives. Second, we discuss the evolution of those initiatives through the lens of the interaction between social technologies, physical technologies and general institutions. Thus we reflect both on evolving conceptual landscapes on the one hand and organisational and institutional terrains on the other.The first section of the paper presents an intellectual journey and outlines our understanding and adoption of the social technology conceptual framework. This framework we argue has a number of advantages over alternative theoretical approaches and perspectives. The second section describes the context in which product development partnerships (PDPs), a type of global health initiative based on a public–private partnership (PPP), have arisen. The third section develops case studies of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and the Malaria Vaccines Initiative (MVI) as social technology experiments and looks at the complex dynamics between organisation, management, scientific and R&D success and general institutional environments. We look at these social technologies as having ‘integrator’ and ‘broker’ roles; classifications which we argue are useful in analysing the different roles taken on by these PDPs. In the conclusion we reflect on the useful ways in which the concept of social technologies can shed light on complex and networked initiatives.  相似文献   

Learn Subject Access: By Jacki Ganendran; 2nd ed. Library Education Series, Canberra, DocMatrix, 1998, 111 pp., Aus$24.95, spiral bound, ISBN 1876283106     

Joanna F. Fountain   《Library Collections, Acquisitions, and Technical Services》2000,24(4):515-517

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Artists,employment and the Great Recession: A cross-sectional analysis using US Current Population Survey data     

Joanna Woronkowicz 《Cultural Trends》2015,24(2):154-164

This paper uses cross-sectional data from the US Current Population Survey to examine employment behavior among artists before and after a major period of economic transition – the Great Recession. The analysis looks at employment behavior among artists as an occupational group compared to other creative class workers and analyzes trends in periods before, during and after the recession. The results suggest that as a result of the downturn, many artists changed occupations to non-arts-related work or left the workforce altogether; artists became self-employed, and new artists opted for self-employment over wage/salary work; artists were disproportionately adversely impacted – either unemployed or underemployed – than other types of workers. Level of educational attainment was a significant determinant of whether an artist maintained quality employment and stayed in the occupation of his choice; and gender and marital status had a bearing on artists' ability to remain employed as an artist and maintain quality employment. The analysis emphasizes the importance of examining specific occupations within the creative class before drawing broad conclusions pertaining to all occupations with this title. Future work will test the conclusions in this study by using longitudinal data on artists.  相似文献   

Mucosal immunity and upper respiratory tract infections during a 24-week competitive season in young ice hockey players     

Joanna Orysiak  Konrad Witek  Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny  Barbara Morawin  Jadwiga Malczewska-Lenczowska  Dariusz Sitkowski 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(13):1255-1263

The aim of this study was to examine upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and their associations with resting saliva and blood immune and endocrine parameters in ice hockey players. Twenty-seven participants (age 16.5 ± 0.5 years) completed the 24-week study period. The counts/concentrations of immune and endocrine markers were compared between healthy-prone athletes (≤2 episodes of URTI during the study period) and illness-prone athletes (≥3 episodes of URTI) and between the URTI state (when athletes had infections) and the healthy state (the time without URTI). There were no differences in concentration/counts of saliva and blood immune and endocrine parameters between the illness-prone and illness-free athletes. Athletes had significantly lower sIgA, sIgA1 and sIgA2 concentrations (sIgA: 119.88 ± 66.88, 144.10 ± 75.0 µg/ml; sIgA1: 90.2 ± 40.64, 108.44 ± 29.8 U; sIgA2: 67.58 ± 30.1, 80.3 ± 25.61 U, respectively) and significantly higher WBC, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil count values and IL-1ra concentration at the time when they had symptoms of URTI than in the period without symptoms of infections. There were no differences in salivary cortisol concentration between the period of URTI symptoms and the period without URTI symptoms. In conclusion, we observed lower concentrations of salivary immunoglobulins and higher levels of blood immune parameters during URTI in athletes, which may confirm the suppression of mucosal immunity and initiation responses to pathogenic infections by innate immunity.  相似文献   

Learning from Developmental Testing of Exhibits     

Joanna E. Jarrett 《Curator: The Museum Journal》1986,29(4):295-306

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Correlation network analysis shows divergent effects of a long-term,high-fat diet and exercise on early stage osteoarthritis phenotypes in mice     

Timothy M.Griffin  Albert Batushansky  Joanna Hudson  Erika Barboza Prado Lopes 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(2):119-131,197

Background:Obesity increases knee osteoarthritis(OA) risk through metabolic,inflammatory,and biomechanical factors,but how these systemic and local mediators interact to drive OA pathology is not well understood.We tested the effect of voluntary running exercise after chronic diet-induced obesity on knee OA-related cartilage and bone pathology in mice.We then used a correlation-based network analysis to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes among the different diet and exercise groups.Methods:Male C57 BL/6 J mice were fed a defined control(10% kcal fat) or high fat(HF)(60% kcal fat) diet from 6 to 37 weeks of age.At 25 weeks,one-half of the mice from each diet group were housed in cages with running wheels for the remainder of the study.Histology,micro computed tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate changes in joint tissue structure and OA pathology.These local variables were then compared to systemic metabolic(body mass,body fat,and glucose tolerance),inflammatory(serum adipokines and inflammatory mediators),and functional(mechanical tactile sensitivity and grip strength) outcomes using a correlation-based network analysis.Diet and exercise effects were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance.Results:An HF diet increased the infrapatellar fat pad size and posterior joint osteophytes,and wheel running primarily altered the subchondral cortical and trabecular bone.Neither HF diet nor exercise altered average knee cartilage OA scores compared to control groups.However,the coefficient of variation was≥25% for many outcomes,and some mice in both diet groups developed moderate OA(>33% maximum score).This supported using correlation-based network analyses to identify systemic and local factors associated with early-stage knee OA phenotypes.In wheel-running cohorts,an HF diet reduced the network size compared to the control diet group despite similar running distances,suggesting that diet-induced obesity dampens the effects of exercise on systemic and local OA-related factors.Each of the 4 diet and activity groups showed mostly unique networks of local and systemic factors correlated with early-stage knee OA.Conclusion:Despite minimal group-level effects of chronic diet-induced obesity and voluntary wheel running on knee OA pathology under the current test durations,diet and exercise substantially altered the relationships among systemic and local variables associated with early-stage knee OA.These results suggest that distinct pre-OA phenotypes may exist prior to the development of disease.  相似文献   

Making information accessible part 2: Sequential links     

R. Scott Grabinger  Joanna C. Dunlap  David H. Jonassen 《Performance Improvement》1992,31(10):46-49

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