Sport and Recreation on Robben Island     

Marion Keim 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(16):1962-1975

The article provides insight into an important part of South Africa's sport history that has not been explored yet: What was the role sport and recreation played on Robben Island in the days when it served as political prison? The research has been a collaborative project of the Department for Cultural Affairs and Sport, Western Cape Sports Council, Mayibuye Centre and the University of the Western Cape's Interdisciplinary Center for Sport Science and Development. Facilitated by the establishment of a ‘Robben Island General Recreational Committee' in the 1960s, sport and recreation took a very special form on the Island. Unknown to South Africans and the world, during Apartheid, sport and recreation on Robben Island were used as a vehicle to unite people and to promote values of respect, integrity, dignity, teamwork and fair play as an integral part of a holistic person. Leisure activities became a place of triumph of human spirit, body and soul. The research facilitated the process of digitisation of archives from the Island. Numerous sources were discovered, giving an insight into the role of sport and recreation for many of South Africa's past and present leaders. The study also highlights the role sport and recreation played in the unique journey to freedom and democracy.  相似文献   

Marathon progress: demography,morphology and environment     

Andy Marc  Adrien Sedeaud  Marion Guillaume  Melissa Rizk  Julien Schipman  Juliana Antero-Jacquemin 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(6):524-532

Abstract

As opposed to many other track-and-field events, marathon performances still improve. We choose to better describe the reasons for such a progression. The 100 best marathon runners archived from January 1990 to December 2011 for men and from January 1996 to December 2011 for women were analysed. We determined the impact of historical, demographic, physiological, seasonal and environmental factors. Performances in marathons improve at every level of performance (deciles). In 2011, 94% of the 100 best men athletes were African runners; among women athletes they were 52%. Morphological indicators (stature, body mass and Body Mass Index (BMI)) have decreased. We show a parabolic function between BMI and running speed. The seasonal distribution has two peaks, in spring (weeks 14 to 17) and autumn (weeks 41 to 44). During both periods, the average temperature of the host cities varies close to optimal value for long distance race. African men and women runners are increasingly dominating the marathon and pushing its record, through optimal eco-physiological conditions.  相似文献   

Secular trend: morphology and performance     

Adrien Sedeaud  Andy Marc  Julien Schipman  Karine Schaal  Mario Danial  Marion Guillaume 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(12):1146-1154

In a context of morphological expansion of the general population, how do athletes follow such a pattern of anthropometric growth? Is there any relation to performance? Biometric data including mass, height, body mass index (BMI) and age were collected for 50,376 American athletes representing 249,336 annual performers playing in professional baseball, football, ice hockey and basketball. Distributions by mass in National Football League (NFL) players are described by periods. Field goals have been studied in relation to players’ height in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Between 1871 and 2011, athletes from the four sports have increased significantly in mass, height and BMI, following a multi-exponential function series. Consequently, biometric differences between athletes and the general population are increasing gradually. Changes in the mass distribution within the NFL show the emergence of a biometrical specificity in relation to the field position. At the professional level, performance remains structured around precise biometric values. In the NBA, a height-attractor at 201.3 ± 6.3 cm for the best scorers is invariant, regardless of the level of play. These results suggest that laws of growth and biometrics drive high-level sport and organise performance around the specific constraint of each field position. Discrepancies between some mass and height developments question the (disproportionate) large mass increase (relative to the height increase) during the 1980s and 1990s.  相似文献   

A Comparison of Heart Rate Responses in Females by Player Position in Standard and Zoneless Ringette     

Marion Alexander  Janice E. Butcher  Judy M. Scanlan 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):42-49

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between game heart rates by player position during two types of ringette rules: standard rules and experimental rules which did not include zone restrictions (zoneless). Two hundred twenty-five female ringette players (104 standard rules and 121 zoneless rules) were monitored during regular league and tournament play during the 1985 ringette season. This included over 50 games, approximately half played under each set of rules; and included at least five games played in each of five age categories. Field measurement of the game heart rates was conducted by use of an EST Sport-Tester heart rate monitor, which recorded the average of each 30 s heart rate profile. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was performed to determine the significance of the difference by player position and rules in the mean peak heart rates for six shifts on the ice, the first three and the last three. There were significant differences (p < .05) between mean peak heart rates for forwards and defenders between standard and zoneless rules, but there were no differences between centers. Significance tests were also conducted by position and age division, and the differences in the heart rates of the defenders were significant in the junior belles (13–14) and belles (15–17) age divisions.  相似文献   

An Evaluation Instrument to Appraise Knowledge and Behavior regarding Use of Stimulants and Depressants     

Marion B. Pollock 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):662-667

Abstract

A two-part evaluation instrument was developed to assess knowledge and behavior regarding the use of stimulant and depressant substances. A trial instrument was administered to 72 college-bound high school seniors. Analysis of the responses was used to construct a refined second version then administered to 467 men and women at California State College at Long Beach. Analysis of these resulting data showed that the instrument is valid and reliable for use with groups. The instrument may be used (a) to appraise the outcomes of a given instructional program designed to satisfy the usual legal requirement for such instruction, and (b) to serve as a pretest and post-test for determining the effectiveness of specific instruction about the effects of tobacco, alcohol, dangerous drugs, and narcotics.  相似文献   

Questioning to scaffold: an exploration of questions in pre-service teacher training feedback sessions     

Marion Engin 《欧洲师范教育杂志》2013,36(1):39-54

The purpose of this research was to explore trainer questioning strategies which aimed to scaffold development and learning in teacher training feedback sessions. Research was conducted with a group of Turkish pre-service English teacher trainees at an English-medium university in Turkey. Findings include a categorisation of different question types which seemed to prompt reflection and construction of knowledge. The data also suggest that trainees need varying levels of support through different question types to better scaffold their understanding of teaching. This study concludes with a data-driven framework of questioning strategies which can be a potential guide for trainers working with pre-service English teacher trainees.  相似文献   

Success Formula     

Marion Merrill Thrash 《The Educational forum》2013,77(2)

  相似文献   

More Effective Consolidation of Episodic Long‐Term Memory in Children Than Adults—Unrelated to Sleep          下载免费PDF全文

Jing‐Yi Wang  Frederik D. Weber  Katharina Zinke  Marion Inostroza  Jan Born 《Child development》2018,89(5):1720-1734

Abilities to encode and remember events in their spatiotemporal context (episodic memory) rely on brain regions that mature late during childhood and are supported by sleep. We compared the temporal dynamics of episodic memory formation and the role of sleep in this process between 62 children (8–12 years) and 57 adults (18–37 years). Subjects recalled “what–where–when” memories after a short 1‐hr retention interval or after a long 10.5‐hr interval containing either nocturnal sleep or daytime wakefulness. Although children showed diminished recall of episodes after 1 hr, possibly resulting from inferior encoding, unlike adults, they showed no further decrease in recall after 10.5 hr. In both age groups, episodic memory benefitted from sleep. However, children's more effective offline retention was unrelated to sleep.  相似文献   

Reviews     

David Pegg  Guy Freeland  Frank Nicolas  Jon Agar  Alan B. H. Taylor  Rhonda Roberts  Marion Ledwig  Niall Shanks  David Oldroyd  Mary Spongberg  Dennis R. Dean 《Metascience》1998,7(3):524-568

  相似文献   

The Oregon IAIMS: then and now.     

J S Ash  W R Hersh  K P Krages  J E Morgan  R Schumacher 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1999,87(3):347-349

  相似文献