Sex differences in spatial abilities of medical graduates entering residency programs     

Jean Langlois  Georges A. Wells  Marc Lecourtois  Germain Bergeron  Elizabeth Yetisir  Marcel Martin 《Anatomical sciences education》2013,6(6):368-375

Sex differences favoring males in spatial abilities have been known by cognitive psychologists for more than half a century. Spatial abilities have been related to three‐dimensional anatomy knowledge and the performance in technical skills. The issue of sex differences in spatial abilities has not been addressed formally in the medical field. The objective of this study was to test an a priori hypothesis of sex differences in spatial abilities in a group of medical graduates entering their residency programs over a five‐year period. A cohort of 214 medical graduates entering their specialist residency training programs was enrolled in a prospective study. Spatial abilities were measured with a redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Tests in two (MRTA) and three (MRTC) dimensions. Sex differences favoring males were identified in 131 (61.2%) female and 83 (38.8%) male medical graduates with the median (Q1, Q3) MRTA score [12 (8, 14) vs. 15 (12, 18), respectively; P < 0.0001] and MRTC score [7 (5, 9) vs. 9 (7, 12), respectively; P < 0.0001]. Sex differences in spatial abilities favoring males were demonstrated in the field of medical education, in a group of medical graduates entering their residency programs in a five‐year experiment. Caution should be exerted in applying our group finding to individuals because a particular female may have higher spatial abilities and a particular male may have lower spatial abilities. Anat Sci Educ 6: 368–375. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

A tool for teaching three‐dimensional dermatomes combined with distribution of cutaneous nerves on the limbs     

Jan G.M. Kooloos  Marc A.T.M. Vorstenbosch 《Anatomical sciences education》2013,6(4):277-280

A teaching tool that facilitates student understanding of a three‐dimensional (3D) integration of dermatomes with peripheral cutaneous nerve field distributions is described. This model is inspired by the confusion in novice learners between dermatome maps and nerve field distribution maps. This confusion leads to the misconception that these two distribution maps fully overlap, and may stem from three sources: (1) the differences in dermatome maps in anatomical textbooks, (2) the limited views in the figures of dermatome maps and cutaneous nerve field maps, hampering the acquisition of a 3D picture, and (3) the lack of figures showing both maps together. To clarify this concept, the learning process can be facilitated by transforming the 2D drawings in textbooks to a 3D hands‐on model and by merging the information from the separate maps. Commercially available models were covered with white cotton pantyhose, and borders between dermatomes were marked using the drawings from the students' required study material. Distribution maps of selected peripheral nerves were cut out from color transparencies. Both the model and the cut‐out nerve fields were then at the students' disposal during a laboratory exercise. The students were instructed to affix the transparencies in the right place according to the textbook's figures. This model facilitates integrating the spatial relationships of the two types of nerve distributions. By highlighting the spatial relationship and aiming to provoke student enthusiasm, this model follows the advantages of other low‐fidelity models. Anat Sci Educ 6: 277–280. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

Film Industry Studies     

Gary Prebula  Mario Berguiristain  John P. Driscoll  Peter Von Arx  Marc Sigoloff 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(7):73-74

Gary Prebula and Mario Berguiristain: INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL—A COMPLETE COURSE OUTLINE FOR THE HOLLYWOOD REPORTER (Hollywood: The Hollywood Reporter, 1983—$10.00).

John P. Driscoll's COMMUNICATING ON FILM (available from Stipes Publishing Company, 10-12 Chester Street, P.O. Box 526, Champaign, Illinois 61820—$4.80, paper).

Peter Von Arx, FILM DESIGN (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983—$40.50).

Marc Sigoloff's THE FILMS OF THE SEVENTIES: A FILMOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN, BRITISH, AND CANADIAN FILMS 1970-1979 (McFarland & Company, Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640—$29.95).

THE OFFICIAL HOLLYWOOD HANDBOOK (New York: Pocket Books, 1984- $6.95, paper).  相似文献   

Media Policy     

William B. Ray  W. Wat Hopkins  Marc A. Franklin  David A. Anderson  Donald Gillmore  Jerome Barron 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(4):75-76

FCC: THE UPS AND DOWNS OF RADIO-TV REGULATION by William B. Ray (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989—$24.95, ISBN 0-8138-0227-X, 214 pp.)

ACTUAL MALICE: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER TIMES v. SULLIVAN by W. Wat Hopkins (New York: Praeger, 1989—$39.95, ISBN 0-275-93246-X, 226 pp.)

CASES AND MATERIALS ON MASS MEDIA LAW by Marc A. Franklin and David A. Anderson (Westbury, NY: Foundation Press, 1990 price not given, ISBN 0-88277-778-5, 951 pp.)

MASS COMMUNICATION LAW: CASES AND COMMENT by Donald Gill mor, Jerome Barron.Todd Simon and Herbert Terry (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1990 $52.00, ISBN 0-314-56267-2, 947 pp.)

THE COPYRIGHT BOOK: A PRACTICAL GUIDE by William S. Strong (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990 $17.95, ISBN 0-262-19292-6, 249 pp.)

SOCIAL RESEARCH IN COMMUNICATION AND LAW by Jeremy Cohen and Timothy Gleason (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990—$9.95, paper, ISBN 0-8039-3267-7, 140 pp.)  相似文献   

Present state and emerging scenarios of digital rights management systems     

Marc Fetscherin 《媒体管理杂志》2013,15(3):164-171

Abstract

This article focuses on technological solutions, such as Digital Rights Management Systems (DRMS), which enable on one hand rights protection of intellectual property digital content, and on the other hand it should increase security and privacy of confidential and personal information exchange over semi open or open networks such as the Internet. First, this article will define and provide an overview of the key components of DRMS and respond to the questions of why such systems are needed, where they can be used, and how these systems work. Second, it will discuss the advantages and drawbacks of current DRMS. It will respond to the questions of what are the advantages and drawbacks when using such systems. Finally, this article puts forward four key factors for the emergence of DRMS: legal, regulatory & technologicaly, business, and the social environment. It then applies these factors to define two contrasting and polar emergence scenarios, the “weak DRMS’ and ‘strong DRMS’ scenario. With a framework established, this paper goes on to argue that the ‘weak DRMS’ scenario will remain the status quo in the short term. Primarily because of slow emergence of legislation on global scale, lack of a pervasive technology standard, contrasting interest among stakeholders, and consumer resistance to restrictive technologies that erode existing freedoms.  相似文献   

Natural mentors, racial identity, and educational attainment among african american adolescents: exploring pathways to success     

Hurd NM  Sánchez B  Zimmerman MA  Caldwell CH 《Child development》2012,83(4):1196-1212

The present study explored how relationships with natural mentors may contribute to African American adolescents’ long‐term educational attainment by influencing adolescents’ racial identity and academic beliefs. This study included 541 academically at‐risk African American adolescents transitioning into adulthood. The mean age of participants at Time 1 was 17.8 (SD = .64) and slightly over half (54%) of study participants were female. Results of the current study indicated that relationships with natural mentors promoted more positive long‐term educational attainment among participants through increased private regard (a dimension of racial identity) and stronger beliefs in the importance of doing well in school for future success. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.  相似文献   

Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bornstein MH  Putnick DL 《Child development》2012,83(1):46-61

Enriching caregiving practices foster the course and outcome of child development. This study examined 2 developmentally significant domains of positive caregiving-cognitive and socioemotional-in more than 127,000 families with under-5 year children from 28 developing countries. Mothers varied widely in cognitive and socioemotional caregiving and engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive activities. More than half of mothers played with their children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer read books and told stories to their children. The GDP of countries related to caregiving after controlling for life expectancy and education. The majority of mothers report that they do not leave their under-5s alone. Policy and intervention recommendations are elaborated.  相似文献   

Modalities of Infant–Mother Interaction in Japanese,Japanese American Immigrant,and European American Dyads     

Marc H. Bornstein  Linda R. Cote  O. Maurice Haynes  Joan T. D. Suwalsky  Roger Bakeman 《Child development》2012,83(6):2073-2088

Cultural variation in relations and moment‐to‐moment contingencies of infant–mother person‐oriented and object‐oriented interactions were compared in 118 Japanese, Japanese American immigrant, and European American dyads with 5.5‐month‐olds. Infant and mother person‐oriented behaviors were related in all cultural groups, but infant and mother object‐oriented behaviors were related only among European Americans. Infant and mother behaviors within each modality were mutually contingent in all groups. Culture moderated lead–lag relations: Japanese infants were more likely than their mothers to respond in object‐oriented interactions; European American mothers were more likely than their infants to respond in person‐oriented interactions. Japanese American dyads behaved like European American dyads. Interactions, infant effects, and parent socialization findings are set in cultural and accultural models of infant–mother transactions.  相似文献   

Teacher education in post-apartheid South Africa: Navigating a way through competing state and global imperatives for change     

Marc Sch?fer  Di Wilmot 《Prospects》2012,42(1):41-54

This article focuses on teacher education in post-apartheid South Africa. It argues that the restructuring and reorganization of teacher education is at the nexus of the axes of tension created by national and global imperatives for change. Along with the dismantling of apartheid and the transition to a free and democratic state in 1994 came the urgent need for social reconstruction, democratization, redress, social justice, and equity. At the same time, and as part of a global context, the country needed global competitiveness, human capital development, global skills, international standards, and accountability. These competing modernist discourses have informed the design and orientation of the National Qualifications Framework and national curriculum that took place in parallel with, and simultaneous to, the restructuring and reform of teacher education. This article reviews literature pertinent to understanding the post-apartheid transformation in South African education in general and teacher education in particular. It concludes that policy makers have managed to navigate a way through the axis of tension created by opposed orientations to transformation. A more equitable and improved system of teacher education has been achieved but critical issues of teacher quality and quantity have emerged which urgently need resolution.  相似文献   

战后大扫除     

MarcAirhart  王伟  杨光  DanielCho 《科学中国》2003,(12):20-21

战争结束后，炮弹和子弹遗留下来的毒物和污染物在很多年内仍具有杀伤力。如今Pekka Haavisto搞清楚了如何处理这种麻烦。  相似文献