Metacognitive learning strategies: differential development patterns in high school     

Bruno Leutwyler 《Metacognition and Learning》2009,4(2):111-123

The main objective of this study is to identify the development of students’ self-reported use of metacognitive learning strategies during high school. Therefore, the study analyses the differential development patterns of 1,432 students, between grade 10 and 12, in a longitudinal sample. The results suggest that, from a global perspective, there is no development of students’ self-reported use of metacognitive learning strategies during high school. The expected gender-specific differences in favour of female students are replicated in this sample. However, the self-reported use of monitoring and evaluation strategies tends to converge between genders during high school, whereas the differences in the self-reported use of planning strategies remain stable. The consequences for the understanding of metacognitive development are discussed.  相似文献   

Upper limb and trunk muscle activity patterns during seated and standing cycling     

Nicolas A. Turpin  Antony Costes  Pierre Moretto  Bruno Watier 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(6):557-564

The objective of this study is to clarify the functional roles of upper limb muscles during standing and seated cycling when power output increases. We investigated the activity of seven upper limb and trunk muscles using surface electromyography (EMG). Power outputs ranged from ~100–700 W with a pedalling frequency of 90 revolution per minute. Three-dimensional handle and pedal forces were simultaneously recorded. Using non-negative matrix factorisation, we extracted muscle synergies and we analysed the integrated EMG and EMG temporal patterns. Most of the muscles showed tonic activity that became more phasic as power output increased. Three muscle synergies were identified, associated with (i) torso stabilisation, (ii) compensation/generation of trunk accelerations and (iii) upper body weight support. Synergies were similar for seated and standing positions (Pearson’s r > 0.7), but synergy #2 (biceps brachii, deltoidus and brachioradialis) was shifted forward during the cycle (~7% of cycle). The activity levels of synergy #1 (latissimus dorsi and erector spinae) and synergy #2 increased markedly above ~500 W (i.e., ~+40–70% and +130–190%) and during periods corresponding to ipsi- and contralateral downstrokes, respectively. Our study results suggest that the upper limb and trunk muscles may play important roles in cycling when high power outputs are required.  相似文献   

Art Markets and Economics: Introduction     

Bruno S. Frey 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1997,21(3):165-173

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Archival science facing the information society     

Bruno Delmas 《Archival Science》2001,1(1):25-37

It is only a few decades ago that archivists befan to redefine their discipline in terms of a science. This redefinition of archives and records management was the consequence of a growing need for an adequate expression referring to a comprehensive new body of knowledge on records and archives. Consensus on how to adequately define archival science has not been achieved yet, however. As information society evolves, records and archives are changing in nature and status. It is an emerging discipline that has to be defined, which is still bears the impress of the mindset and practices of the industrial society. Bruno Delmas shows the archivist some clues to find a way out of this ambiguity and keep communicating human heritage to unknown generations.  相似文献   

Video games vs. reading and school/cognitive performances: a study on 27000 middle school teenagers     

Alain Lieury  Sonia Lorant  Bruno Trosseille  Françoise Champault  Ronan Vourc’h 《教育心理学》2016,36(9):1560-1595

Video games are a very common leisure activity among teenagers and the aim of this study is to analyse their relations with cognitive and school performances. This study is part of a broad survey, conducted on 27,000 French teenagers (14.5?years old) in middle school (9th grade). The survey contained both a questionnaire on leisure activities practised by teenagers and school/cognitive tests: Comprehension tests, Math, School Knowledge, and Reasoning. The activity frequency (‘never’ to ‘every day or almost’) is studied on five kinds of video games (i.e. action/fighting) vs. seven reading activities (i.e. crime/thriller/fantasy). Results show that there are no correlations or very slight ones between Video Games and cognitive/school tests. Reading activities have potentially important associations with cognition and especially school tests. To conclude, video games are primarily recreational activities and the cognitive stimulation they produce is very different from the one involved in specialised academic subjects  相似文献   

Equal educational opportunity and declining teacher morale at black,white, and Hispanic high schools in a large urban school district     

James E. Bruno 《The Urban Review》1983,15(1):19-36

School desegregation plans and program efforts in bilingual education, special education, compensatory education, and others designed to promote equal educational opportunity for minorities are threatened with a teaching staff best described as being “burned out,” highly stressed, of low morale, having high absenteeism, and subject to physical abuse. This study examines the extremely low level of teacher morale at inner-city schools and finds major “ethical” stressors such as racial tension among faculty, falsifying of school records, and sexual harassment by school officials emerging as factors contributing to teacher exit and absenteeism. With the use of multivariate discriminant analysis procedures and a sample of 400 high school teachers at nine high schools (three black, three white, and three Hispanic in terms of predominant ethnicity), a set of stressors were derived which uniquely characterize teachers at predominantly black, white, and Hispanic high schools. An economic framework is also presented for understanding the nature of the teacher morale, exit, and absenteeism phenomena in urban schools.  相似文献   

The Rôle of Tape and Record in Music Teaching     

Prof. Bruno Prowaznik 《Educational Media International》2013,50(3-4):49-50

Owing to the acoustic dimension of music the technical media used in music teaching which serve to store and reproduce sounds, namely tapes and records, are of particular significance. Differences between tape and record in the quality of sound reproduction are few, and are primarily due to the type of tape-recorder and gramophone used. The preparation for sound reproduction must not take too much time and this argument favours the use of the record. But the fact that the musical examples needed for one teaching unit usually have to be collected from a great number of records, which is cumbersome and time-consuming, seems to recommend a combined system as the best solution. The production of efficient teaching aids for music in the form of tapes and records ought to be improved. Commercial firms produce records of musical examples; others produce educational records containing musical examples as well as spoken explanations. There are other records sampling musical quotations for a certain field of study.  相似文献   

“Fácilis descensus Averni” Mind,Brain, Education,and Ethics: Highway to Hell,Stairway to Heaven,or Passing Dead End?*     

Bruno della Chiesa 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2010,4(2):45-48

Are human beings born unequal when it comes to ethics? Or are ethical standards acquired? Or both nature and nurture? Neuroscience is on its way to discovering biological underpinnings of ethics in our brains. Whatever the upcoming findings on this front will be, our philosophical, political, and educational views, and even the way we look at ourselves as a species, could soon be radically challenged, if not altered. AENEIS, the special section of this journal dedicated to Educational Neuroscience and Ethics, seeks to shed light on the crucial and sometimes frightening questions and answers we are to be confronted with. Starting with Charles Lang (“Science, Education, and the Ideology of ‘How”’) and Zachary Stein (“On the Difference Between Designing Children and Raising Them: Ethics and the Use of Educationally Oriented Biotechnology”), we are embarking on a fascinating but dangerous learning journey. To navigate between Scylla and Charybdis, extreme caution is highly recommended.  相似文献   

Metrological definition and evaluation of some mechanical properties of post-medieval Neapolitan yellow tuff masonry     

Bruno Calderoni  Giuseppe Cecere  Emilia Angela Cordasco  Luigi Guerriero  Pietro Lenza  Gaetano Manfredi 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2010,11(2):163-171

The knowledge of the morphological and mechanical properties of masonry walls is very important for the refurbishment of ancient buildings, particularly when the requirements of both structural safety and historical preservation must be fulfilled. The masonry is not of homogenous material: its mechanical properties depend on stones, mortar, and texture which are very variable due to their dependence on the historical periods and the geographical area of the erection. For this reason, a deep knowledge of masonries built in different sites and historical periods is essential in order to evaluate both the capacities of bearing vertical load and the seismic vulnerability of the masonry structure. Three fundamental typologies of tuff masonry have been defined: they are the characteristics of different historical periods from the XVI to the XX century. The models are in full-scale in order to reproduce the three defined chronotypes. Original tuff stones quarried in the corresponding historical period, mortars similar to the original ones, reproduced according to ancient documents and original constructive techniques have been used for the construction of the specimens. Compression tests performed in displacement control have been carried out on the masonry models in order to determine the maximum resistance of the material and the corresponding strain, the ultimate strain and corresponding residual strength. In this paper, the procedure used for making the specimens and for experimentally evaluating the mechanical properties of post-medieval Neapolitan yellow tuff masonry are illustrated and the obtained results, even in terms of plastic capacity of these kinds of masonry, are reported.  相似文献   

School mapping restructure in rural China: achievements, problems and implications     

Dan Zhao  Bruno Parolin 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2012,13(4):713-726

This study considers the experience of school mapping restructure (SMR) in areas of rural China. It aims to understand what happened after SMR implementation. Through a combination of instruments such as questionnaires, interviews and document analysis, the study finds that SMR has impacted positively on the development of education in terms of generating scaling benefits, improved school conditions and educational quality, and more equitable distribution of educational resources. However, there remain several associated problems including longer schooling commute, household financial restrictions and student pressures, and increased teacher work-loads. The study recommends that more structured plans should be developed. Increased stakeholder participation should be enabled, and by providing increased teaching resources to rural schools, implementation should be improved.  相似文献