Sex differences in elbow and wrist joint loading during the cartwheel and round off with different hand positions performed by young gymnasts     

Roman Farana  Gerda Strutzenberger  Timothy Exell  Jiri Skypala  Huw Wiltshire  Gareth Irwin 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(13):1449-1456

The aim of the study was to determine if sex differences exist in the key elbow and wrist joint injury risk factors during different cartwheel (CW) and round-off (RO) techniques performed by young male and female artistic gymnasts. Sixteen active young gymnasts (8 males and 8 females) performed 30 successful trials of CW and RO with three different hand positions (parallel (10), T-shape (10) and reverse (10)). Synchronised kinematic and kinetic data were collected for each trial. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (3 × 2, technique × sex) and effect-sizes (ES) were used for statistical analysis. In conclusion, female gymnasts exhibited greater normalised peak vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF), elbow and wrist compression forces and elbow internal adduction moments during CW and RO skills compared with male gymnasts. In both sexes, the parallel and reverse techniques increased peak VGRF, elbow and wrist compression forces and the elbow internal adduction moment. Increased elbow flexion resulted in decreased peak VGRF, elbow compression forces and elbow internal adduction moment. Injury risk factors including elbow extension and internal adduction moment with axial compression force suggest that a CW and RO in reverse and parallel techniques can be hazardous especially for young female gymnasts.  相似文献   

乒乓球运动员以预防损伤为主的功能训练          下载免费PDF全文

李男  叶晶龙 《体育科研》2019,(5):95-98

功能训练的理念来源于康复领域,现已逐步应用到运动训练中。由于乒乓球运动的项目特征,乒乓球运动员肩关节、腰椎关节、膝关节、踝关节、腕关节等部位容易出现运动损伤。通过对乒乓球运动员常出现的功能问题进行分析,寻找存在的常见问题,进而提出相应的功能训练建议。乒乓球运动员可根据情况,增加改善肩关节、胸椎关节、髋关节、踝关节的活动范围的训练,提高肩胛骨、核心和下肢稳定性的训练,以及改善肩袖、躯干肌力不平衡的训练,通过针对性的功能训练有效减少乒乓球运动员损伤的发生。  相似文献   

竞技游泳运动员运动性伤病情况调查分析          下载免费PDF全文

檀志宗  楼俊华  李男 《体育科研》2019,(6):93-97

采用问卷调查法对浙沪两省市194名游泳运动员进行运动性伤病调查,主要从运动性伤病的类型、部位、性质方面对比分析不同竞技水平游泳运动员的伤病表型特征。结果显示：优秀运动员运动性损伤较常见,多以慢性劳损为主,损伤部位依次为肩关节、腰背部和膝关节;一般运动员常发生急性损伤,损伤部位依次为膝关节、肩关节和腰背部。两组运动员鼻炎和中耳炎均常见。因此,依据运动性伤病的可能原因与机制,需要制定有针对性的预防措施,以减少运动性伤病的发生。  相似文献   

试论竞技体育中故意伤害行为的刑法考量          下载免费PDF全文

王晓贞 《体育科研》2017,(1):14-18，25

采用文献研究结合逻辑分析的方法,从竞技体育行业特殊性及其刑法规制争议性出发,结合国内外相关案例,通过对刑法规制的损益分析,从支持刑法规制的角度,提出了认定竞技体育故意伤害行为是否触犯刑法的具体判断标准及步骤,即应当严格遵循“客观不法+主观有责”两步判断法,在主客观重合的范围内判断该行为是否构成犯罪,必要时考虑该行为损害的法益是否受刑法保护,从而更好地进行个案平衡。  相似文献   

Compelling overuse injury incidence in youth multisport athletes     

Abdallah Rejeb  Amanda Johnson  Roel Vaeyens  Cosmin Horobeanu  Abdulaziz Farooq  Erik Witvrouw 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(4):495-502

The present investigation was carried out to examine the incidence and pattern of injuries in adolescent multisport athletes from youth sports academy. Injury data were prospectively collected from 166 athletes during the seasons from 2009 to 2014. A total of 643 injuries were identified, 559 (87.0%) were time-loss injuries. The overall injury incidence was 5.5 (95% confidence interval CI: 5.1–6.0), the incidence of time-loss injuries was 4.8 (95% CI: 4.4–5.2), the incidence of growth conditions was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4) and incidence of serious injuries was 0.6 (95% CI: 0.5–0.8) per 1000?h of exposure. The prevalence of overuse injuries was 50.3%. Growth conditions represented 20.0%. Most of the injuries (67.0%) involved the lower extremities, and both foot and ankle were the most predominant injured body parts (22.0%). Knee injuries were mostly from overuse (50 vs. 23, p?=?.02), whereas foot and ankle injuries resulted from an acute mechanism (94 vs. 31, p?<?.0001). Minor and moderate injuries accounted for 87.0%. Muscle, tendon and osteochondrosis injuries accounted for 52.0% of all injuries. Comparing groups, squash sport was having the highest injury incidence (8.5 injuries per athlete). Higher exposure was associated with greater overuse relative risk (RR?=?1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.014, p?<?.001). In conclusion, the results of this study identified a high incidence of injuries in this youth sports population. Striking was the prevalence of overuse injuries of 50%, which suggests the need for injury prevention protocols for adolescent highly trained athletes.  相似文献   

Biomechanics of judo backward breakfall for different throwing techniques in novice judokas     

Sentaro Koshida  Takanori Ishii  Tadamitsu Matsuda  Toshihiko Hashimoto 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(4):417-424

It is generally accepted that proper learning of the breakfall technique during early judo training is essential for attenuating the risk of judo-related head injury. Therefore, it is critical to understand the kinematics and head injury risks of breakfall motion to design a more safe and effective judo teaching paradigm that results in reduction of injury risk. We aimed to investigate the biomechanics of judo backward breakfalls by comparing osoto-gari and ouchi-gari in novice judokas. Twelve male novice judokas (age: 21.3 years, SD?=?0.6 years; height: 1.74?m, SD?=?0.04?m; body weight: 71.3, SD?=?6.4?kg; body mass index: 23.5, SD?=?2.3) volunteered to participate in this study. The kinematic data of the breakfall motion for both osoto-gari and ouchi-gari were collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis technique (200?Hz). We observed significant differences between the movement patterns for the two techniques, especially in the lower extremity movements. In addition, a significantly greater peak extension momentum (osoto-gari: 1.29, SD?=?0.23?kg?m^2?s^?1; ouchi-gari: 0.84, SD?=?0.29?kg?m^2?s^?1) and lower head position along the vertical axis (osoto-gari: 0.18, SD?=?0.05?m; ouchi-gari: 0.31, SD?=?0.08?m) with a large effect size were found in the breakfall for osoto-gari. Our results suggest that a different paradigm is needed for effectively teaching each breakfall technique that will enable us to substantially lower the risk of judo-related head injuries in novice judokas.  相似文献   

Acute fatigue negatively affects risk factors for injury in trained but not well-trained habitually shod runners when running barefoot     

Nicholas Tam  Devon R. Coetzee  Safwaan Ahmed  Robert P. Lamberts  Yumna Albertus-Kajee  Ross Tucker 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(9):1220-1229

Introduction: Many factors may contribute to running-related injury. These include fatigue and footwear, the combination of which has rarely been studied, in particular with reference to barefoot running, recently advocated as a method to reduce injury risk. Methods: Twenty-two runners (12 well-trained and 10 trained) participated in a 10?km fatiguing trial. Knee and ankle joint kinematics and kinetics and electromyography were assessed during overground running in the barefoot and shod condition. This was performed pre- and post-fatigue using a motion capture system and force platforms. Results: Initial loading rate increased in the trained runners when barefoot but not shod. Shod knee stiffness increased in both groups after fatigue, whereas barefoot knee stiffness decreased only in the trained group. A reduction in barefoot bicep femoris pre-activation was found in both groups. During stance, a reduction in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris and an increase in tibialis anterior activity were found over time in both groups and conditions. Trained runners decreased gluteus medius and increased lateral gastrocnemius median frequency for both conditions after fatigue. Conclusion: When fatigued, gait adjustments in habitually shod runners may increase injury risk when running barefoot. Training status may be a risk factor for injury, as less-trained runners experience muscular fatigue changes that may compromise ground reaction force attenuation. Caution is recommended when transitioning to pure barefoot running.  相似文献   

Mathematical modelling as a tool to assessment of loads in volleyball player’s shoulder joint during spike     

Jacek Jurkojć  Robert Michnik  Krzysztof Czapla 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(12):1179-1186

This article deals with kinematic and kinetic conditions in volleyball attack and identifies loads in the shoulder joint. Joint angles and velocities of individual segments of upper limb were measured with the use of the motion capture system XSENS. Muscle forces and loads in skeletal system were calculated by means of mathematical model elaborated in AnyBody system. Spikes performed by players in the best and worst way were compared with each other. The relationships were found between reactions in shoulder joint and flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation angles in the same joint and flexion/extension in the elbow joint. Reactions in shoulder joint varied from 591 N to 2001 N (in relation to body weight [BW] 83–328%).

The analysis proved that hand velocity at the moment of the ball hit (which varied between 6.8 and 13.3 m s^–1) influences on the value of reaction in joints, but positions of individual segments relative to each other are also crucial. It was also proved in objective way, that position of the upper limb during spike can be more or less harmful assuming that bigger reaction increases possibility of injury, what can be an indication for trainers and physiotherapists how to improve injury prevention.  相似文献   

Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings during the swing phase of high-speed running? part I: A critical review of the literature     

Bas Van Hooren  Frans Bosch 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(23):2313-2321

It is widely assumed that there is an eccentric hamstring muscle fibre action during the swing phase of high-speed running. However, animal and modelling studies in humans show that the increasing distance between musculotendinous attachment points during forward swing is primarily due to passive lengthening associated with the take-up of muscle slack. Later in the swing phase, the contractile element (CE) maintains a near isometric action while the series elastic (tendinous) element first stretches as the knee extends, and then recoils causing the swing leg to forcefully retract prior to ground contact. Although modelling studies showed some active lengthening of the contractile (muscular) element during the mid-swing phase of high-speed running, we argue that the increasing distance between the attachment points should not be interpreted as an eccentric action of the CE due to the effects of muscle slack. Therefore, there may actually be no significant eccentric, but rather predominantly an isometric action of the hamstrings CE during the swing phase of high-speed running when the attachment points of the hamstrings are moving apart. Based on this, we propose that isometric rather than eccentric exercises are a more specific way of conditioning the hamstrings for high-speed running.  相似文献   

Increasing hip and knee flexion during a drop-jump task reduces tibiofemoral shear and compressive forces: implications for ACL injury prevention training     

Liang-Ching Tsai  Yi-An Ko  Kyle E. Hammond  John W. Xerogeanes  Gordon L. Warren  Christopher M. Powers 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(24):2405-2411

Although most ACL injury prevention programmes encourage greater hip and knee flexion during landing, it remains unknown how this technique influences tibiofemoral joint forces. We examined whether a landing strategy utilising greater hip and knee flexion decreases tibiofemoral anterior shear and compression. Twelve healthy women (25.9 ± 3.5 years) performed a drop-jump task before and after a training session (10–15 min) that emphasised greater hip and knee flexion. Peak tibiofemoral anterior shear and compressive forces were calculated using an electromyography (EMG)-driven knee model that incorporated joint kinematics, EMG and participant-specific muscle volumes and patella tendon orientation measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants demonstrated a decrease in peak anterior tibial shear forces (11.1 ± 3.3 vs. 9.6 ± 2.7 N · kg^?1; P = 0.008) and peak tibiofemoral compressive forces (68.4 ± 7.6 vs. 62.0 ± 5.5 N · kg^?1; P = 0.015) post-training. The decreased peak anterior tibial shear was accompanied by a decrease in the quadriceps anterior shear force, while the decreased peak compressive force was accompanied by decreased ground reaction force and hamstring forces. Our data provide justification for injury prevention programmes that encourage greater hip and knee flexion during landing to reduce tibiofemoral joint loading.  相似文献