Physical fitness normative values for 6–18-year-old Greek boys and girls,using the empirical distribution and the lambda,mu, and sigma statistical method     

Konstantinos D. Tambalis  Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos  Glykeria Psarra  Stelios Daskalakis  Stavros A. Kavouras  Nickos Geladas 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(6):736-746

The aim of the this study was to establish age- and gender-specific physical fitness normative values and to compare percentiles and Z scores values in a large, nationwide sample of Greek children aged 6–18 years. From March 2014 to May 2014, a total of 424,328 boys and girls aged 6–18 years who attended school in Greece were enrolled. The studied sample was representative, in terms of age–sex distribution and geographical region. Physical fitness tests (i.e. 20?m shuttle run test (SRT), standing long jump, sit and reach, sit-ups, and 10?×?5?m SRT) were performed and used to calculate normative values, using the percentiles of the empirical distributions and the lambda, mu, and sigma statistical method. Normative values were presented as tabulated percentiles for five health-related fitness tests based on a large data set comprising 424,328 test performances. Boys typically scored higher than girls on cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and speed/agility, but lower on flexibility (all p values <0.001). Older boys and girls had better performances than younger ones (p?相似文献   

How much does lower body strength impact Paralympic running performance?     

E. M. Beckman  M. J. Connick  S. M. Tweedy 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(6):669-676

Objectives: Development of evidence-based methods of Paralympic classification requires research quantifying the relative strength of association between ratio-scaled measures of impairment and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent to which muscle strength affects running performance in runners with and without brain impairment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Participants were 41 male runners: 13 with brain impairments (RBI) and 28 non-disabled (NDR). All participants completed a maximal 60-m sprint and a novel battery of three lower limb isometric strength tests. Results: RBI showed significantly lower strength scores compared with NDR on the more affected side in leg flexion (176 vs. 243?N), leg extension (993 vs. 1661?N) and plantarflexion (824 vs. 1457?N). Significant differences were also seen on the less affected side in plantarflexion (1072 vs. 1508?N). RBI were significantly slower in the acceleration phase (0–15?m) (3.2?s?±?0.3?vs. 2.8?s?±?0.2) and top speed phase (30?60?m) (4.3?s?±?0.6?vs. 3.8?s?±?0.3). Correlation analysis showed stronger relationships between strength and running performance in RBI than NDR; however, the correlations were not significant. Conclusions: This study evaluated measures to assess strength for the purposes of classification and found that the measures were significantly different in RBI compared with NDR indicating the tests were able to capture strength impairment in this population. This study indicates that strength may be an important impairment type to assess in this population, as impairments of muscle strength may influence the outcome of running performance in athletes with more severe impairments.  相似文献   

Ground reaction forces of Olympic and World Championship race walkers     

Brian Hanley  Athanassios Bissas 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(1):50-56

Race walking is an Olympic event where no visible loss of contact should occur and the knee must be straightened until midstance. The purpose of this study was to analyse ground reaction forces of world-class race walkers and associate them with key spatiotemporal variables. Nineteen athletes race walked along an indoor track and made contact with two force plates (1000 Hz) while being filmed using high-speed videography (100 Hz). Race walking speed was correlated with flight time (r = .46, p = .049) and flight distance (r = .69, p = .001). The knee's movement from hyperextension to flexion during late stance meant the vertical push-off force that followed midstance was smaller than the earlier loading peak (p < .001), resulting in a flattened profile. Athletes with narrower stride widths experienced reduced peak braking forces (r = .49, p = .046), peak propulsive forces (r = .54, p = .027), peak medial forces (r = .63, p = .007) and peak vertical push-off forces (r = .60, p = .011). Lower fluctuations in speed during stance were associated with higher stride frequencies (r = .69, p = .001), and highlighted the importance of avoiding too much braking in early stance. The flattened trajectory and consequential decrease in vertical propulsion might help the race walker avoid visible loss of contact (although non-visible flight times were useful in increasing stride length), while a narrow stride width was important in reducing peak forces in all three directions and could improve movement efficiency.  相似文献   

Talent identification and selection in elite youth football: An Australian context     

Donna O'Connor  Paul Larkin  A. Mark Williams 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(7):837-844

We identified the perceptual–cognitive skills and player history variables that differentiate players selected or not selected into an elite youth football (i.e. soccer) programme in Australia. A sample of elite youth male football players (n?=?127) completed an adapted participation history questionnaire and video-based assessments of perceptual–cognitive skills. Following data collection, 22 of these players were offered a full-time scholarship for enrolment at an elite player residential programme. Participants selected for the scholarship programme recorded superior performance on the combined perceptual–cognitive skills tests compared to the non-selected group. There were no significant between group differences on the player history variables. Stepwise discriminant function analysis identified four predictor variables that resulted in the best categorization of selected and non-selected players (i.e. recent match-play performance, region, number of other sports participated, combined perceptual–cognitive performance). The effectiveness of the discriminant function is reflected by 93.7% of players being correctly classified, with the four variables accounting for 57.6% of the variance. Our discriminating model for selection may provide a greater understanding of the factors that influence elite youth talent selection and identification.  相似文献   

Low-intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness     

Toshiaki Miyamoto  Hiroyuki Kamada  Akira Tamaki  Toshio Moritani 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1104-1110

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B-SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p?p?相似文献   

Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue     

Mark Faghy  Sam Blacker  Peter I. Brown 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1032-1038

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether loads carried in a backpack, with a load mass ranging from 0 to 20?kg, causes respiratory muscle fatigue. Methods: Eight males performed four randomised load carriage (LC) trials comprising 60?min walking at 6.5?km?h^?1 wearing a backpack of either 0 (LC₀), 10 (LC₁₀), 15 (LC₁₅) or 20?kg (LC₂₀). Inspiratory (P_Imax) and expiratory (P_Emax) mouth pressures were assessed prior to and immediately following each trial. Pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood lactate and glucose concentration and perceptual responses were recorded during the first and final 60?s of each trial. Results: Group mean P_Imax and P_Emax were unchanged following 60-min load carriage in all conditions (p?>?.05). There was an increase over time in pulmonary gas exchange, HR and perceptions of effort relative to baseline measures during each trial (p?p?>?.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that sub-maximal walking with no load or carrying 10, 15 or 20?kg in a backpack for up to 60?min does not cause respiratory muscle fatigue despite causing an increase in physiological, metabolic and perceptual parameters.  相似文献   

绩效和财富：我国公司治理中的股价效应     

阳晓明 《四川师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2003,30(1):14-19

资本市场是公司外部治理机制的主导力量。股份水平既是管理绩效的显示，又具有巨大的财富效应。低估的股价可能引发代理权竞争和敌意接管。在我国，股价在公司治理中的约束机制和激励机制失效，其原因除了证券市场上股价形成机制的非理性因素外，更主要的原因在于我国公司治理结构中的先天性缺陷，其中关键是要解决公司股权结构中的国有股“一股独大”的问题。  相似文献   

农村合作经济组织增进融资绩效的机制分析     

张崭  秘娜 《高校教育管理》2005,(4)

传统农村金融安排由于其制度上存在缺陷,不能有效地满足广大农户的金融需求,农村金融资源流失严重。农村合作经济组织是伴随农业产业结构调整而衍生出来的一种中介组织。当其以中间变量的形式存在于农村金融组织与农户之间后,便可以通过其组织职能、载体职能及中介与服务职能派生出多种机制来有效地降低农村金融交易费用,增进农户融资绩效。  相似文献   

ACE基因多态性与有氧耐力运动关系研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

甄文娟  谢盛  宋海宾 《乐山师范学院学报》2004,19(5):116-118

目前普遍认为ACE(血管紧张素转换酶)的水平和心血管的形态、功能密切相关。ACE基因的多态性是人耐力素质优劣的决定性因素之一。为了解运动员血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入或缺失(I/D）多态性情况，探讨ACE基因多态性与有氧耐力可能的关系，用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测20例运动员和20例健康对照者的ACE基因多态性。结果位于ACE基因16内含子的L／D多态性经PCR扩增后呈三种基因型：纯合子插入型(II）、纯合子缺失型(DD)和杂合子插入或缺失型(ID)。耐力运动员组Ⅱ基因型和Ⅰ等位基因频率显著高于健康对照组。结果表明ACE基因可能在运动员的有氧耐力中起重要作用。  相似文献   

从课文教学中培养英语语感     

杜鸣  曲小梅 《岱宗学刊(泰安教育学院学报)》2001,(3)

学习英语的最终目的是进行交际 ,语感与语言运用能力紧密相关 ,语感是外语课文教学的关键。本文从对课文整体教学角度来阐述如何培养学生的英语语感  相似文献