中国人身体自我的测量工具、影响因素与预测模型     

陈红 《西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2010,(6):1-6

最近10年,国内学者对中国人身体自我进行了理论和实证上的本土化探索,主要涉及对身体自我的结构和特点,从正面和负面取向对现实身体自我、理想身体自我、负面身体自我进行了不同层面的探讨;提出了＂负面身体自我图式＂概念和＂负面身体图式指导负面身体自我者的认知加工＂的重要观点,对该认知加工机制进行了一系列实验研究;探讨了负面身体自我形成的影响因素、预测模型;探讨了饮食失调症状人群的特点和学生超重的干预模式;初步探讨了胖负面身体自我注意偏好的脑机制。  相似文献   

Taking risks with a growth mindset: long-term influence of an elementary pre-service after school science practicum     

T. J. Cartwright  B. Hallar 《International Journal of Science Education》2018,40(3):348-370

In this study, we present the long-term influence of an after school science practicum associated with an elementary science methods course. The practicum or field experience could be considered a community-based service learning programme as it is situated both within and for the community. Study participants included eight third- and fifth-grade teachers who had participated in elementary science methods courses; four of these teachers participated in the after school teaching practicum while four participants experienced a more traditional observation-based elementary science practicum. All of these teachers were in their second or third year teaching which was 3–4 years after taking the methods course. Investigation methods included questionnaires, field observations and semi-structured, individual interviews. Teachers more regularly utilised reform-based teaching strategies and cited the after school teaching practicum as preparing them to use these strategies in their own classrooms. All teachers exhibited a growth mindset to some degree, but the after school practicum participants did demonstrate a wider use of reformed-based teaching strategies and a higher growth mindset. Elementary teachers perceive risk associated with these key aspects of instruction: (1) managing instruction and classroom management, (2) teaching science through guided inquiry, and (3) overcoming adoptions in other ‘mandated’ curriculum like math and reading.  相似文献   

Longitudinal relations between perceived autonomy support and basic need satisfaction in two student cohorts     

Åge Diseth  Hans Johan Breidablik  Eivind Meland 《教育心理学》2018,38(1):99-115

The relation between autonomy support and basic need satisfaction was investigated by applying a longitudinal design at a time interval of two years, and by comparing two different grade level cohorts of students. Participants comprised 1.225 Norwegian students divided by two subsamples (6th and 8th grade level/8th and 10th grade level). The results showed stationary effects of autonomy support and basic need satisfaction, respectively, from Time 1 to Time 2. There was also evidence of a causal effect from T1 to T2 between autonomy support and basic need satisfaction, and reciprocal causation from basic need satisfaction T1 to autonomy support T2. These effects were grade level and gender specific. The present study provided support for longitudinal relations between autonomy support and basic need satisfaction. Autonomy support and basic need satisfaction are both antecedents to and consequences of themselves, also when measured at long term intervals.  相似文献   

Exploring the complex and non-linear evolution of Chinese international students’ experiences in US colleges     

Tang T. Heng 《高等教育研究与发展》2018,37(6):1141-1155

This article contests the narrative of Chinese international students (internationals for short) as passive and problematic to reveal the complexity and fluidity of their experiences. Simultaneously, it troubles the overly linear approach of stage theory in understanding internationals’ adjustment. Following nine first- and nine second-year students in US colleges over a year and involving them in semi-structured interviews and journal prompts, this research examined how they evolved. Findings show that while participants grew on academic and personal fronts, their experiences remained multi-dimensional, with second years being less sanguine and reporting challenges different from first years. This article argues that seeing Chinese internationals’ evolution as an uneven ascent affords a more nuanced understanding compared to a U-shape stage theory as it recognizes that while internationals are evolving, new situations provide challenges which they learn to overcome. Consequently, Chinese internationals’ growth troubles the deficit discourse around them and departs from pre-existing research around postgraduates. Findings spell implications for how the college community should enhance transcultural understanding and how future research around internationals could develop.  相似文献   

平行光束在单层弱吸收Ⅱ型界面上反射时的纵向位移     

张纪岳  刘宝盈  李春芳  段弢 《商洛学院学报》2009,23(2)

提出了单层弱吸收Ⅱ型界面的一种构型,分析了TE偏振的平行光束在这种界面上反射时的纵向位移,并进行了计算.结果表明,存在着一个临界角,当入射角小于临界角时,其纵向位移随入射角的增大而增大,而当入射角大于临界角时,纵向位移则随入射角的增大而减小.此外,还分析了纵向位移随介质层厚度以及折射率等参数的变化情况.  相似文献   

The effect of alterations in foot centre of pressure on lower body kinematics during the five-iron golf swing     

Lesley Faux  Alison Carlisle  John Vickers 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(17):2014-2020

ABSTRACT

The research aimed to evaluate the effects of an intervention aimed at altering pressure towards the medial aspect of the foot relating to stability mechanisms associated with the golf swing. We hypothesised that by altering the position of the foot pressure, the lower body stabilisation would improve which in turn would enhance weight distribution and underpinning lower body joint kinematics. Eight professional golf association (PGA) golf coaches performed five golf swings, recorded using a nine-camera motion analysis system synchronised with two force platforms. Following verbal intervention, they performed further five swings. One participant returned following a one-year intervention programme and performed five additional golf swings to provide a longitudinal case study analysis. Golf performance was unchanged evidenced by the velocity and angle of the club at ball impact (BI), although the one-year intervention significantly changed the percentage of weight experienced at each foot in the final 9% of downswing, which provided an even weight distribution at BI. This is a highly relevant finding as it indicates that the foot centre of pressure was central to the base of support and in-line with the centre of mass (CoM), indicating significantly increased stability when the CoM is near maximal acceleration.  相似文献   

Bone mineral density and lean mass asymmetries are greater in cyclists than non-cyclists     

R. E. Pimentel  B. S. Baker  K. Soliday  R. F. Reiser II 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(19):2279-2285

ABSTRACT

Cyclists may be at greater risk of developing asymmetrical force and motion patterns than other ground-based athletes. However, functional asymmetries during cycling tend to be highly variable, making them difficult to assess. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and lean mass (LM) in the lower limbs may be a more sensitive and consistent method to identify asymmetries in cyclists. The goal of this study was to determine if competitive cyclists have greater levels of asymmetries in the lower body compared to non-cyclists using DXA. A secondary aim was to determine if aBMD and LM asymmetries change over the road cycling season. 17 competitive cyclists and 21 non-cyclist, healthy controls underwent DXA scans. Lower-body asymmetries were greater in cyclists compared to non-cyclists in aBMD and LM for all lower limb segments. However, these asymmetries did not tend to consistently favour a particular side, except for the pelvis having more LM on the dominant side. The were no longitudinal changes in aBMD or LM in the cyclists. Asymmetry analysis via DXA provides evidence that although functional asymmetries during cycling are variable, cyclists have increased lower body LM and aBMD asymmetries compared to non-cyclists.  相似文献   

Effects of leg dominance on performance of ballet turns (pirouettes) by experienced and novice dancers     

Chia-Wei Lin  Fong-Chin Su  Hong-Wen Wu 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(16):1781-1788

Turns (pirouettes) are an important movement in ballet and may be affected by “lateral bias”. This study investigated physiological differences exhibited by experienced and novice dancers, respectively, when performing pirouette with dominant and non-dominant leg supports, respectively. Thirteen novice and 13 experienced dancers performed turns on dominant or non-dominant legs. The maximum ankle plantarflexion, knee extension and hip extension were measured during the single-leg support phase. The inclination angle of rotation axis is the angle between instantaneous rotation axis and global vertical axis in the early single-leg support phase. Both groups exhibited a greater hip extension, knee extension, and ankle plantarflexion when performing a turn on the non-dominant leg. For experienced dancers, the inclination angle of rotation axis during the pre-swing phase was generally smaller for dominant leg support than non-dominant leg. However, no significant difference was found in inclination angle of rotation axis of novice dancers. For experienced dancers, an improved performance is obtained when using the dominant leg for support. By contrast, for novice dancers, the performance is independent of choice of support leg. The significant lateral bias in experienced dancers indicates the possible influence of training. That is, repetitive rehearsal on the preferred leg strengthens the impact of side dominance in experienced dancers.  相似文献   

Longitudinal Stability of the Leadership Scale for Sports     

Richard B. Fletcher  Margaret H. Roberts 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(2):89-104

This study was designed to examine the role of foot type, height, leg length, and range of motion (ROM) measurements on excursion distances while performing the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), a test of dynamic postural control. Participants (n = 30) performed 3 trials of the SEBT in each of the 8 directions while balancing on the right and left legs. No statistically significant relations were found between foot type or ROM measurements and excursion distances with the SEBT. Significant correlations were revealed between height and excursion distance and leg length and excursion distance with leg length having the stronger correlation. Using raw excursion measures, males were found to have significantly greater excursion distances than females; however, after normalizing excursion distances to leg length, there were no significant differences related to gender. In conclusion, when using the SEBT for experimental or clinical purposes, participants' excursion distances should be normalized to leg length to allow for a more accurate comparison of performance among participants.  相似文献   

Skiing‐Skating     

Dustin Bruening  James G. Richards 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):215-225

An articulated boot design is commonly used in skiing and skating sports because it allows sagittal plane ankle mobility while still providing critical frontal plane stability. Although articulated boots have been in use for several decades, current manufacturers of these boots differ in their articulation placement. In this study we determined an optimal position of the ankle articulation axis. We also calculated the amount of anterior skin movement that a boot tongue must account for during a full range of ankle motion. Three‐dimensional kinematic data were collected and analyzed from 40 participants moving their right foot through a full range of sagittal plane motion. The calculated horizontal position of the articulation axis was found to be highly predictable from foot length (r = 0.87, standard error of estimate = 3.44 mm), while its vertical component displayed less predictability (r = 0.49, standard error of estimate = 7.46 mm). The expansion required by the boot tongue had a moderate association with foot length and low variability (r = 0.58, standard error of estimate = 0.07 mm). An accurate axis placement will minimize relative motion between the boot cuff and the ankle, reducing friction and motion resistance. An expandable tongue will accommodate full plantar flexion and reduce pressure on the anterior ankle during dorsiflexion, eliminating common pressure‐related injuries.  相似文献