宋丽关系史上的特殊群体—宋商     

李梅花 《丹东师专学报》2011,(3):125-129

宋丽外交关系由于受到北方少数民族政权的影响,时断时续,并很快断绝。但是,在两国官方交往断绝的情况下,不仅其民间贸易仍得以继续,而且双方政府之间仍有牒文往来,互通信息,这其中宋商起了主导作用。宋商在宋丽交往中的活跃,与当时特殊的国际关系、双方政府重视贸易活动、造船术和指南针等航海技术的发达以及商人在社会阶层中身份的上升不无关系,是当时多种因素合力的结果。宋商这一特殊群体成为宋丽关系史上不可或缺的独特风景。  相似文献   

北洋政府修约废约外交述论     

李长庆 《山西大学师范学院学报》2011,(6):36-38

辛亥革命的胜利果实被袁世凯窃取之后,中国就进入了北洋军阀政府统治时期。尽管这一时期,中国长期处于军阀混战、社会动荡、政权更迭频繁的局面,然而,在外交方面,相对于清政府而言北洋政府却有了很大的进步,不再是一味地＂卖国求荣＂,相反,在一些特定的时期和特定的场合,北洋政府还积极地利用各种机会寻求外交突破,改善外部环境。特别是对外和约方面,北洋政府更是积极努力修改和废除各种不平等条约。尽管这些努力并不能从根本上改变中国的外交地位,但在一定程度上有效地维护了国家主权和人民利益,这是值得肯定的。  相似文献   

日本民间力量对中日邦交正常化的作用探析     

张文彬 《大连大学学报》2011,32(4):75-78

20世纪550年代针对中日官方外交难以启动的情况,中国政府基于两国人民之间的传统友谊,从民间外交入手实现了中日关系的正常化。对于这段历史过去多从中国的角度研究,然而不容忽视的是日本民间力量对两国邦交正常化同样起到了积极的促进作用。对该问题作进一步探析,以期再次唤起人们对民间交流的关注,进一步拓宽两国民间团体和个人的交流与合作。  相似文献   

建国初期中国现实主义外交战略选择     

杨泽喜 《黄石理工学院学报(人文社科版)》2011,(2):23-27

现实主义外交将国家利益置于核心地位,中国建国初期的外交就是现实主义外交。＂另起炉灶＂、＂打扫干净屋子再请客＂、＂一边倒＂和抗美援朝等外交实践表明,中国外交的战略选择是倒向社会主义阵营。这一战略选择有效地维护了中国国家安全,促进了经济社会发展,实质上也维护了东亚乃至世界的和平。  相似文献   

美国国务院对华文化外交的出台     

张洁洁 《许昌学院学报》2011,30(4):103-106

长期以来,美国对外的文化和教育交流活动一直是由民间组织和个人发起并实施的,1938年国务院建立文化关系司,是美国政府致力于"文化外交"的开端。美国试图通过与其他国家及其人民之间观念、信息、艺术和文化的其他要素的交流来促进相互理解。1941年末太平洋战争爆发以后,为了扶植中国以抵抗日本的攻势,减轻对美国本土的威胁,从而赢得太平洋战争的胜利,美国国务院开始筹划实施专门针对中国的文化教育交流与合作项目。  相似文献   

体育与人文外交     

陈世阳  刘佳  刘洋 《北京体育大学学报》2016,39(2):6-10+15

摘要：为了探究体育与人文外交关系，丰富人文外交的理论与实践，推动体育发挥其应有的外交功能，运用文献资料法，对人文外交的提出，体育在人文外交中的地位与功能进行了分析。基于文献资料的研究，认为人文外交是中国外交的重大创新，是中国基于国内外形势的反应，其中2008年奥运会的成功举办是中国提出人文外交的直接动因。体育是人文外交的重要组成部分，体育在人文外交领域的功能：体育外交是政府间外交的组成部分；体育是进行公共外交的典型方式；体育外交是民间外交的重要部分。中国社会特别是体育界应高度重视和大力发挥体育外交的作用，更好地发挥体育在对外交流中的价值和功能，服务于现代化和体育强国建设。文章从理论层面丰富和完善了体育外交的研究。  相似文献   

The Byzantines and Saladin: Some Further Arguments     

Savvas Neocleous 《Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean》2013,25(2):204-221

This is the second of two articles by the same author arguing against the thesis that there was a conspiracy between the Byzantine emperors and Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, against the crusader states and the Third Crusade in the 1180s. While the focus of the first article was primarily on the Latin sources, the present study shifts the focus to the Arabic primary material, hitherto largely neglected or inadequately treated by modern historians. Through a critical re-examination and re-interpretation of the Arabic sources, backed by the introduction and discussion of new Latin material when necessary, this article presents expanded arguments on the relations between the Byzantine Empire, the Sultanate of Konya and Saladin in the 1180s. The conclusions lend further support to the view that the Byzantine rulers and Saladin never concluded an alliance against the Latin settlers of Outremer and the Third Crusade.  相似文献   

Performing Bandung: China’s dance diplomacy with India,Indonesia, and Burma, 1953–1962     

Emily Wilcox 《Inter-Asia Cultural Studies》2017,18(4):518-539

While dance was a common element of international diplomacy activities around the world during the 1950s and early 1960s, scholars have only recently begun to focus attention on this topic, especially as it concerns relationships forged beyond those of the Cold War superpowers. Using previously unexamined historical materials such as rare photographs and performance programs, dancer biographies, autobiographies and personal interviews, unpublished institutional histories, and contemporary periodicals, this article demonstrates not only that dance was an integral part of China’s inter-Asian cultural exchange between 1953 and 1962, but also that the PRC developed a distinct approach to dance diplomacy. Through a series of exchanges with India, Indonesia and Burma, China’s foreign ministers and dancers developed and refined a method of dance diplomacy in which the primary goal was to learn from, rather than export to, these neighboring countries. This approach harnessed the affective power of embodied aesthetic culture to literally “perform” Bandung ideals, namely, cooperation and mutual respect among Asian nations and an anti-imperialist cultural stance. Through the establishment in 1962 of the Oriental Song and Dance Ensemble, the PRC institutionalized this model of dance diplomacy, expanding it to include the entire Third World. Bandung-era dance diplomacy initiatives of the 1950s and early 1960s not only supported important new international alliances and political movements, but also asserted China’s self-identity as part of the East in the way that challenged Eurocentric ideals previously entrenched in China’s domestic dance field.  相似文献   

苏联对新中国体育援助的历史审视     

俞大伟 《北京体育大学学报》2015,38(4):12-17+25

作为首个建立社会主义制度的国家,苏联向社会主义阵营提供了大量的体育援助。新中国在接受苏联的体育援助下,奠定了新体育建设的重要基础,推动了体育事业的发展渐入正轨。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法和历史研究等方法,以苏联对新中国的体育援助为研究对象。提出其产生的历史背景,阐述其发生的详细过程,审视其带来的历史影响。研究结论:1)苏联对新中国体育援助的动机是出于冷战格局的现实需要;2)新中国接受体育援助的动机是根据自身需要主动提出的;3)"一边倒"外交政策的确立为新中国接受苏联体育援助提供了基础和保障;4)体育援助领域广泛、内容丰富、形式多样;5)体育援助的时间虽然较短,却为新中国体育事业的发展起到了重要的奠基作用,同时也产生了利与弊共存的深远影响。研究价值:旨在追溯历史、产生启发,达除弊兴利、科学发展之效。  相似文献   

Filling the Information Gap: Radio Free Europe–Radio Liberty and the Politics of Accreditation at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games     

Toby C. Rider 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):37-52

Due to the decision of the Soviet Union and nearly all of its East European satellites to withdraw from the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games, the communist media provided audiences in the Soviet bloc with few reports on the sporting events in the Olympic city. When Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, broadcasters funded by the US government, attempted to fill this ‘information gap’ by beaming coverage of the Los Angeles Games behind the Iron Curtain, the Soviet Union protested to the International Olympic Committee. They claimed, with a mixture of fact and fiction, that the Radios were tools of the American intelligence establishment and accused them of broadcasting ‘subversive’ propaganda to Eastern Europe and the USSR. Stirred into action by this Soviet manoeuvre, leading spokesmen for the Radios were joined by government officials, private citizens, US Olympic Committee members and the American media in a concerted attempt not only to defend the work of the broadcasters, but also to secure their press accreditation for Los Angeles.  相似文献