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1.
Software engineering tasks, during both development and maintenance, typically involve teamwork using computers. Team members rarely work on isolated computers. An underlying assumption of our research is that software engineering teams will work more effectively if adequately supported by network-based groupware technology. Experience of working with groupware and evaluating groupware systems will also give software engineering students a direct appreciation of the requirements of engineering such systems. 相似文献
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Williams AM Weigelt C Harris M Scott MA 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2002,73(4):386-395
This study examined age-related differences in the role of visual proprioception during a lower limb interceptive action and how this varies as a function of skill and practice. In Experiment 1, skilled and less-skilled 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old boys controlled a soccer ball using their preferred foot under full vision and when sight of the effector was occluded. With the exception of the high-skilled 12-year-olds and low-skilled 8-year-olds, participants showed a decrement in peformance when denied access to visual proprioception. In Experiment 2, the effect of practicing under different informational constraints was examined for 12 year-old boys. Children performed varying amounts of practice under full vision, or in a condition where sight of the foot was occluded, before being transferred to the alternative viewing condition. Participants who practiced under occluded viewing conditions showed greater relative improvement in performance over practice and transfer sessions compared with a full vision control group. Some support is provided for the manipulation of visual informational constraints as an effective pedagogical approach to motor learning. 相似文献
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Cornelia A. T. Kegel Adriana G. Bus Marinus H. van IJzendoorn 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2011,5(2):71-78
Not every child seems equally susceptible to the same parental, educational, or environmental influences even if cognitive level is similar. This study is the first randomized controlled trial to apply the differential susceptibility paradigm to education in relation to children's genotype and early literacy skills. A randomized pretest–posttest control group design was used to examine the effects of the Intelligent Tutoring System Living Letters. Two intervention groups were created, 1 receiving feedback and 1 completing the program without feedback, and 1 control group. Carriers of the long variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4 7‐repeat) profited most from the computer program with positive feedback, whereas they performed at the lowest level of early literacy skills in the absence of such feedback. Our findings suggest that behind modest overall educational intervention effects a strong effect on a subgroup of susceptible children may be hidden. 相似文献
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Influence of mother, father, and child risk on parenting and children's cognitive and social behaviors 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The association among mothers', fathers', and infants' risk and cognitive and social behaviors at 24 months was examined using structual equation modeling and data on 4,200 on toddlers and their parents from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. There were 3 main findings. First, for cognitive outcomes, maternal risk was directly and indirectly linked to it through maternal sensitivity whereas paternal risk was only indirectly related through maternal sensitivity. Second, for social behaviors, maternal and paternal risks were indirectly linked through maternal sensitivity and father engagement. Third, maternal and paternal levels of risk were linked to maternal supportiveness whereas mothers' and children's risk were linked to paternal cognitive stimulation. Implications are that policy makers must take into account effects of mothers', children's, and fathers' risk on young children's functioning. 相似文献
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This paper contributes to the literature on the observed research funding and scientific productivity gender gap in science. On the basis of very detailed information for a sample of 276 academics at the University of Turin over a ten year period, we develop a robust new model that takes into account the three main stages of the funding-productivity nexus: applying for a grant, successful fund raising and conducting the research, to investigate at which stage the gender gap emerges. In the model, we control for differences – not previously examined together - in the time allocated to teaching, administration and child care, which might moderate the gender effect. Using a Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) model we control, for selection into funding, endogeneity of career progress and endogeneity of funding success, and find, first, that researchers who apply for grants are active in teaching and administration and show persistent funding application behaviour, but find no evidence of a significant gender bias; second, when we control for application selection, the negative gender correlation with funding acquisition becomes stronger, while teaching is negatively correlated to the amount of funding raised; and, third, controlling for selection and reverse causality, we find that funding is not associated to higher research productivity. At all stages of the funding-productivity nexus we find negative, albeit insignificant, secondary gender effects associated with administrative tasks, but less so with teaching. In the research impact-quality estimations we provide evidence of a ‘motherhood penalty’ for female academics with young children who did not apply for funding (including evidence of a causal effect). In line with the literature, we find that, after controlling for children, female researchers are less productive in terms of publications, but not in terms of research quality or impact. 相似文献
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In Germany, more than 15 libraries are operating successfully with the quality model Excellent Library. They are part of a research project at Stuttgart Media University where the quality model and certificate have been developed since 2008. The article reflects the experiences of the project: A short introduction to the German library system and quality projects in German libraries will be followed by an overview over the model and certificate. Furthermore, the challenging process of becoming an Excellent Library and related effects will be described. 相似文献
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Martin J. Doherty Marina C. Wimmer Cornelia Gollek Charlotte Stone Elizabeth J. Robinson 《Child development》2021,92(1):205-221
Jigsaw puzzles are ubiquitous developmental toys in Western societies, used here to examine the development of metarepresentation. For jigsaw puzzles this entails understanding that individual pieces, when assembled, produce a picture. In Experiment 1, 3- to 5-year-olds (N = 117) completed jigsaw puzzles that were normal, had no picture, or comprised noninterlocking rectangular pieces. Pictorial puzzle completion was associated with mental and graphical metarepresentational task performance. Guide pictures of completed pictorial puzzles were not useful. In Experiment 2, 3- to 4-year-olds (N = 52) completed a simplified task, to choose the correct final piece. Guide-use associated with age and specifically graphical metarepresentation performance. We conclude that the pragmatically natural measure of jigsaw puzzle completion ability demonstrates general and pictorial metarepresentational development at 4 years. 相似文献
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Dr. Kai Maaz Cornelia Hausen Nele McElvany Jürgen Baumert 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2006,9(3):299-327
Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen überblick über theoretische Konzepte für die Analyse von Bildungsüberg?ngen und ihre Anwendung
in der empirischen Forschung. Bei der zusammenfassenden Darstellung des Forschungsstandes wurde der übergang von der Primar-in
die Sekundarstufe in den Fokus gerückt. Dieses Vorgehen lag darin begründet, dass der übergang von der Grundschule in die
Sekundarstufe I nach wie vor eine der wichtigsten Statuspassagen im Leben eines jungen Menschen ist. Bei dieser übergangsentscheidung
werden soziale und ethnische Disparit?ten des Kompetenzerwerbs und der Bildungsbeteiligung nicht nur im relativen Schulbesuch
der Sekundarstufe dokumentiert, sondern — nach allem was wir wissen — auch in erheblichem Ma?e verst?rkt.
Zuerst wurde ein theoretischer Bezugsrahmen vorgestellt, der vor allem auf den mikrosoziologischen Ansatz von Boudon (vgl. 1974) zurückgeht. Zentrale Elemente sind in diesem Zusammenhang die von Boudon vorgenommene Unterscheidung zwischen prim?ren und sekund?ren Effekten der Sozialschichtzugeh?rigkeit, die Integration werterwartungstheoretischer
Modellvorstellungen sowie eine theoretisch-inhaltliche Anbindung an die Analyse von Bildungsentscheidungen.
Einen Schwerpunkt des Beitrags bildete die Darstellung unterschiedlicher theoretischer Konzepte zur Analyse von Bildungsentscheidungen.
Dabei wurden sowohl soziologische als auch psychologische Modelle berücksichtigt. Die soziologischen und psychologischen Forschungstraditionen
verliefen bisher (erstaunlicherweise ohne wechselseitige Beeinflussung) parallel. Ausgehend von den Annahmen der Wert-Erwartungs-Theorie
gibt es in der Soziologie verschiedene Formalisierungen des Entscheidungsprozesses. Beispielhaft wurden hier die Arbeiten
von Erikson/Jonsson (vgl. 1996), Breen/Goldthorpe (vgl. 1997) sowie Esser (vgl. 1999) vorgestellt. Die in diesen Modellen vorgenommenen Formalisierungen stellen eine Adaptation des Grundmodells des
Wert-Erwartungs-Ansatzes dar und haben sich für die Analyse von Bildungsentscheidungen sowohl in der soziologischen als auch
in der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Forschung etabliert und bew?hrt. In der Psychologie sind werterwartungstheoretische Modelle
zwar umfassend empirisch (vor allem experimentell) untersucht sowie differenziert instrumentiert, wurden aber bislang nicht
explizit für die Analyse von Bildungsüberg?ngen angewendet. Sie integrieren, wie die hier berücksichtigten Ans?tze von Ajzen (vgl. 1991) und Eccles (vgl. Eccles u.a. 1983), oftmals ebenso wie die soziologischen Modelle Wert-und Erwartungskomponenten verschiedener Wahlalternativen und
spezifizieren diese zum einen weiter aus und erg?nzen zum anderen die Modelle durch Annahmen zu den psychologischen Wirkmechanismen
hinter diesen Komponenten. Unserem Erachten nach ist daher eine Verknüpfung und wechselseitige Erg?nzung soziologischer und
psychologischer Modelle ein vielversprechender Ansatz, um Bildungsentscheidungen und überg?nge im Bildungssystem zu analysieren.
相似文献
10.
Hugh Clapin Katherine Neal John Wennerbom Barbara Nunn Deborah Dysart Andy Pickering Lisa Featherstone Hiram Caton Dale Jacquette Laura Ruetsche William A. Turner Cornelia Lüdecke Birgit Lohmann James Ladyman Jonathan Coopersmith David Oldroyd Dennis Dean Michael Ruse Nicolas Rasmussen William N. Kaghan Martin Bridgstock Geoffrey Cocks Stephanie H. Kenen Ivan Crozier Sokhieng Au Desmond Barrett Mark Cortiula Ian D. Lawrie 《Metascience》2001,10(1):50-149