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Zusammenfassung In der Kritik an der schulp?dagogischen Rezeption des Kulturbegriffs, insbesondere an der normativ aufgeladenen Konzeption einer „neuen Lernkultur“, wird in diesem Aufsatz an einem sozialwissenschaftlichen, im engeren Sinne „praxistheoretischen“ Verst?ndnis von Kultur Anschluss genommen. Lernkultur konstituiert sich in p?dagogischen Praktiken, in regelgeleiteten, typisierten und routinisierten, k?rperlich aufgeführten und Interaktionen einschlie?enden Bearbeitungen verschiedener (p?dagogischer) Differenzen, etwa der zwischen der sozialen Ordnung eines p?dagogischen Angebotes und anderen Ordnungen, zwischen Vermittlung und Aneignung und der zwischen schulisch relevantem und anderem Wissen. Diesem Verst?ndnis von Lernkultur entspricht methodologisch die Entscheidung für eine in besonderer Weise vorgehende, videobasierte Erforschung p?dagogischer Praktiken. Das w?re als Konstituierung einer „empirischen Didaktik“ zu verstehen.   相似文献   
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Zusammenfassung Bisher besteht in vielen Ländern eine Ungleichheit in den beruflichen Abschlüssen des beruflichen Schulwesens und des Allgemeinbildenden Schulwesens. Inzwischen kann man in einigen Industrieländern Entwicklungen beobachten, allgemeine und berufliche Bildung zu verbinden. Es erscheint günstig, am Anfang der Ausbildung eine breite berufliche Grundlagenausbildung in Verbindung mit Allgemeinbildung zu vermitteln, und erst danach eine Spezialisierung vorzunehmen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Beispiele aus Schweden, den USA (Career Education), der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Dänemark und der Republik Irland dargestellt.
Up to now in many countries there exists no equality between vocational education and general education in the educational system. In the meantime in some industrial countries a development can be observed to integrate vocational and general education in schools. It seems favourable to offer a broad vocational education in connection with general education at the beginning, and to specialize afterwards. In order to demonstrate this development examples are presented from Sweden, the USA (Career Education), the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland.
Résumé Dans de nombreux pays l'égalité entre enseignement professionnel et enseignement général n'est pas encore un fait accompli. Par ailleurs, dans certains pays industrialisés, on a pu observer une tendance à intégrer dans les écoles ces deux types d'enseignement. Il paraît avantageux, au début, de dispenser un enseignement professionnel sommaire en rapport avec l'enseignement général, et de passer à la spécialisation plus tard. L'auteur appuie son exposé d'exemples empruntés à la Suède, aux USA (Career Education), à la République Fédérale d'Allemagne, au Danemark et à la République d'Irlande.
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Book reviews     
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Interpersonal violence among youth is a growing problem in many communities and schools across the nation. The causes of violence are multiple and complex. This paper examines the extent and nature of interpersonal violence among youth as well as the individual and societal factors which contribute to youth violence. Adolescents are disproportionately represented as both victims and perpetrators of fatal and nonfatal assaultive violence. Homicide rates among young men in the United States are vastly greater than those of other Western industrialized nations. Persons age 12–24 years face the highest risk of nonfatal violent victimization of any segment of our society. Arrest rates for homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault peak among adolescents and young adults. Further, arrest rates for murder and other violent crimes have increased substantially among this age group since the mid-1980s. Effective prevention programs will require combinations of interventions aimed at multiple factors and delivered through many channels.  相似文献   
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Abstract

Despite overall increases in college-going, college enrollment rates remain inequitable. Many programs attempt to address these persistent racial/ethnic and social class disparities in college attendance by intervening in the high school curriculum. Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) is among the longest standing and prevalent of these college access programs. In this paper, we present findings from a multi-year evaluation and cost analysis of the AVID/TOPS program – an enhanced AVID model – in place in Madison Metropolitan School District (Wisconsin). Taken together, the evaluation’s findings characterize AVID/TOPS as a promising program model that is associated with an increased likelihood for college readiness and matriculation, particularly for student groups underrepresented in higher education. We also report on the resources and costs required to implement the program, and show that the program’s benefits appear to exceed its costs.  相似文献   
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Zusammenfassung Inzwischen liegen verschiedene aktuelle Modelle zu Bachelor/Master in der Lehrerbildung vor. Um vergleichend ihr Innovationspotential abzusch?tzen, lassen sich historische und berufssoziologische Vergewisserungen heranziehen, und es ist fruchtbar, eingangs professionstheoretische Kriterien für eine Reform der Lehrerbildung zu benennen. Befragt werden die Modelle anschlie?end nach ihrem Beitrag zur St?rkung des p?dagogischen Professionsbezuges, zur St?rkung reflexiver Verwissenschaftlichung und zur Restrukturierung des Curriculums. Die Sichtung der Modelle macht deutlich, dass die mit einer Restrukturierung der Lehrerbildung verbundenen Chancen durch die bis jetzt vorgelegten Konzepte noch unzureichend genutzt werden.
Summary Bachelor and Master Qualifications in Teacher Training — Potential or hindrance for innovation? Over the past few years a series of different models for two-phased teacher training programs leading to the qualifications Bachelor and Master have developed in German higher education. Historical considerations and sociological concepts on work can be drawn on to analyze the comparative advantages of the different models. This paper also refers to theories of professionalism for criteria by which to evaluate a reform of teacher training. Finally, the models’ contribution to the strengthening of pedagogic relevance to the professional needs of students, to the strengthening of their reflexivity and to the restructuring of the training curriculum will be assessed. A look at the models shows clear enough that the chances for innovation, which emerge from restructuring efforts, have not been exploited sufficiently in the current concepts.
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7.
Critical power is a theoretical concept that presumes there is a certain work‐rate which may be maintained without exhaustion. The extent to which critical power predicts running performance over varying distances has not been determined, and so the aim of this study was to correlate measurements of critical power in the laboratory to running performances in the field at 40 m and 1, 10 and 21.1 km in a group of 17 male longdistance runners (mean ± s.d. age = 31.7 ± 7.3 years). Each subject ran to exhaustion on the treadmill in the laboratory at six different speeds, ranging from 17 to 25 km h‐1. Least squares analyses were used to fit an exponential decay to the relationship between the running speed (y) versus time to exhaustion (x). Critical power was calculated as the running speed (y) coinciding with the asymptote or C parameter of the y = A‐e(‐Bx) + C relationship. The VO2 max was also measured in all subjects. For the data in the field, each subject was timed over 40 m and 1 km and participated in 10‐ and 21.1‐km races. The mean critical power of die subjects in this study was 18.5 ± 1.6 km h‐1. The test‐retest correlation coefficient for the determination of critical power was r = 0.99. The mean VO2 max, measured in a progressive exercise protocol starting at 13 km h‐1 and increasing by 1 km h‐1 every minute, was 59.2 ± 4.6 ml O2 kg‐1 min‐1. The 40‐m times ranged from 5.57 to 6.95 s, the 1‐km times from 2:46 to 3:55 min:s, the 10‐km times from 30:43 to 42:02 min:s and the 21‐km times from 67:00 to 95:45 min:s. Critical power predicted running times over 1 km (r = ‐0.75, P< 0.001), 10 km (r = ‐ 0.85, P< 0.00001) and 21.1 km (r = ‐ 0.79, P< 0.001) in this heterogeneous group of runners. The correlation coefficients for VO2 max and running performances were similar to the above at all distances. Even in the best relationship between critical power and the time taken to run 10 km, only 72% of the variation in the 10‐km running time could be accounted for by differences in critical power. While the test of critical power may be repeatable and correlate significantly with VO2 max (r = 0.77, P< 0.001), the measurement lacks the degree of specificity required to predict running performance in trained subjects of varying ability.  相似文献   
8.
The authors describe an empirical study on the curricular contents of university lectures offered to teacher students in the Federal Republic of Germany. Since students as a rule do not have to take compulsory courses it seems to be of great interest which courses are offered to them and how much these courses are related to their profession as teachers. The purpose of the study is to ascertain what knowledge and competency students intending to become secondary school teachers can acquire by attending the courses available to them. In order to fulfil this purpose a system for the classification of lectures has been developed and applied to all lectures and other university courses, from summer 1965 to summer 1972, in educational science, philosophy, psychology, political science and sociology, at the universities of Berlin (Free University and Technical University), Göttingen, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Kiel, Köln and Tübingen. This period covers a range of 15 semesters (7 1/2 years), the maximum time for a teacher student. These universities are a sample of urban and country districts, and at the same time somewhat representative for the politically different governed “Länder” of the Federal Republic of Germany. A general result of the study is that the absolute number of university lectures increased rapidly during the observed time, with the exception of philosophy. The number of lectures on educational science often doubled, in the case of Berlin and Kiel it even tripled. Another important observation shows that the categories with the most entries differed from university to university. This was especially the case in philosophy, but this phenomenon occurred also quite clearly in the field of educational science. As far as trends could be observed, a slight tendency towards the decrease of the historical components of educational science has to be reported, but this tendency is not so significant as the others. Two main conclusions among others have to be drawn from the results of the study: First, the current university education for teacher students depends mainly on local and situational factors, e.g. it is the professor's decision on which topics he wants to lecture, second, the university education for teacher students can not be regarded to be adequate to the problems they have to face after leaving university. This means that the curricular norms and values of the university education will, at least in some cases, remain unsatisfactory for these students.  相似文献   
9.
The rapid growth of world population and changes in government policies and programs have brought many changes to the area of population information. These include an increase in the amount of population information and funds devoted to research as well as an increase in awareness of the need to improve access to population information. Population information resources are located mainly in the developed countries, and no adequate information flow has yet been established to and from the developing nations. In response to this need, emerging regional population information networks are already identifiable. Focus is on components of an international population information network; North America and Europe; Latin America; Asia; Africa; and POPINS (worldwide population information system) Proposal, the model, and a counterproposal. It is evident that a strong North American European network is coalescing rapidly. The Latin American Population Documentation Systems (DOCPAL) offers the promise of bringing order to population information in Latin America. In Asia and Africa the situation in regard to population networks looks encouraging. During the next 2-year period the POPINS proposal will be carefully scrutinized. On the basis of these efforts, it seems reasonable to predict that within a 7-10 year period a de facto worldwide population information network will be a reality.  相似文献   
10.
The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether running speed is directly proportional to heart rate (HR) during field testing and during 10‐ and 21‐km races, and (2) whether running intensity, as estimated from HR measurements, differs in 10‐ and 21‐km races and between slow and fast runners at those running distances. Male runners were divided into a fast (65–80 min for 21 km; n = 8) or slow (85–110 min for 21 km; n = 8) group. They then competed in 10‐ and 21‐km races while wearing HR monitors. All subjects also ran in a field test in which HR was measured while they ran at predetermined speeds. The 10‐km time was significantly less in the fast compared with the slow group (33:15 ± 1:42 vs 40:07 ± 3:01 min:s; x ± s.d.), as was 21‐km time (74:19 ± 4:30 vs 94:13 ± 9:54 min:s) (P < 0.01). Despite the differences in running speed, the average running intensity (%HRmax) for the fast and slow groups in the 10‐km race was 90 ± 1 vs 89 ± 3% and in the 21‐km race 91 ± 1 vs 89 ± 2%, respectively. In addition, %HRmax was consistently lower in the field test at the comparative average running speeds sustained in the 10‐km (P < 0.01) and 21‐km (P < 0.001) races. Hence, factors in addition to work rate or running speed influence the HR response during competitive racing. This finding must be considered when running intensity for competitive events is prescribed on the basis of field testing performed under non‐competitive conditions in fast and slow runners.  相似文献   
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