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Resistance to interference was examined in rats that received a complex negative patterning discrimination in which XA and
XB were followed by food reinforcement and XAB was not. Retention of the discrimination was evident after separate reinforcement
of both A and B (Experiment 3), but not after reinforcement of either AB (Experiments 1 and 3) or XAB (Experiments 2 and 3).
These data suggest that complex negative patterning discriminations are acquired configurally and that the relative similarity
of the original discrimination and subsequent interference trials dictates the final degree of retention observed. 相似文献
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JD Carpentieri 《European Journal of Education》2013,48(4):543-556
As literacy grows in importance, policymakers’ demands for programme quality grow, too. Evidence on the effectiveness of adult and family literacy programmes is limited at best: research gaps abound, and programme evaluations are more often than not based on flawed theories of programme impact. In the absence of robust evidence on the full range of short- and long-term programme impacts, it is difficult to accurately measure intervention effectiveness. Too frequently, researchers and policymakers focus only on short-term, easily measured outcomes, creating a ‘tyranny of effect size’ that may systematically underestimate impact while simultaneously distorting practice. However, the answer does not lie in turning away from quantitative research. Doing so will consign adult and family literacy to the margins of public policy, when they should be in the mainstream. Longitudinal research from Turkey and the US suggests a need for revised, more subtle theories of how adult literacy and family literacy programmes work, and the diverse ways they benefit participants. By working together more closely and intelligently, researchers, policymakers and practitioners can develop evaluation strategies that more accurately measure programme effects. The key is combining methodological rigour with fully fleshed out theories of literacy development and programme impact. 相似文献
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JD Hessinger 《海外英语》2007,(7):58-59
As on every weekday Tom Tuckett was awakened by his annoying, buzzing alarm clock at 5:30. He got out of bed and proceeded to his bathroom for his daily cold shower to wake him up. He turned the knob all the way to the right to make sure the water would be as cold as it could be. He had started this ritual when he moved to New York to take a teaching job at PS 181 in Manhattan. 相似文献
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The widespread perceptions associated with digital technology and the internet are forcing publishers to look to ways to shift the balance of the burden of cost away from the user. We describe seven examples of ‘free’ distribution and discuss how they impact publishing business models. 相似文献
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