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Throughout the history of education, debate has existed between the relative merits of instructed versus constructed knowledge. In this article, we review our program of research in science education for students with disabilities in order to reveal some insights into this debate. We review research in science curriculum, mnemonic strategies, text-processing strategies, hands-on approaches, coached elaborations, “discovery” learning, correlates of effective inclusive science classrooms, and class-wide peer tutoring with differentiated curriculum enhancements. Overall, both instructed and constructed knowledge are important and can be facilitated with appropriate instructional strategies. Implications for practice and future research are provided. 相似文献
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Thomas E. Scruggs Margo A. Mastropieri Lisa Marshak 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2012,27(1):12-20
Ten inclusive middle school social studies classes, including 133 general education students, and 24 students with mild disabilities (21 with learning disabilities and 3 with emotional disabilities), were assigned at random to a traditional instruction condition, or an experimental condition involving classwide peer tutoring with specialized materials and parent training. After 18 weeks of instruction, posttest data revealed that students in the experimental condition gained significantly more than students in the traditional instruction condition. These effects were observed on content included in the tutoring intervention, as well as on related content that was taught but not included in the tutoring intervention. Results are discussed within the context of recent research on inclusive secondary content area instruction. 相似文献
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Scruggs PW Beveridge SK Watson DL Clocksin BD 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2005,76(2):166-175
The aim of this study was to determine pedometry steps per minute (SPM) cutscores that accurately quantify physical activity (PA) time in first- through fourth-grade physical education. A total of 257 participants were grouped in two data pools, first- and second-grade (n = 126), and third- and fourth-grade (n = 131). Systematic observation was the PA criterion instrument and pedometry was the predictor instrument. Correlations between physical activity measures were strong (r = .82-.89, p < .01). Ten min of PA and 33.33% of the lesson time engaged in PA within a 30-min class can be quantified by 61-63 SPM for first- and second-grade, and 58-61 SPM for third- and fourth-grade. IN CONCOLUSION: (a) SPM values were a valid indicator of students achieving or not achieving PA criteria, and (b) pedometry is a valid and practical tool for physical activity surveillance within physical education. 相似文献
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Constructing more meaningful relationships: Mnemonic instruction for special populations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article describes a model for reconstructing associative learning tasks along the dimensions of meaningfulness and concreteness, and for providing pictorial elaborations between stimulus and response information to promote learning in a variety of content domains. The research reviewed is of direct relevance to students with histories of learning failure in schools; we argue that such elaborative strategies are suitable especially for these handicapped learners. Initial investigations of mnemonic techniques involving the use of keywords and pegwords are described. Next, the broader approach of reconstructive elaborations, incorporating such strategies as the keyword method, is described. Several recent field investigations are presented, in which this approach was implemented in classrooms over extensive time periods. Finally, we discuss future applications, with particular reference to the transfer issue. 相似文献
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当人们看到艺术家凯特·麦克道威尔(Kate Macdowell)的作品时,脑海中会情不自禁地浮现出这样一段话——段来自英国学者、《纳尼亚王国传奇》作者C.S.Lewis的名言:"对于美,我们从不满足于远观。尽管上帝为证,美已是无上的恩典。我们希求无法诉诸语言的情感——我们想与所见的美产生关联,想将美据为己有,想周身沐浴其中,甚至——想成为美的一部分。" 相似文献
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In this summative discussion, we respond to Crockett's proposals about supporting science in the schoolhouse, and we summarize and reflect on the perspectives of the commentators. Overall, they identify discussion points in issues of science in schooling, implementation of scientific practices, teacher training and professional development, and issues in educational administration and leadership. We agree with Crockett and the commentators that intensive efforts in all these areas must be made to strengthen the role of science in the schoolhouse. 相似文献
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Thomas E. Scruggs Margo A. Mastropieri Joel R. Levin 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1986,34(2):83-88
Seventy-three fifth-grade students were taught nine North American minerals and their corresponding hardness levels under
either mnemonic (pegword/keyword) or free-study conditions. In the zero-repetition (standard) condition, each mineral was
paired with a unique hardness level (1–9); in the one-repetition condition, three hardness levels were each represented by
two different minerals (and three hardness levels by one mineral); and in the two-repetition condition, three hardness levels
were each represented by three different minerals (and three hardness levels by one mineral); and in the two-repetition condition,
three hardness levels were each represented by three different minerals. In all repetition conditions, mnemonic subjects significantly
and substantially outperformed students who were given free study. Possibilities for adapting mnemonic techniques to overcome
stimulus-produced interference are discussed. 相似文献