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Kimmo Kontio 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2013,57(1):3-19
This paper considers the role and the aim of education in Rousseau's thinking generally. The position of education is a search between nature and society. Education is the medium between nature and society, and its aim is to undermine the threat of the natural intentions of man's actions to preserve his being and seeking for happiness turning into pathologies of society, which was the main target of Rousseau's critic of society. Achievement of this aim means the recovery of the natural harmony of man. The main concern of this paper is to discuss the solution to this as introduced in E´mile. This is autarchy, where a man's desires and capacities to fulfil those desires are in equilibrium. 相似文献
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Word form normalization through lemmatization or stemming is a standard procedure in information retrieval because morphological variation needs to be accounted for and several languages are morphologically non-trivial. Lemmatization is effective but often requires expensive resources. Stemming is also effective in most contexts, generally almost as good as lemmatization and typically much less expensive; besides it also has a query expansion effect. However, in both approaches the idea is to turn many inflectional word forms to a single lemma or stem both in the database index and in queries. This means extra effort in creating database indexes. In this paper we take an opposite approach: we leave the database index un-normalized and enrich the queries to cover for surface form variation of keywords. A potential penalty of the approach would be long queries and slow processing. However, we show that it only matters to cover a negligible number of possible surface forms even in morphologically complex languages to arrive at a performance that is almost as good as that delivered by stemming or lemmatization. Moreover, we show that, at least for typical test collections, it only matters to cover nouns and adjectives in queries. Furthermore, we show that our findings are particularly good for short queries that resemble normal searches of web users. Our approach is called FCG (for Frequent Case (form) Generation). It can be relatively easily implemented for Latin/Greek/Cyrillic alphabet languages by examining their (typically very skewed) nominal form statistics in a small text sample and by creating surface form generators for the 3–9 most frequent forms. We demonstrate the potential of our FCG approach for several languages of varying morphological complexity: Swedish, German, Russian, and Finnish in well-known test collections. Applications include in particular Web IR in languages poor in morphological resources. 相似文献
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Many operational IR indexes are non-normalized, i.e. no lemmatization or stemming techniques, etc. have been employed in indexing. This poses a challenge for dictionary-based cross-language retrieval (CLIR), because translations are mostly lemmas. In this study, we face the challenge of dictionary-based CLIR in a non-normalized index. We test two optional approaches: FCG (Frequent Case Generation) and s-gramming. The idea of FCG is to automatically generate the most frequent inflected forms for a given lemma. FCG has been tested in monolingual retrieval and has been shown to be a good method for inflected retrieval, especially for highly inflected languages. S-gramming is an approximate string matching technique (an extension of n-gramming). The language pairs in our tests were English–Finnish, English–Swedish, Swedish–Finnish and Finnish–Swedish. Both our approaches performed quite well, but the results varied depending on the language pair. S-gramming and FCG performed quite equally in all the other language pairs except Finnish–Swedish, where s-gramming outperformed FCG. 相似文献
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In this study we map out the large-scale structure of citation networks of science journals and follow their evolution in time by using stochastic block models (SBMs). The SBM fitting procedures are principled methods that can be used to find hierarchical grouping of journals that show similar incoming and outgoing citations patterns. These methods work directly on the citation network without the need to construct auxiliary networks based on similarity of nodes. We fit the SBMs to the networks of journals we have constructed from the data set of around 630 million citations and find a variety of different types of groups, such as communities, bridges, sources, and sinks. In addition we use a recent generalization of SBMs to determine how much a manually curated classification of journals into subfields of science is related to the group structure of the journal network and how this relationship changes in time. The SBM method tries to find a network of blocks that is the best high-level representation of the network of journals, and we illustrate how these block networks (at various levels of resolution) can be used as maps of science. 相似文献
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We develop efficient dynamic programming algorithms for pattern matching with general gaps and character classes. We consider
patterns of the form p
0
g(a
0,b
0)p
1
g(a
1,b
1)…p
m−1, where p
i
⊂ Σ, Σ is some finite alphabet, and g(a
i
,b
i
) denotes a gap of length a
i
…b
i
between symbols p
i
and p
i+1. The text symbol t
j
matches p
i
iff t
j
∈ p
i
. Moreover, we require that if p
i
matches t
j
, then p
i+1 should match one of the text symbols Either or both of a
i
and b
i
can be negative. We also consider transposition invariant matching, i.e., the matching condition becomes t
j
∈ p
i
+ τ, for some constant τ determined by the algorithms. We give algorithms that have efficient average and worst case running times. The algorithms
have important applications in music information retrieval and computational biology. We give experimental results showing
that the algorithms work well in practice. 相似文献
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During the last 15 years, records managers and archivists have focused on defining requirements for functionality and metadata of electronic records management systems. So far little is known about metadata that are actually created in these systems. This study examines metadata in records of a Finnish government agency. The metadata comply with the national SÄHKE records management metadata specification. The main findings are that a substantial number of metadata elements in SÄHKE remained unused. Generated metadata were largely about event history. Optional metadata elements were used rarely. The metadata show clear patterns, which may suggest systematic recordkeeping processes and possibly minimal human intervention in metadata creation. 相似文献
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