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The development of peak performances is a main research focus in sports science. It is unclear how many former top junior athletes achieve success in the elite class later. The aim of the present study was to examine the careers of athletes who participated in major junior or adult/elite cycling events using prospective and retrospective analysis of competition results. The official results of major junior (age < or = 18 years) and elite (age > 18 years) cycling races from 1980 to 2004 were analysed. Age-related aspects, career lengths, and success were compared between riders who presented results in both junior and elite races (JUNIOR ELITE) and riders who had no junior race results (ELITE ONLY). Altogether, 27,454 results of 8004 athletes from 108 countries were collected. We found that 29.4% of the elite athletes had participated in junior World Championships, and that 34% of the participants in junior World Championships later participated in major elite competitions. JUNIOR ELITE athletes are significantly more successful in several cycling disciplines and have their first and last elite result at a younger age than ELITE ONLY athletes. No difference was found in career lengths. The data presented here emphasize the importance of long-term training programmes in the development of peak performance in cycling. 相似文献
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Peter Olaf Looms 《Educational Media International》2013,50(4):175-182
Abstract This article explores the case of the videodisc in the context of the progress of technological innovation in the field of education. It looks at what the medium has to offer and the ways in which it is currently being used, before going on to consider the factors that may impede its acceptance and what can be done towards ensuring its implementation. 相似文献
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Solving Bernstein's Problem: A Proposal for the Development of Coordinated Movement by Selection 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
In recent years, many established concepts in the theory of human motor development have undergone profound change, and our knowledge has increased greatly. Nevertheless, some outstanding problems remain unsolved. A central problem concerns the redundancy of effective movements, first pointed out by N. A. Bernstein. The human motor system is mechanically complex and can make use of large number of degrees of freedom. The controlled operation of such a system requires a reduction of mechanical redundancy, effectively by reducing the number of degrees of freedom. More recent work has shown that this problem is hard to solve explicitly by computing solutions to the equations of motion of the system. Equally challenging to traditional computational approaches is the fact the motor systems show remarkable adaptability and flexibility in the presence of changing biomechanical properties of motor organs during development and when faced with different environmental conditions or tasks. Solutions to these problems would have a large impact on a variety of issues in child development. In this article, we stress the importance of the somatic selection of neuronal groups in maps for the progressive transformation of a primary movement repertoire into a set of motor synergies and adaptive action patterns. We present results from computer simulations of a simple motor system that works according to such selectional principles. This approach suggests a provisional solution to Bernstein's problem and provides new parameters to guide experimental approaches to the development of sensorimotor coordination. 相似文献
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Frølich Nicoline Waagene Erica Aamodt Per Olaf 《Tertiary Education and Management》2011,17(2):163-179
Tertiary Education and Management - Performance indicators and performance-based funding are becoming integral components of higher education (HE) policy around the globe. We explore some of the... 相似文献
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Dr. Johannes Bauer Dr. Uta Diercks Prof. Dr. Jan Retelsdorf Dr. Tabea Kauper Dr. Friederike Zimmermann Prof. Dr. Olaf K?ller Dr. Jens M?ller Prof. Dr. Manfred Prenzel 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2011,14(4):629-649
The Bologna Process of higher education reform has led to a vast array of different programs of study in German teacher training. In this article, we firstly analyze the implementation of Bachelor programs in teacher training, comparing profession-oriented programs (i.e. those aiming to train students for the teaching profession from the beginning of studies) to polyvalent programs (i.e. those aiming at broad qualifications and including a late decision to become a teacher). Secondly, we investigate whether students enrolled in these study programs differ systematically in their subjective certainty about their career choice. To answer these questions, we analyze portfolios of documents related to teacher training programs from nine German universities that prepare students for teaching in the academic track. Additionally, we analyze data from N?=?2585 Bachelor and N?=?928 Master degree students. We found that most programs, even when they espouse polyvalence, require an early decision to become a teacher. Moreover, our data confirm findings from earlier studies indicating that student teachers are highly certain about their career choice from the very beginning, with students in polyvalent programs being slightly less certain than those in profession-oriented programs (d?=?0.32). 相似文献
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Social network analysis of international student mobility: uncovering the rise of regional hubs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Research on the patterns of international student mobility and the dynamics shaping these patterns has been dominated by studies reflecting a Western orientation, discourse, and understanding. Considering political, economic, cultural, historical, and ecological factors, this study argues that international student mobility is not only an issue of the economically developed, politically stable, and academically advanced Western world but also one that involves countries with different economic, political, and academic characteristics. Taking into account various theoretical orientations, this study argues that political, economic, cultural, and historical factors have led to the emergence of non-traditional destinations for international students; these countries are labeled as emergent regional hubs. In order to empirically test this, a social network analysis was conducted on a worldwide dataset representing 229 countries. The findings evidenced the strong position of traditional destinations for international students. However, the results also suggest the rise of several regional hubs, which are undergoing internationalization processes in different forms and with different rationales. The mobility patterns in emerging regional hubs deviate from those in traditional destinations, which fundamentally change the nature of internationalization in this context. 相似文献
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Wolfgang Schr?der-Preikschat Daniel Lohmann Fabian Scheler Olaf Spinczyk 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2007,22(1):5-22
Design, implementation, and re-engineering of operating systems are still an ambitious undertaking.
Despite, or even because, of the long history of theory and practice in this field, adapting existing systems
to environments of different conditions and requirements as originally specified or assumed, in terms of
functional and/or non-functional respects, is anything but simple. Especially this is true for the embedded
systems domain which, on the one hand, calls for highly specialized and application-aware system abstractions
and, on the other hand, cares a great deal for easily reusable implementations of these abstractions.
The latter aspect becomes more and more important as embedded systems technology is faced with an innovation
cycle decreasing in length. Software for embedded systems needs to be designed for variability, and this
is in particular true for the operating systems of this domain. The paper discusses dimensions of variability
that need to be considered in the development of embedded operating systems and presents approaches that
aid construction and maintenance of evolutionary operating systems.
CR subject classification C.3; D.2.11; D.2.13; D.4.7 相似文献
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Olaf Herden und Arne Harren 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2004,19(2):87-96
Zusammenfassung. Zusammenfassung Der Softwaremarkt für Data-Warehouse-Systeme hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Da Standards fehlen, bringen Softwaresysteme jeweils eigene multidimensionale Datenmodelle und (physische) Entwurfswerkzeuge mit, sodass der Entwurf von Data-Warehouse-Datenbanken verfrüht auf die eingesetzten Systeme zugeschnitten ist. In diesem Beitrag präsentieren wir ein werkzeuggestütztes Entwurfsvorgehen, das ausgehend von einem Drei-Ebenen-Entwurf die zielplattformunabhängige, konzeptionelle Modellierung multidimensionaler Data-Warehouse-Schemata und anschliesend eine Transformation und Optimierung dieser Schemata für konkrete Zielplattformen ermöglicht. Durch die konzeptionelle Modellierung wird gewährleistet, dass Implementierungsdetails nicht zu früh in den Entwurfsprozess einfliesen und stattdessen fachliche Anforderungen im Vordergrund stehen.CR Subject Classification:
D.2.2, H.2.1Arne Harren: Die hier beschriebene Arbeit entstand während unserer gemeinsamen Tätigkeit am Oldenburger Forschungsinstitut OFFIS (http: //www.offis.de).Eingegangen am 25. Juli 2003 / Angenommen am 1. Juni 2004, Online publiziert 6. September 2004 相似文献
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