Effect of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities     

Germán Carretero-Navarro  Doménico Cherubini  Wolfgang Taube 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(5):595-602

Weighted vests are widely used to improve running economy and performance. However, it is not well-studied how running mechanics are adapted to counteract the higher peak vertical ground reaction forces (Fpeak) while running with such a device. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities. Thirteen subjects participated in two separate sessions one week apart. In the first session, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was determined through a maximal incremental running test while in the second session, they were instructed to run during one minute under different loading (0%, +10% and +20% of body mass [BM]) and velocity (60%, 80% and 100% of MAS) conditions in a random order. Spatiotemporal data were recorded and then running mechanics modelled using the spring-mass model. The main results indicated that vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg, respectively) were increased (P?P?>?.05) when load was changed. At the same time, alterations of the running kinematics were observed such as longer contact times, reduced flight times, stride frequencies and step lengths, as well as an increase of the centre of mass dynamics. Based on these results it is assumed that runners maintain a certain stiffness level for each velocity despite different loading conditions. As a consequence, Fpeak increases and this probably causes spatiotemporal adjustments in the movement kinematics.  相似文献   

Self-reported symptoms and risk factors for digital ischaemia among international world-class beach volleyball players     

Daan Van De Pol  Sena Alaeikhanehshir  Mario Maas  P. Paul F.M. Kuijer 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(12):1141-1147

The prevalence of ischaemia-related symptoms is remarkably high among elite indoor volleyball players. Since the exposure to sport-specific demands may be higher in beach volleyball compared to indoor volleyball, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ischaemia-related symptoms and associated risk factors among world-class beach volleyball players. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was performed among beach volleyball players active during the 2013 Grand Slam Beach Volleyball in the Netherlands. In total, 60 of the 128 beach volleyball players (47%) participated: 26 males and 34 females from 17 countries. The self-reported prevalence of cold or blue or pale digits in the dominant hand during or immediately after practice or competition was 38% (n = 23). Two risk factors were independently associated with symptoms of blue or pale digits: more than 14 years playing volleyball (odds ratio (OR) 4.42, 90% confidence interval (90% CI) 1.30–15.07) and sex (female) (OR 4.62, 90% CI 1.15–18.57). In conclusion, the prevalence of symptoms associated with digital ischaemia is high among international world-class beach volleyball players. Female sex and the length of the volleyball career were independently associated with an increased risk of ischaemia-related symptoms. The high prevalence of these seemingly innocuous symptoms and possible associated risk factors warrant regular monitoring since early detection can potentially prevent thromboembolic complications and irreversible tissue damage.  相似文献   

Effect of repeat-sprint training in hypoxia on post-exercise interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostanes     

Paul S. R. Goods  Brian Dawson  Grant J. Landers  Christopher J. Gore  Kevin Croft  Peter Peeling 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1047-1054

This investigation examined the oxidative stress (F₂-Isoprostane; F₂-IsoP) and inflammatory (interleukin-6; IL-6) responses to repeat-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH). Ten trained male team sport athletes performed 3(sets)*9(repetitions)*5?s cycling sprints in simulated altitude (3000?m) and sea-level conditions. Mean and peak sprint power output (MPO and PPO) were recorded, and blood samples were collected pre-exercise, and again at 8 and 60?min post-exercise. Both MPO and PPO were significantly reduced in hypoxia (compared to sea-level) in the second (MPO: 855?±?89 vs. 739?±?95?W, p?=?.006; PPO: 1024?±?114 vs. 895?±?112?W, p?=?.010) and third (MPO: 819?±?105 vs. 686?±?83?W, p?=?.008; PPO: 985?±?125 vs. 834?±?99?W, p?=?.008) sets, respectively. IL-6 was significantly increased from pre- to 1?h post-exercise in both hypoxia (0.7?±?0.2 vs. 2.4?±?1.4?pg/mL, p?=?.004) and sea-level conditions (0.7?±?0.2 vs. 1.6?±?0.3?pg/mL, p?d?=?0.80) suggesting higher IL-6 levels of post-hypoxia. F₂-IsoP was significantly lower 1?h post-exercise in both the hypoxic (p?=?.005) and sea-level (p?=?.002) conditions, with no differences between trials. While hypoxia can impact on exercise intensity and may result in greater post-exercise inflammation, it appears to have little effect on oxidative stress. These results indicate that team sport organisations with ready access to hypoxic training facilities could confidently administer RSH without significantly increasing the post-exercise inflammatory or oxidative stress response.  相似文献   

几何刚度矩阵的推导和应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张年文 《茂名学院学报》2004,14(3):45-48

以虚功原理为基础有限元进行梁柱的分析，应用很少，主要是于在计算中，荷载很小时，计算结果就不收敛了。因而也就很难应用于工程分析中。以虚功原理为基础推导得出了几何刚度矩阵，分析了计算不收敛的原因，得出结论：不考虑节点力因位移产生的不平衡力对几何刚度矩阵的影响，是计算结果不收敛的主要原因。算例说明了当考虑了这个影响以后，计算结果和文献给出的计算结果符合良好。  相似文献   

Equivalent Kelvin Impact Model for Seismic Pounding Analysis of Bridges     

DING Yang  YUE Fuqing  LI Zhongxian 《天津大学学报(英文版)》2006,12(Z1)

Based on Hertz contact theory, a method to determine the parameters of Kelvin impact model for seismic pounding analysis of bridges is proposed. The impact stiffness of Kelvin model is determined by the ratio of maximum impact force to maximum contact deformation, which is calculated based on Hertz contact theory with considering the vibration effect. The restitution coefficient which has great influence on the damping coefficient of Kelvin impact model is investigated by numerical analysis. Numerical results indicate that the impact stiffness of Kelvin impact model increases with the increment of the Hertz contact stiffness, approaching velocity or the length ratio of short to long girders. Vibration effect has remarkable influence on the impact stiffness and cannot be neglected. The restitution coefficient decreases when approaching velocity increases or the length ratio of short girder to long girder decreasing. The practical ranges of impact stiffness and restitution coefficient are obtained as 3×108-6×108 N/m and 0.6-0.95 respectively.  相似文献   

非协调轴对称杂交应力元单元刚度矩阵的准确建立     

田炯  田宗漱 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1994,(1)

给出新型三类用理性杂交模式、根据一种修正的Ｈｅｌｌｉｎｇｅｒ－Ｒｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ原理、建立高精度非协调轴对称实体旋转有限元时，其单元刚度矩阵的准确计算式。  相似文献   

Metabolic cost of running is greater on a treadmill with a stiffer running platform     

James A. H. Smith  Alexander D. McKerrow  Tertius A. Kohn 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(16):1592-1597

Exercise testing on motorised treadmills provides valuable information about running performance and metabolism; however, the impact of treadmill type on these tests has not been investigated. This study compared the energy demand of running on two laboratory treadmills: an HP Cosmos (C) and a Quinton (Q) model, with the latter having a 4.5 times stiffer running platform. Twelve experienced runners ran identical bouts on these treadmills at a range of four submaximal velocities (reported data is for the velocity that approximated 75–81% VO_2max). The stiffer treadmill elicited higher oxygen consumption (C: 46.7 ± 3.8; Q: 50.1 ± 4.3 ml·kg^?1 · min^?1), energy expenditure (C: 16.0 ± 2.5; Q: 17.7 ± 2.9 kcal · min^?1), carbohydrate oxidation (C: 9.6 ± 3.1; Q: 13.0 ± 3.9 kcal · min^?1), heart rate (C: 155 ± 16; Q: 163 ± 16 beats · min^?1) and rating of perceived exertion (C: 13.8 ± 1.2; Q: 14.7 ± 1.2), but lower fat oxidation (C: 6.4 ± 2.3; Q: 4.6 ± 2.5 kcal · min^?1) (all analysis of variance treadmill comparisons P < 0.01). This study confirms that caution is required when comparing performance and metabolic results between different treadmills and suggests that treadmills will vary in their comparability to over-ground running depending on the running platform stiffness.  相似文献   

有氧运动对大鼠心血管自主神经调节功能的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王松涛  曾云贵  王安利 《体育学刊》2007,14(3):41-45

首先对心率变异性（HRV）和动脉压力反射敏感性（BRS）的测试分析方法进行了选取和改进,然后以正常大鼠为实验对象,观察比较尾动脉血压、脉搏、左室内压、心肌收缩力、心率变异性、动脉压力反射敏感性等指标在8周中等强度游泳运动组大鼠和和安静对照组大鼠之间的差异,旨在分析长期参加有氧运动对心血管自主神经调节功能的影响,为心血管自主神经平衡状态发生改变提供实验证据。研究发现,与对照组大鼠相比,运动组大鼠心肌出现肥大、心脏泵血功能增强、心交感神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性升高、心迷走神经介导的动脉压力反射敏感性未受影响、心交感神经紧张性变异和心迷走神经紧张性变异程度均增加。研究结果提示,长期有氧运动可增强心血管自主神经的调节功能,使交感神经和副交感神经的协调与对抗关系在一个更高的功能层面上建立新的平衡。  相似文献   

城市相交交通干线协调控制的研究     

袁展  于泉 《环球赛鸽科技》2015,(14)

本文旨在研究城市交通干线相交情况下,对两条相交干线同时进行协调控制的方法。通过对两条相交干线交通流运行特性进行分析,提出了相交干线联动协调控制方法,该方法以干线排队延误最小和停车率最小为指标建立相位差优化模型。以北京市某相交主干线为例,运用文中提出的协调控制方法,对相交的两条交通干线同时进行协调控制优化,设计应用于实例的协调控制方案。通过运用Synchro仿真软件,对方案实施前后的交通运行情况进行对比分析,数据表明,与现状配时方案相比,采用联动协调控制方案后,两条干线的平均延误比现状减少了10.21%,平均停车次数比现状减少了8.40%。仿真结果表明联动协调控制方法适用于两条相交干线都需要实施协调控制的情况,能够有效地协调相交干线上的交叉口配时,降低车辆在交叉口的延误,提高通行效率。  相似文献   

泡沫混凝土刚度软化与剪力传递关系模型     

张静  刘向东 《科技通报》2015,(2):230-232

泡沫混凝土在应用中存在强度偏低、开裂、吸水等缺陷,在长期荷载作用下,泡沫混凝土会产生开裂,需要研究泡沫混凝土的刚度软化与剪力传递关系模型,准确描述混凝土结构长期变形及受力行为的徐变耦合特性,掌握服役期内的结构的长期变形及受力状态,为建筑结构防护提供参考。传统模型中仅考虑未开裂部分混凝土的徐变及开裂混凝土对整体刚度的影响,在裂缝的存在,使得混凝土结构刚度降低。提出一种基于裂缝坐标系下泡沫混凝土刚度软化与剪力传递关系模型,分析泡沫混凝土徐变产生及载重分配的机理,得到单轴受压条件下本构关系,按等效应力-应变关系来计算变化的切线弹性模量,在裂缝坐标系下,较准确地描述了泡沫混凝土的平均盈利比率变化与温度和刚度软化之间的关系,经算例验证表明,计算结果可靠,计算精度满足工程使用要求。  相似文献