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David A. Scott 《文物保护研究》2016,61(4):185-202
The pigments used by the ancient Egyptians constitute the most diverse pigment palette of the ancient world. This review discusses the pigments and binders which were used, arranged principally in terms of the colours themselves, namely, the white, green, grey, black, brown, blue, red, orange, and yellow pigments. The chemical identity of these pigments is discussed with some details regarding the artefacts or time periods from which the pigment concerned has been identified. Combinations of pigments were used for creating some colours, especially: greens, pinks, blues, yellows, and a variety of pale hues by mixing primary colours with a white addition, such as calcite. The identification of ancient Egyptian pigments is often aggravated by chemical interactions between pigment and binder media, or between the pigment and environmental pollutants, or both. The nature of the binders and varnishes used in ancient Egypt is briefly discussed. The identification of green pigments from ancient Egypt is often difficult, and some of the recent research concerning the topic is reviewed. In addition to including relevant details from older literature, this review provides a synopsis of recent studies which have appeared since the last major review carried out by Lee and Quirke in 2000. 相似文献
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Zoe Eirini Papliaka Konstantinos S. Andrikopoulos Evangelia A. Varella 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2010,11(4):381-391
This study examines the materials of a contemporary pictorial artwork, belonging to the Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art in Thessaloniki (Greece), and needing conservation. The combined use of micro-FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed the identification of almost all painting materials. Moreover, the stability of a series of synthetic pigments towards accelerated ageing is investigated in applications using the contemporary binding medium styrene-acrylic copolymer. The pigments in question are: Hansa yellow PY3 and PY74, quinacridone PV19 and PR122, naphthol AS PR112, phthalocyanine green PG7 and blue PB15, dioxazine PV37, van Dyck brown PBk11, ivory black PBk9, and titanium dioxide PW6. The organic pigments were applied alone or mixed with titanium dioxide, in rutile form or as a mixture of rutile/anatase. The experimental swatches were subjected to ageing tests, and subsequently studied as to colour changes by means of colorimetric measurements, and as to the molecular structure differentiations by infrared spectroscopy in reflectance mode. The ageing tests included exposure to high temperature and humidity (90 °C, 60% RH) and to ultraviolet radiation (350 nm, 30 °C and 50% RH, with a substantial temperature increase at 90 °C for 3 days). The greater colour difference is caused by high temperature and humidity, whereas paint layers containing TiO2, and especially the mixture of the forms rutile/anatase, prove very susceptible to ultraviolet radiation, demonstrating a significant colour difference and extended molecular changes. 相似文献
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Optical radiation is capable of altering the spectral reflectance of layers of colorants. Light damage is of particular importance in respect to unique historical objects in exhibitions. The major parameter governing this process is the spectral irradiance applied to the surface. As this may vary significantly for different light sources, an experimental investigation of the damage potential of the numerous illuminants available is a cumbersome task. In this work a numerical algorithm for the prediction of modifications of the spectral reflectance of colorants subject to a given arbitrary spectral irradiance over a given time is presented. It uses the temporal evolution of the spectral reflectance of the dye or pigment at issue when irradiated by a set of narrowband light sources as input data. The predicted reflectance spectra and the resulting color changes are compared to those measured for samples irradiated with common polychromatic light sources. The concept described in this work aims at the implementation of a standardized procedure and database for the prediction of radiative damage for a comprehensive range of pigments and dyes. 相似文献
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以黄色七彩菊花作材料,对其花色素提取条件及理化性质进行研究。以蒸馏水作为提取剂,在单因素实验基础上,通过正交实验优化了色素提取温度、料液比、提取时间,优化提取条件为：温度80℃,料液比1：11．1（g／mL）,提取时间30min。理化性质表明：不同温度、pH值对色素颜色有较大影响,色素的光稳定性及抗氧化性能力较差,色素具有一定的热稳定性和抗还原性能力;Na^＋、K^＋、Ca^2＋、Al^3＋四种离子对色素稳定性影响较小,Cu^2＋、Fe^3＋对色素影响较大。 相似文献
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应用生物技术选育黑优粘系列新品种的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文报道了糯稻黑糯14号(♀)和粘稻特优粘9号(♂)的杂交,并应用生物技术和通过多种现代测试仪器对后代植株的检测,已成功地选育出“黑优粘”系列新品种。这些新品种具有营养价值高和产量也较高的优点。 相似文献
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主成分回归──光度法研究食用色素混合体系的同时测定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
胭脂红、苋菜红、日落黄这三种食用色素的吸收光谱重叠严重。本文研究用主成分回归光度法解析普峰重叠体系,并对由这三种色素合成的混合样品进行了三组分的同时测定,结果令人满意,误差ASR％＜3．0％,回收率在97％～103％范围内。该法简便、快速、准确、无需预分离、可广泛地用于混合色素多组分的同时测定。 相似文献
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通过对香料烟不同有机肥配方试验进行生理生化测定研究,初步探明成熟烟叶内的NR,POD,PPO活性及MDA,Pro,比叶质量含量变化规律：配施有机肥对NR,POD活性及丙二醛、比叶质量含量有增大趋势,对PPO活性和Pro含量有减少的趋势;单施复合肥和芝麻饼肥、桐油枯＋复合肥的成熟烟叶内,Chlb的含量较高,类胡萝卜素的含量较高,Chla／Chlb、叶绿素／类胡萝卜素的比值较低． 相似文献
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David A. Scott 《文物保护研究》2018,63(4):215-235
Nine ancient Egyptian sarcophagi of the twenty-fifth to twenty-sixth dynasty, one Ptolemaic Hawk Mummy, and one Amarna fresco were examined in the collections of the San Diego Museum of Man. Binding media, pigments, wood identification, deterioration and alteration products were identified. The pigment palette represents the basic suite of ancient Egyptian pigments: charcoal black, red ochre, yellow ochre, Egyptian blue, green earth, calcite, and gypsum. In the case of the Hawk mummy, oxammite was identified as a degradation product, together with magnesium phosphate, the first identification of oxammite in ancient artefacts. In a child’s coffin, realgar and orpiment were additionally identified. The binding media for practically all of the coffins studied was confirmed as gum Arabic with only one example of gum tragacanth found from a wall plaque from Amarna. Wood identification showed that Ficus sycomorus had been used, rather than the assumed cedar of Lebanon for coffin manufacture. One unidentified species of shrubby wood was also found. Some of the coffins had been restored, with one having a completely repainted face, in rutile, and the child’s coffin has an attached foot-box with modern screws. Possible indications of ancient reuse were found during the study. 相似文献