| 优秀运动员运动训练科学监控与竞技状态调整 |
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| 引用本文： | 田野,王清,冯连世,张忠秋,洪平,赵杰修,郝为亚,王向东,肖丹丹.优秀运动员运动训练科学监控与竞技状态调整[J].体育科学,2008,28(9). |
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| 作者姓名： | 田野 王清 冯连世 张忠秋 洪平 赵杰修 郝为亚 王向东 肖丹丹 |
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| 作者单位： | 国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京,100061 |
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| 摘 要： | 目的:对优秀运动员的训练过程实施长期、系统的科学监测,以便在重大比赛前科学地调控运动员的竞技状态是体育科学领域亟待解决的问题。运用运动生理、运动生物化学、运动生物力学和运动心理学等研究方法,研究优秀运动员运动训练科学监控与竞技状态特点和规律。研究认为,1)运动训练的科学监测包括身体机能诊断与监测、运动技战术诊断与监测、心理状态诊断与监测等多方面。优秀运动员身体机能诊断主要采用生理机能指标、血液指标、激素类指标、免疫学指标,结合训练过程分析训练前、后的身体机能变化特征,准确地评定运动负荷和训练方法的科学性、有效性。优秀运动员运动技术诊断主要采用影像测量与分析、力学理论分析、力的测量与分析等方法,对运动员的专项运动技术进行定性和定量诊断。在此基础上进行个体技术优化,解决运动员的技术训练问题,不断提高运动训练科学化水平。在优秀运动员心理状态评价上,根据运动专项的不同,心理状态诊断和评价指标主要包括:心理与神经疲劳状态、注意力水平、专项认知水平、心理技能水平、比赛心理兴奋点的状况、团队凝聚力等;2)运动员的竞技状态主要是指:根据训练目标和相应的训练计划,运动员经过科学、系统的训练,其竞技能力在比赛期间所出现的相对最高和相对稳定的状态。目前竞技状态的调整研究主要集中在训练经验和实验测试两个方面。研究重点介绍建立个体最佳竞技状态模型、赛前运动负荷调整、合理膳食调配与营养补充、竞技心理状态调控等方法;3)中国运动训练科学监控与竞技状态调整研究特点表现在3个方面:注重优秀运动员个性特征研究,形成科研团队进行综合性研究和研究成果直接应用于运动实践。
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| 关 键 词： | 优秀运动员 训练监控 竞技状态 身体机能 运动技术 心理状态 |
Monitoring of Sport Training and Regulation of Competitive State in Elite Athletes |
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| TIAN Ye,WANG Qing,FENG Lian-shi,ZHANG Zhong-qiu,HoNG Ping,ZHAO Jie-xiu,HAO Wei-ya,WANG Xiang-dong,XIAO Dan-dan.Monitoring of Sport Training and Regulation of Competitive State in Elite Athletes[J].China Sport Science,2008,28(9). |
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| Authors: | TIAN Ye WANG Qing FENG Lian-shi ZHANG Zhong-qiu HoNG Ping ZHAO Jie-xiu HAO Wei-ya WANG Xiang-dong XIAO Dan-dan |
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| Abstract: | One of the important segments in the field of sport science is how to implement a long-term,systematic and scientific monitoring in the process of elite athletes' training so that the athletes' competitive state will be successfully regulated before they participate in top-level competitions.1)Scientific training monitoring is very important in evaluating training workloads,assessing exercise-induced fatigue and preventing overtraining.A number of athletes and coaches have recognized the value of biological indexes and use them as guides to training.Monitoring in sports training involves diagnosis of physical functioning,assessment of psychological state,and analysis of movement techniques,to name a few.Both physiological and biochemical indexes,such as cardiovascular and respiratory ,blood,hormone indexes and immunological indexes, are mainly used in diagnosing elite athletes' physical functioning in order to avoid excessive training or overtraining which can impair performance.Combined with the process of training,features of physical function changes are analyzed both before and after training so as to accurately evaluate the scientific standard and validity of the training loads and training methods.By employing methods such as image measurement and analysis,mechanical theory analysis and power measurement and analysis,both qualitative and quantitative diagnosing is administered to athletes' event-specific skills with the purpose to optimize individual techniques and to constantly improve the effect of sports training.In conformity with the specific sport events that elite athletes perform,the indexes to diagnose and assess the psychological state of the athletes include the state of psychological and neural fatigue,concentration levels,cognitive levels of specific events,psychological skill level,and psychological excitement during competition,and team cohesiveness etc.By assessing these psychological indexes,the in-competition psychological state of the elite athletes can be learned,to which the athletes' systematic psychology training and in-competition psychological regulation can refer.2)Regulating elite athletes' competitive state can not only enhance athletes' sporting competence but also give full play to their acquired maximum sporting competence in competition.The regulation of elite athletes' competitive state is an important and difficult issue as well in the research of sports training.Currently,the regulation of elite athletes' competitive capacity is mainly concerned with the following two aspects:training experience and experimental test.The regulation of competitive capacity by means of experimental test is primarily based on the following methods:Establishing optimal model;Tapering for peak performance; Nutritional supplement ;Regulating mental competitive state,psychological state.3) Features of monitoring training and regulating competitive state in China:More efforts have been made on studies about the elite athletes in China;The researchers are of a multi-disciplinary group,they are experts of various disciplines;The research findings of Chinese scholars can be applied directly to sport training. |
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| Keywords: | elite athletes training monitoring competitive state physical function movement techniques |
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