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运动技能学习是内隐与外显协同学习在真实情境下表现较多的领域之一。作为一种行之有效的内隐学习方法,类比学习的研究局限于理论探讨和分离性研究,将类比学习和外显学习结合起来的研究较为鲜见。以初学者为受试,采用双因素实验设计,探讨不同年龄青少年网球初学者学习网球双手反手击球技能时类比学习与外显学习的协同效应。36名大一男生、30名初二男生被分别随机分入先外显学习后类比学习组、先类比学习后外显学习组、类比学习与外显学习交替进行组,评价各组在保持测试和迁移测试中的绩效(动作准确性、动作评分和外显知识数量)。结果表明,不同年龄青少年初学者学习网球技能时,类比学习与外显学习的最佳组合方式不同。对于大学生初学者而言,类比学习与外显学习交替进行组的绩效好于先外显学习后类比学习组和先类比学习后外显学习组;对于初中生初学者而言,先类比学习后外显学习组的绩效好于类比学习与外显学习交替进行组和先外显学习后类比学习组。这启示我们,应根据学习者的不同年龄选用不同的组合方式以获得更好的学习效果。对这一问题的探讨将为提高日常体育教学、运动训练以及全民健身指导的效率提供理论支撑,为内隐与外显的协同学习理论在运动技能学习中的实践性操作提供建设性的指导意见,进一步丰富国内、外运动技能内隐学习领域的研究成果。 相似文献
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分别从盲童学校和普通中学中随机抽取盲生、低视力学生、明眼学生各26人，共78人，通过测试指导语将被试分为动作内隐学习组和外显学习组。实验结果表明：视障学生的动作内隐学习进步幅度大于动作外显学习；外显学习适合于动作技能形成的初级阶段，内隐学习则适合于自动化阶段，在动作技能形成的熟练阶段，采取内隐和外显相结合的学习方式，其学习效果较好。 相似文献
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类比学习与外显学习的不同组合方式对不同性质网球技能学习的影响——从闭锁性和开放性技能的视角 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用实验法,探讨类比学习与外显学习的不同组合方式对大学生初学者学习不同性质网球技能的影响。受试被随机分为闭锁性技能任务组和开放性技能任务组,再将两组受试随机分为外显-类比学习组、类比-外显学习组和类比与外显学习同时进行组。以击球准确性、动作评分和有关动作的知识数量为指标,对受试的绩效进行评价。结果显示,学习闭锁性技能时,同时进行组受试的击球准确性、动作评分和动作知识的掌握程度比其他两组好;学习开放性技能时,类比-外显学习组受试的击球准确性、动作评分和动作知识的掌握程度比其他两组好。 相似文献
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运用文献资料法等对某高校100名学生进行了运动技能的内隐认知与外显认知的协同化实验研究,结果表明:外显的规则探寻有时会妨碍被试对技能潜在规则的掌握,技能越复杂越有利于内隐认知,技能越简单越有利于外显认知。对于复杂运动技能的学习,先进行内隐认知再进行外显认知,其成绩明显高于单独进行的内隐性认知组和外显认知组,这一现象体现了内隐认知与外显认知的协同化效应。同时,协同效应中在进行简单运动技能认知时,早一点介入指导语认知绩效最好,而在进行复杂技能认知时,晚一点介入认知绩效最好。因此,针对运动技能的不同难易程度,突出不同的认知方式是十分必要的。 相似文献
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范文杰 《天津体育学院学报》2015,30(4):298-303
运动技能的外显认知需要注意力高度集中,在分心情况下运动技能的表现与发挥容易受到干扰,通过外显认知所获得的运动技能在紧张、压
力情景下成绩表现有较大的波动性。为考察运动技能的内隐认知是否也具有同样的特征,运用文献资料法、试验等方法,以序列反应时为试验主任
务,以视觉干扰（记忆7位数字串）为第2任务,将80名大学生随机分为4组,分别进行外显单任务、外显双任务、内隐单任务与内隐双任务的练习,在
低、高应激状态下分别进行运动技能的学习效果测试。结果表明：内隐双任务组能自动获取复杂技能中所有隐含的潜在规则,内隐认知不受（至少
少受）分心的影响;不同的认知方式和练习策略所获运动技能在不同应激状态下的学习效果也不同,与低应激条件下的学习效果相比,高应激条件
下单任务内隐组和双任务外显组反应时上升不显著,而外显单任务组反应时显著上升,内隐双任务组反应时显著下降。由此可见,内隐认知在分心
条件下同样能获得运动技能,具有抗干扰性特征;内隐认知所获运动技能在紧张、压力条件下成绩发挥稳定,具有抗应激性特征。研究启示人们,在
运动技能训练中增加内隐成分与分心练习不仅不影响运动技能的获得,而且对运动员在比赛中增强抗压能力可能具有重要作用。 相似文献
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以高尔夫推杆击球技能为实验对象,采用类比学习范式和双因素混合设计,通过对22名被试的研究发现:1)类比学习虽然有外显的指导语,但练习者并不能报告具体的与技能操作相关的知识,因此是一种有效的内隐学习方式;2)内隐学习和外显学习在运动技能获得进程中的效果是相当的;3)通过内隐习得的运动技能在压力条件下表现出很好的抗应激性.内隐习得运动技能的抗应激性特征为干预运动实践中的Choking现象另辟蹊径. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the performances of implicit and explicit learners would converge over an extended period of learning. Participants practised a complex motor skill - golf putting - for 3000 trials, either with a concurrent secondary, tone-counting task (implicit learning) or without such a task (explicit learning). The cognitive demands of the secondary task were predicted to prevent the accumulation of verbalizable rules about the motor task. The implicit group reported significantly fewer rules than the explicit group on subsequent verbal protocols. The performance of the implicit group remained below that of the explicit group throughout the learning phase. However, no significant differences were found between groups during a delayed retention test. Additionally, for the participants in the explicit group only, a Reinvestment Scale score correlated positively with the number of rules accrued and negatively with overall putting performance during the learning phase. We use the results to argue against the excessive use of verbal instruction during skill acquisition, which might be unnecessary and ultimately might hamper performance under stressful conditions. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the performances of implicit and explicit learners would converge over an extended period of learning. Participants practised a complex motor skill--golf putting--for 3000 trials, either with a concurrent secondary, tone-counting task (implicit learning) or without such a task (explicit learning). The cognitive demands of the secondary task were predicted to prevent the accumulation of verbalizable rules about the motor task. The implicit group reported significantly fewer rules than the explicit group on subsequent verbal protocols. The performance of the implicit group remained below that of the explicit group throughout the learning phase. However, no significant differences were found between groups during a delayed retention test. Additionally, for the participants in the explicit group only, a Reinvestment Scale score correlated positively with the number of rules accrued and negatively with overall putting performance during the learning phase. We use the results to argue against the excessive use of verbal instruction during skill acquisition, which might be unnecessary and ultimately might hamper performance under stressful conditions. 相似文献
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The benefits of implicit and explicit motor learning approaches in young adults have been studied extensively, but much less in children. This study investigated the relationship between fundamental motor ability and implicit/explicit learning in children using the errorless learning paradigm. First, the motor ability of 261 children (142 boys, 119 girls) aged 9–12 years (M?=?9.74, SD?=?0.67) was measured. Second, children with motor ability scores in the upper and lower quartile learned a golf-putting skill in either an errorless (implicit) or errorful (explicit) learning condition. Four groups were formed: Errorless High-Ability (n?=?13), Errorless Low-Ability (n?=?11), Errorful High-Ability (n?=?10), and Errorful Low-Ability (n?=?11). Learning consisted of 300 practice trials, while testing included a 50-trial retention test, followed by a 50-trial secondary task transfer test, and another 50-trial retention test. The results showed that for high- and low-ability errorless learners, motor performance was unaffected by the secondary task, as was the case for high-ability errorful learners. Low-ability errorful learners performed worse with a secondary task and were significantly poorer than the corresponding high-ability group. These results suggest that implicit motor learning (errorless) may be beneficial for children with low motor ability. The findings also show a trend that children of high motor ability might benefit from learning explicitly (errorful). Further research is recommended to examine the compatibility of implicit and explicit approaches for children of different abilities. 相似文献
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Jae T. Patterson Michael Carter Elizabeth Sanli 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):624-633
The present experiment examined the learning effects of participants self-controlling their receipt of knowledge of results (KR) on all or half of their acquisition trials (50%). For participants who were provided 50% self-control, the first half of their acquisition period consisted of receiving KR on all trials, or according to a faded-KR schedule. Participants practiced a sequential timing task. The results showed that independent of practice condition, participants who self-controlled their KR during the acquisition period demonstrated superior performance compared to the respective yoked conditions in the retention and transfer portion of the experiment. These results extend previous research by suggesting that decreasing the proportion of self-control trials does not compromise learning in a self-controlled context. 相似文献
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Abstract We conducted two experiments to assess the effect attentional focus has on learning a complex motor skill and subsequent performance under secondary task loading. Participants in Experiment 1 learnt a golf putting task (300 practice trials) with a single instruction to either focus on their hands (internal focus) or the movement of the putter (external focus). No group differences were evident during learning or retention. Differences between the groups were only apparent under secondary task load; the external group's performance remained robust, while the internal group suffered a drop in performance. Verbal protocols demonstrated that the internal group accumulated significantly more internal knowledge and more task-relevant knowledge in general than the external group. Experiment 2 was designed to establish whether greater internal focus knowledge or greater explicit rule build up in general was responsible for performance breakdown. Two groups were presented with a set of six internal or external rules. Again, no performance differences were found during learning or retention. During the secondary task, both groups experienced performance deterioration. It was concluded that accumulation of explicit rules to guide performance was responsible for the internal group's breakdown in performance under secondary task loading and may be responsible for some of the performance differences reported previously. 相似文献
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Three similar six-element key press sequences were practiced under blocked or random practice schedules with acquisition conducted on one day and retention and transfer on the next day. The task required participants to type, as quickly as possible, one of three 6-element sequences as observed on a computer monitor. In blocked practice, participants completed all practice in one repeated sequence before the next repeated sequence was introduced. In random acquisition practice, the three repeated sequences were randomly presented to the participants. The data suggest that random practice results in participants adopting a uniform response structure, while blocked practice allows participants to exploit unique sequential aspects of the individual tasks. This finding suggests that random practice may not be as effective as blocked practice when one of the tasks being practiced together can be optimized through the development of a unique response structure. 相似文献
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拟采用迁移范式,以事件相关电位(ERP)成分N2、P3作为主要指标,结合不同迁移方式和不同学习"方式"探讨学习者的知识表征方式的差异。结果发现:内隐组和外显组被试在习得了一定的序列知识后,相对于标准序列的反应时,效应器迁移序列的反应时明显变慢;在脑电数据中,以N2的平均波幅作为指标,不管是内隐组还是外显组,标准序列与刺激迁移序列不存在区别,而与效应器迁移序列却差异显著。对于P3的平均波幅的分析得出:在内隐组,标准序列与效应器迁移序列不存在区别;而在外显组,两者却差异显著。该结果说明:效应器水平的编码机制是参与序列知识的学习的;且相对于知觉编码,不管以何种"方式"学习,效应器编码起的作用都要更大。 相似文献
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《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2012,83(4):429-439
ABSTRACTPurpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of gradual self-control of task difficulty and feedback on accuracy and movement pattern of the golf putting sport skill. Method: Sixty students were quasi-randomly assigned to four groups under a varying combination of the two factors of task difficulty control (self-controlled or yoked) and feedback control (self-controlled or yoked). The participants in the two groups (dual-factor gradual self-control and self-controlled task difficulty group) that granted control over task difficulty in the acquisition phase were told they could choose any of the pre-set distances from the target. All groups were given 100% feedback in the first half of the acquisition phase, but the participants in the two groups (dual-factor gradual self-control group and self-controlled feedback) that could control their feedback were told that in the second half of the acquisition phase they would be able to ask for feedback when needed. The practice schedule of each member of the dual-factor gradual self-control group was used as a basis to plan the practice of predetermined distances and feedback presentation to the corresponding participants in the yoked conditions. Results: ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the practice method involving gradual self-control of two factors had a positive impact on accuracy and movement pattern of golf putting in the retention and transfer tests compared to other methods (ps < .05). Conclusion: The advantages of self-control practice presumably come from better adjustment of challenge points by the learner in the course of the practice. 相似文献
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运动技能获得中的内隐学习与外显学习及其实质 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运动技能获得中,人类存在着两种性质不同的并行的信息加工过程:一种是人们熟知的外显学习,具有随意性、需耗费心神、心理资源有限等特点;另一种是人们最新研究发现的内隐学习,具有不随意性、无需耗费心神、心理资源无限等特点。这两种学习机能是人脑的整体功能,在技能学习中相互协同,在一定条件下可以相互转化。 相似文献
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Two experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that learning by analogy will invoke characteristics of an implicit mode of motor learning. In the first experiment, table tennis novices learned to hit forehand topspin implicitly, explicitly or by analogy. The results showed that the analogy and implicit learning groups accumulated equivalently fewer explicit rules than the explicit learning group during the learning phase. When a concurrent secondary task was added, the explicit learning group suffered from a significantly more serious performance impairment than the analogy and implicit learning groups; no significant differences were seen between the latter two groups. Self-perceived performance was correlated to actual performance in the explicit learning group but not in the analogy or the implicit learning groups. In the second experiment, the performance of an explicit learning group was found to be impaired by both a stress intervention and a thought suppression intervention, whereas the performance of an analogy learning group was not. These characteristics of analogy learning parallel those reported in the implicit learning literature, suggesting that analogy learning may be an effective method for teaching skills implicitly in sport. 相似文献