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1.
Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: What we can learn from the past 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christopher Freeman 《Research Policy》2009,38(4):583-589
The science-technology-innovation system is one that is continuously and rapidly evolving. The dramatic growth over the last 20 years in the use of science, technology and innovation (STI) indicators appears first and foremost to be the result of a combination of, on the one hand, the ease of computerized access to an increasing number of measures of STI and, on the other hand, the interest in a growing number of public policy and private business circles in such indicators. Such growing interest might be expected in societies that increasingly use organised science and technology to achieve a wide variety of social and economic objectives and in which business competition is increasingly based on innovation. On the basis of 40 years of indicators work, we argue that frontiers and characteristics of STI indicators that were important last century may no longer be so relevant today and indeed may even be positively misleading. 相似文献
2.
Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is borne by a set of historically contingent concepts, models, and metaphors. From around 1950 to 1980, its language was dominated by the contract metaphor and the linear model of innovation, both of which have catered for beliefs in stability, orderliness, and distinct social roles for scientists and policymakers. While prominent new models of the 1990s (mode 2, post-normal science, triple helix) had challenged the old contract metaphor, they remained experts’ brainchildren. After 2000, in contrast, we observe the emergence and pluralization of several new and powerful concepts. Building on conceptual history and cognitive linguistics, we analyze three of these new concepts: “frontier research,” “grand challenges,” and “responsible research and innovation” (RRI). Whereas the “frontier” and “grand challenges” convey many layered historical meanings, a distinct metaphorical appeal, and have become popularized beyond expert’s communities, the RRI discourse, though the most ambitious one, has not yet shaken off its roots in the bureaucratic structures of the European Commission. Finally, we discuss which conceptual and metaphorical properties enable the career of STI policy discourses in the 21st century. 相似文献
3.
In the last decade, there has been an increasing recognition among Central American policy makers of the central importance of science, technology and innovation (STI) for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, based on higher productivity. This paper aims to study current STI policies in those countries and explore whether this increasing acknowledgement has come along with new and more active policies. Empirical evidence collected through questionnaire-based interviews with high-level government officials in each country shows that Central American governments have built public organisations and institutions to support STI, such as laws, national plans and a wide variety of policy instruments. Yet available science and technology indicators illustrate that the results are still meagre. This paper identifies eight barriers faced by these governments when designing and implementing STI policies. 相似文献
4.
产学研合作,一直是我国科技体制改革的重要主题,是实现协同创新、创新驱动的一个核心问题。从"科技沙漠"到"创新绿洲",深圳三十年间产学研合作的历史,值得深化认识;更要去发现问题进而进一步改善。本研究旨在通过回溯和考察深圳产学研合作的历史、现状和问题,对如何进一步改进、完善进行若干对策思考。 相似文献
5.
第24届国际STS会议表现出多元化研究趋势。在既定的大会主题下,学者们分别对埃吕尔技术社会思想,技术与能源环境政策等问题进行了讨论。同时,也涉及STS教育、技术民主化、科学技术的社会建构、技术伦理、技术创新等诸多层面的问题。既从技术哲学的角度,又从科学技术与社会的角度,对当前人类社会发展面临的问题及未来的发展趋势,进行了广泛交流。 相似文献
6.
As an important academic exchange platform for the combination of major practical and theoretical issues in the field of management science, the Journal of Science Research Management is in line with the modern development of science and technology and management, and has gone through 40 years synchronizing with the spring of science. This paper discusses and analyzes the literature published in the Journal of Science Research Management since it was founded in 1980 by using the method of bibliometrics, and tries to present the evolution characteristics of high-frequency keywords, high cited references, subject context and research hotspots in the course of its development in the past forty years, and analyzes the growth mystery of the Journal of Science Research Management in the past 40 years, aiming at providing a successful model for academic research and periodical construction, and promoting the cooperative development of the era and scientific research.
The research found that: (1) Throughout the forty years of development, the Journal of Science Research Management based on the purpose of running the journal oriented by practical problems of meeting the needs of the times, focuses on a number of cutting-edge topics in the field of management science, such as technological innovation, enterprise innovation management, science and technology system and policy, enterprise capability and competitive advantage, reinvigorates the vitality of the Chinese economic constructions, leads the Chinese management circle to provide theoretical reference and guidance for local enterprises to shape their competitive advantages, so as to make outstanding academic contributions to the construction of the theoretical system of management innovation with domestic characteristics. (2) The Journal of Science Research Management follows the evolution of the times, combines the reform of scientific and technological system and the development process of building an innovative country, and presents the internalized logic of "comprehensively deepen reform-technological innovation highlights -enterprise technology catching up -building a powerful country with science and technology" in the historical stage of four decades, which puts forward and develops a new paradigm of innovation theory with Chinese characteristics, provides sufficient academic guidance for the innovation management practice of local enterprises, and has made outstanding contributions to promote the development of the Chinese science and technology system and policy transformation. (3) In the face of the opportunities and challenges brought by the accelerated restructuring of the global innovation competition pattern, the Journal of Science Research Management always complies with the national policies, guidelines and innovation pulse, keeps pace with the times, continuously innovates and develops. The Journal of Science Research Management has been based on the Chinese management situation, focuses on the development process of the reform of science and technology system and the construction of innovative country, leads the academic frontier, strives to promote the sustainable development of local enterprises and the construction of theoretical system with Chinese characteristics by academic research, and wholeheartedly providing academic reference and guidance for the progress of management innovation practice.
This paper analyzes the growing mystery of the Journal of Science Research Management in the past forty years. Although there are some deficiencies in this paper, the more important significance of this paper lies in the hope of arousing in-depth thinking on the construction and academic research of the same kind of journals in China. On the one hand, based on the situation in China, the scholars in academic circles should build a theoretical system of innovation with Chinese characteristics, and strive to provide a management side for innovation governance in the new era. On the other hand, the scholars should tell the story of the Chinese management innovation, publicize Chinese ideas, contribute global knowledge, and make China and Chinese enterprises stand in the forest of world nations with confidence. 相似文献
7.
Three frames for innovation policy: R&D,systems of innovation and transformative change 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is shaped by persistent framings that arise from historical context. Two established frames are identified as co-existing and dominant in contemporary innovation policy discussions. The first frame is identified as beginning with a Post-World War II institutionalisation of government support for science and R&D with the presumption that this would contribute to growth and address market failure in private provision of new knowledge. The second frame emerged in the 1980s globalising world and its emphasis on competitiveness which is shaped by the national systems of innovation for knowledge creation and commercialisation. STI policy focuses on building links, clusters and networks, and on stimulating learning between elements in the systems, and enabling entrepreneurship. A third frame linked to contemporary social and environmental challenges such as the Sustainable Development Goals and calling for transformative change is identified and distinguished from the two earlier frames. Transformation refers to socio-technical system change as conceptualised in the sustainability transitions literature. The nature of this third framing is examined with the aim of identifying its key features and its potential for provoking a re-examination of the earlier two frames. One key feature is its focus on experimentation, and the argument that the Global South does not need to play catch-up to follow the transformation model of the Global North. It is argued that all three frames are relevant for policymaking, but exploring options for transformative innovation policy should be a priority. 相似文献
8.
当前科技创新政策呈体系化发展,已逐渐成为独立的政策部类。研究提出科技创新政策体系框架并推动形成共识,是支撑政策研究和政策实践的理论基础,也是推动政策制定、交流、评价和实施的保障。本文基于理论分析和对比研究,在公共政策范畴中,围绕研发系统和技术经济系统厘清科技创新政策体系的范畴及与其他经济社会政策的关联;并探讨从政策分析、政策制定、政策执行、政策目标四视角提出了科技创新政策体系框架结构,（1）从政策分析视角,按照政策类型分为强制性政策、宏观战略和落地实施政策;（2）从政策制定视角,按照政策工具类型分为供给面、需求面和环境面政策;（3）从政策执行视角,按照创新主体类型分为政府、企业、公共研发机构等类型政策;（4）从政策目标视角,按照价值导向分为经济目标和社会目标导向政策。 相似文献
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我国科技政策学研究态势及国际比较 《科学学研究》2017,35(9):1289-1300
本文采用科学计量学方法,以科技论文和资助项目为主要资料,对2011年以来国际上发表的科技政策研究论文、以及美国SciSIP计划、日本SciREX计划和中国国家自然科学基金委员会管理科学部“科技管理与政策”相关的规划布局和资助项目进行定量和定性综合分析,揭示国际和我国科技政策学的研究态势。美国科技政策“学”强调“科学基础”,主要侧重于服务政府部门的科技政策制定和政策过程的科学化;日本则倾向“学科建设”,包括国家重要政策议题的专题研究（任务导向研究）,针对科技政策学术共同体的课题资助（自由申请研究）,机构设置与人才培养,以及数据基础设施建设。发展我国的科技政策学,建议同时借鉴日本学科建设的思路以及美国协调各政府部门政策过程的思路;建议加强社会科学与自然科学的跨学科融合研究,考虑设置“科技政策研究”专项资助渠道与多元资助机制;建议将数据基础设施建设作为一项基础性、战略性任务;建议建立政策研究界和决策者之间的建制性交流研讨机制等。 相似文献
10.
《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103826
Test beds and living labs have emerged as a prominent approach to foster innovation across geographical regions and technical domains. They feed on the popular “grand societal challenges” discourse and the growing insight that adequate policy responses to these challenges will require drastic transformations of technology and society alike. Test beds and living labs represent an experimental, co-creative approach to innovation policy that aims to test, demonstrate, and advance new sociotechnical arrangements and associated modes of governance in a model environment under real-world conditions. In this paper, we develop an analytic framework for this distinctive approach to innovation. Our research draws on theories from Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Innovation Studies, as well as in-depth empirical analysis from two case studies – an urban smart energy campus and a rural renewable energy network. Our analysis reveals three characteristic frictions that test beds face: (1) the limits of controlled experimentation due to messy social responses and co-creation activity; (2) a tension between lab-like open-ended experimentation and pressures to demonstrate success; (3) the opposing needs of local socio-cultural specificity and scalability, i.e. the inherent promise of test bed outcomes being generalizable or transferrable because the tested “model society” is presumed to represent a future society at large. These tensions suggest that thinking of test beds as mere technology tests under real-world conditions is insufficient. Rather, test beds both test and re-configure society around a new set of technologies, envisioned futures, and associated modes of governance – occasionally against considerable resistance. By making social order explicitly available for experimentation, test beds tentatively stabilize new socio-technical orders on a local scale in an “as-if” mode of adoption and diffusion. Symmetric attention to the simultaneous co-production of new technical and social orders points to new opportunities and challenges for innovation governance in test-bed settings: Rather than mere enablers of technology, test beds could serve as true societal tests for the desirability of certain transformations. This will require rethinking notions of success and failure, planning with a view towards reversibility, and greater scrutiny of how power is distributed within such settings. Likewise, rather than envisioning test beds as low-regulation zones to drive innovation, they could be strategically deployed to co-develop socially desirable governance frameworks in tandem with emerging technologies in real-time. 相似文献
11.
2016年5月,习近平总书记发出了"为建设世界科技强国而奋斗"的号召,并在"科技三会"上明确了"我国要建设世界科技强国,关键是要建设一支规模宏大、结构合理、素质优良的创新人才队伍"。近年来,我国相继出台各项政策以构建科技人才队伍。在引进全球科技人才方面,公安部在上海、北京、广东等地,依托对人才、企业、产业具有高度聚集效应和政策先行优势的中国(上海)自由贸易试验区、中关村国家自主创新示范区等园区推出了一系列政策,在聚集科技人才方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对科技人才、科技人才政策及其对世界科技强国的作用做了简单阐述,分析了我国国际科技人才出入境政策突破现状、国内外最新发展形势,提出了放宽外国留学生在华实习就业限制、吸引优秀留学人员回国创新创业、实施华裔卡制度吸引海外科技专业人士贡献力量、推动科技人才职业资格国际认证、进一步推动创新资源向国际开放、强化知识产权保护和服务等政策建议,以期助推我国世界科技强国建设。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104393
In this paper we draw a parallel between the insights developed within the framework of the current COVID-19 health crisis and the views and insights developed with respect to the long term environmental crisis, the implications for science, technology and innovation (STI) policy, Christopher Freeman analyzed already in the early 90′s. With at the time of writing, the COVID-19 pandemic entering in many countries a third wave with a very differentiated implementation path of vaccination across rich and poor countries, drawing such a parallel remains of course a relatively speculative exercise. Nevertheless, based on the available evidence of the first wave of the pandemic, we feel confident that some lessons from the current health crisis and its parallels with the long-term environmental crisis can be drawn. The COVID-19 pandemic has also been described as a “syndemic”: a term popular in medical anthropology which marries the concept of ‘synergy’ with ‘epidemic’ and provides conceptually an interesting background for these posthumous Freeman reflections on crises. The COVID-19 crisis affects citizens in very different and disproportionate ways. It results not only in rising structural inequalities among social groups and classes, but also among generations. In the paper, we focus on the growing inequality within two particular groups: youngsters and the impact of COVID-19 on learning and the organization of education; and as mirror picture, the elderly many of whom witnessed despite strict confinement in long-term care facilities, high mortality following the COVID-19 outbreak. From a Freeman perspective, these inequality consequences of the current COVID-19 health crisis call for new social STI policies: for a new “corona version” of inclusion versus exclusion. 相似文献
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SPRU科研选题的词频分析与计量研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文选择世界著名科技创新与政策研究机构——英国Sussex大学科技政策研究所(SPRU)，对其科研选题进行案例研究。借助WordSmithTools词频分析软件，我们对该机构近年来出版的1003篇(部)论文及著作的目录进行分析，通过对词及词组出现频次的计量，凸显出研究选题的范围与特色。对国际著名科技创新与科技政策研究机构的工作进行扫描，定位世界范围内该领域的前沿，捕捉研究热点，了解其研究思路和研究方法，对于拓展我国科技创新与科技政策研究者的视野，丰富研究方法，提高国家创新系统研究的水平有一定启发和借鉴作用。 相似文献
14.
美国化学在20世纪20年代步入其发展的黄金时期,并在此后一直引领世界化学潮流。罗杰·亚当斯见证并亲历了美国化学乃至整个科学事业登上世界科学顶峰的历史进程,他在有机化学研究及研究生教育方面硕果累累,他和他的学生极大地促进了美国学院科学与工业研究的有机结合与共同繁荣,除此之外,他作为一位科学政治家所做的工作对于美国及德、日在二战后的科技政策都产生了深远的影响。从他的学术生涯,我们不但可以看到美国化学和化学工业携手并进的一张缩影,也可以看到这样一种独特的学术风格:这种化学风格立足于有机化学研究的学术前沿,但它始终牵动着美国化学工业的创新进程,恰与霍尔顿所言"杰斐逊式的研究纲领"相一致。 相似文献
15.
随着中国的崛起,其创新政策越来越受到国际力量的关注,并不可避免地受到国际力量的干预和影响。因此,从国际视野审视创新政策及过程对中国科学地制定创新政策具有重要意义。已有研究主要关注全球化影响下创新政策目标、内容和工具的变化,并把创新政策看作一个主权国家的内部政治活动,从政策过程讨论全球化和国际因素对创新政策的影响还不多见。本文从国际视野出发构建了基于“过程—主体—影响力”的创新政策过程三维分析框架,并对“中国自主创新产品政府采购”政策和“中国制造2025”政策的政策过程进行了比较分析。研究认为,中国的创新政策与贸易乃至对外事务的界限模糊化使得创新政策过程成为国际—国内双重博弈的复杂过程,创新政策制定的各个阶段都受到国际因素的影响,各类利益相关者基于形势变化和利益需求在不同政策中发挥的作用有明显区别,政策出台国和政策干预国的相互依赖程度和国际影响力最终决定了一国创新政策的受干预程度。 相似文献
16.
科技创新政策优化是实施创新驱动发展战略的重要议题。在现代化经济体系中,通过科技创新政策优化来营造公平竞争的市场环境,是契合科技创新政策导向性、应用性和科学性的基本手段。公平竞争审查制度以其保障公平竞争的独特价值,能够推动科技创新政策优化,实现政府与市场在科技创新资源配置中的合力。现有科技创新政策存在诸多有碍市场公平竞争因素,应当以公平竞争审查制度为抓手,识别影响公平竞争的政策掣肘,破除科技创新政策壁垒,强化评估标准建设,增进政策制定机关职能,推动多主体协同共治,最终推动科技创新政策体系优化及公平竞争审查制度实施。 相似文献
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Tefko Saracevic 《Information processing & management》1979,15(1):1-15
The rapid and rather chaotic evolution of information science has left the field's academic sector in a largely disorganized state. This essay examines the basic issues confronting information science education, issues that must be resolved if information science education and thus information science itself are to evolve in an orderly fashion. For the quality of a field's professional services and research activities depends upon the quality of its formal academic programs. The essay is organized in three parts. In this first part are considered definitions and in a historic context the emergence, evolution and current state of information science and its education. The second part considers the “externalities” of education—problems and unresolved questions in information science education that deal with: (i) academic affiliations, (ii) degree levels, (iii) admission requirements, (iv) jurisdiction and (v) financing. The third part considers the problems and unresolved questions in respect to internal aspects (“internalities”) of information science education: (i) objectives, (ii) content, (iii) teachers and (iv) teaching. It is suggested that information science cannot prosper; possibly even survive in the next decade if serious, concentrated action is not undertaken in the “externalities” and “internalities” of its education. Recommendations about the areas that need action are made. 相似文献
20.
基于当前国内外具有代表性的科创中心的案例、研究开发过程、管理经验和发展得失,得出建立世界级科技创新中心需要突破区域地理界限,通过多方协同促进的创新生态系统来集聚各类创新要素,并以科技先导性、产业带动性和经济辐射性作为自身发展特征,将便利的投资环境与产业的持续升级作为科创中心战略得以实施的先决条件,最后确保制定以人为本的政策保障机制。 相似文献