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1.
This paper is based on a symposium celebrating the 26th anniversary of the publication of "A Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Skill Learning" (Schmidt, 1975) held at the annual conference of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity in June 2001. We provide a brief historical context for schema theory and a review of the development of the mechanistic approach to motor learning in general. We explore recent findings in mental practice, observational learning, augmented feedback presentation, and the variability of practice that are inconsistent with schema theory and provide a rationale for the importance of cognitive activity in motor learning. 相似文献
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Schmidt RA 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2003,74(4):366-375
The schema theory for discrete motor skill learning (Schmidt, 1975), originally published in 1975, has generated considerable interest and received strong challenges over its lifetime. In this paper, I focus on the findings generated since 1975 that bear on the theory and highlight those that produce difficulties for it and will be motivators for differing theoretical viewpoints in the future. At the same time, I examine other lines of evidence that seem to bolster the original lines of thinking. Finally, I provide some suggestions for a much needed new generation of motor learning theory, pointing out particular features from the schema theory that could be included and suggesting gaps and omissions that will need additional data and theorizing in future attempts. 相似文献
3.
在回顾国外研究的基础上,对体育运动领域中行为程序研究进行全面的阐述.行为程序包括动作行为和认知或心理两个方面的内容;行为程序作用理论机制包括图式理论、运动技能学习阶段理论、定势假说和心理演练;主要研究领域包括运动技能学习和运动竞赛领域;影响行为程序效果的变量包括技能水平、性别和行为程序的时间节律.从实践的角度,认为体育教师和教练员应当重视行为程序,应用行为程序来提高学生的技能水平和运动员的运动成绩;从研究的角度,认为国内研究者应加大这一领域的研究. 相似文献
4.
运动行为认识观的发展以及在运动实践中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李美霞 《西安体育学院学报》2001,18(4):75-78
笔者认为传统的运动认知理论存在一定的缺陷 ,在更新体育教学与运动训练等的理论和方法时要吸收自然物理学动作学习和运动协调方面的一些重要研究结果。 相似文献
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Abstract This study investigated the effects of three different amounts of practice in combination with two types of variable practice conditions upon schema development. Seventy-two subjects were administered either 6, 18, or 36 trials while learning to move to either one- or three-criteria goals on the linear positioning task. Subjects then had 18 no-KR (knowledge of results) trials to produce a novel response. The statistical analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction for absolute error while no significant main or interaction effects existed for constant or variable error. Analysis of the simple main effects showed that the various amounts of practice produced similar performances for the subjects learning to move to only one criterion goal. For the subjects learning to move to three criteria goals during initial practice, the amount of practice provided was a significant factor in the accuracy and strength of the motor schema. Partial support is presented for schema theory. 相似文献
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Stephen Langendorfer 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):21-29
Abstract A test of motor stage theory was conducted to screen cross-sectionally for the existence of “horizontal structure” among motor sequences within four movement components of overarm throwing and overarm striking for force. A total of 58 male subjects were filmed performing five trials of each task. Comparisons were made between movement component sequence levels as assessed by Roberton's Component Category Checklist for the Overarm Throw and Langendorfer's Component Category Checklist for Overarm Striking. Results indicated that longitudinal study of sequences within the components of trunk, humerus, forearm-racquet actions was warranted and that intertask comparisons of motor sequences were best represented by combinations of stage models proposed by Wohlwill (1973). The observed movement commonalities in the present data were consistent with constructs in both Piagetian developmental stage theory and Schmidt's schema theory in motor control and learning. 相似文献
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以固定训练程序进行练习的组块练习（低情境干预）和以随机训练程序进行练习的随机练习（高情境干预）对运动技能学习有重要的影响。运用元分析方法探讨两种练习方式对不同结局指标、不同学习阶段和不同参与肌肉群运动技能学习效果的影响、机制和启示,旨在丰富运动技能学习理论,为提高组块练习和随机练习在体育教学训练实践运用的有效性提供参考依据。研究表明：（1）组块练习和随机练习对不同结局指标、不同练习阶段和不同参与肌肉群的运动技能学习效果不同;（2）从不同结局指标来看,组块练习对动作时间和测量距离类指标的运动技能学习更有效,而随机练习对完成得分和动作速度类效果更佳。（3）从不同学习阶段看,在学习掌握阶段组块练习效果好;在迁移阶段随机练习效果好;而在保持阶段,两种练习方式对不同结局指标运动技能效果各有优势。（4）从不同参与肌肉群的技能看,随机练习对粗大运动技能和精细运动技能学习效果均好于组块练习。 相似文献
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以固定训练程序进行练习的组块练习（低情境干预）和以随机训练程序进行练习的随机练习（高情境干预）对运动技能学习有重要的影响。运用元分析方法探讨两种练习方式对不同结局指标、不同学习阶段和不同参与肌肉群运动技能学习效果的影响、机制和启示，旨在丰富运动技能学习理论，为提高组块练习和随机练习在体育教学训练实践运用的有效性提供参考依据。研究表明：（1）组块练习和随机练习对不同结局指标、不同练习阶段和不同参与肌肉群的运动技能学习效果不同；（2）从不同结局指标来看，组块练习对动作时间和测量距离类指标的运动技能学习更有效，而随机练习对完成得分和动作速度类效果更佳。（3）从不同学习阶段看，在学习掌握阶段组块练习效果好；在迁移阶段随机练习效果好；而在保持阶段，两种练习方式对不同结局指标运动技能效果各有优势。（4）从不同参与肌肉群的技能看，随机练习对粗大运动技能和精细运动技能学习效果均好于组块练习。 相似文献
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心理训练效果理论解释 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
祝蓓里 《天津体育学院学报》1996,11(1):43-47
介绍了有关解释心理训练能够提高运动成绩的四种理论，以利于广大研究者更加自觉地在一定的理论指导下，正确地实施心理训练，提高心理训练的效果。四种理论是：心理神经肌肉理论，符号学习理论，心理生理信息加工理论，三重编码理论 相似文献
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从体育教学过程宏现层面上理解运动技能习得过程,试图重构运动技能形成的理论框架,并将影响运动技能形成的各因子转化为可操作性变量,运用AMOS数理统计软件,对开放性运动技能形成路径(以排球项目为实例)和混合性运动技能形戍路径(以背越式跳高为实例)进行分析.路径分析表明,无论是开放性运动技能学习还是混合性运动技能学习的过程,原有身体素质越高,运动技能学习掌握的程度越高;学习策略运用在混合性运动技能学习过程中作用系数为0,没有作用力,可能与该运动技能项目的特点有关,单纯的机械重复运动,缺乏一定的策略性;在开放性运动技能学习过程中,学习策略的作用力仅次于原有身体素质,总作用效应为0.198. 相似文献
11.
运动协调的定量方法以及在专项技术分析领域的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
人体的运动协调问题一直受到多个研究领域的关注。Bernstein运动协调观与运动协调的动态系统理论被广泛应用于解释运动协调的形成、发展、特征中,成为研究运动协调的主要理论基础。依据这些理论基础,针对不同类型研究的需要,设计了多种运动协调的定量方法来客观展现人体的协调运动,这些方法都具有各自的优缺点。目前,在专项技术分析领域中,对专项技术中肢体协调层面的研究较多,在多种专项技术中都发现了一些高效的运动协调方式。尽管这些运动协调方式各有不同,但是展现出一些共性的特征。此外,在优秀运动员的技术中,具有较大的肢体协调变异性,这些变异性是肌肉-骨骼复杂系统灵活性的体现,有利于运动任务的实现。在关节动力学、肌肉活动等层面中运动协调的研究相对较少。专项技术中运动协调的研究趋势有:1)由于运动技术种类繁多,各自特征不同,对运动协调的研究将会涉及到更多的运动项目中;2)应用动态系统理论,进一步探索优秀运动员技术中运动协调变异性对专项技术的作用;3)应用动态系统理论,拓展对专项技术中运动协调控制变量的研究;4)拓展在优秀运动员专项技术中关节动力学、肌肉活动等更深层面中运动协调特征的研究。 相似文献
12.
Knight CA 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2004,75(1):9-15
Theoretical and practical issues related to the neuromotor control of a golf swing are presented in this paper. The typical strategy for golf training consists of high volume repetition with an emphasis on a large variety of isolated swing characteristics. The student is frequently instructed to maintain consistent performance in each swing with absolute invariance. Based on dynamical systems and motor control schema perspectives, it is argued that golfers can learn a more reliable swing by exploring swing parameters and focusing on higher order control principles that reduce the vast number of degrees of freedom. Some candidate training practices are proposed for applying these theoretical issues into practice. 相似文献
13.
田径运动技术学习的基本心理学条件 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用文献资料分析法进行了分析与综合,借鉴运动心理学和现代认知心理学的基本理论,结合田径专项运动技术基本理论,从感知觉、专门化知觉、动作图式等3个方面,对田径运动技术学习的心理学条件进行了分析与研究. 相似文献
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代刚 《体育科技文献通报》2012,20(5):63-65
结合运动技能学习的相关理论,研究对运动技能学习的结构进行了探究,发现运动技能学习既包含有运动技术和运动技能两个目标要素的目标结构,还包含有动力、操作和知识三个过程要素的过程结构,两者紧密结合共同反映着运动技能学习的本质特征,也就是以学习运动技术,培养运动能力为核心的教学/训练活动,教师/教练是运动技能学习的主导,学生是学习运动技能的主体,在相关过程要素的影响下,主体的认知结构会随着学习策略应用能力的不断提高而不断完善,从而获得个体运动技能的内化与发展。 相似文献
16.
We review three areas of research and theory relating to the involvement of motor processing in action observation: behavioural studies on imitation learning, behavioural work on short-term visuomotor interactions, and related neurophysiological and neuroimaging work. A large number of behavioural studies now indicate bi-directional links between perception and action: visual processing can automatically induce related motor processes, and motor actions can direct future visual processing. The related concept of direct matching (Rizzolatti et al., 2001) does not, however, imply that observed actions are transduced into a corresponding motor representation that would guarantee an instant and accurate imitation. Rather, studies on the mirror neuron system indicate that action observation engages the observer's own motor prototype of the observed action. This allows for enhanced action recognition, imitation recognition, and, predominantly in humans, imitation and observational learning. Despite the clear impact of action observation on motor representations, recent neuroimaging work also indicates the overlap of imitation learning with processes of non-imitative skill acquisition. 相似文献
17.
动作技能学习理论历来受到心理学和教育学的重视。对动作技能学习理论的演变进行了梳理,并着重对动作技能学习的联结主义—行为主义理论、认知主义—建构主义理论及动作技能的内隐学习进行了探讨,以期对动作技能学习理论的研究和实践提供参考。 相似文献
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Abstract Schmidt's (1975) schema theory was tested with subjects who had to emit a rapid aiming response while wearing prism glasses. The glasses enabled them to view the target, but not their responding limb or the outcome of the movement. The problem was to determine the effect of (a) training with variable target practice, and (b) experiencing visual displacement information of the target, prior to training, on performance in transfer to a novel target distance. A 2 × 2 (type of practice × displacement information) factorial design was used, in which four groups of 15 male college subjects performed 60 training trials with verbal knowledge of results. The groups with variable target practice had less error on initial transfer to the novel target and throughout transfer than the groups with nonvariable target practice. No evidence was found to indicate that rate of learning for a novel target distance during transfer in the absence of KR is a positive function of the variability of target practice in training. Nor was any effect found for experiencing visual displacement information on performance in transfer. 相似文献
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运动技能形成过程中的突变性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
邵桂华 《天津体育学院学报》2006,21(3):235-237
以尖顶突变模型为工具，研究学生运动技能形成的特点、形成的模式和连续突跳行为。研究表明，学生运动技能的形成具有多模态、不可达性、突跳、滞后性和发散性特点，其形成模式是一个试悟式学习模式与顿悟式学习模式相融合的过程。学生运动技能在不同层次上的渐变是导致高原点不断被突破，从而表现出连续突跳学习行为的主要原因。 相似文献