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目的：探究优秀女子拳击运动员心血管结构及功能的超声心动图特征，为女子拳击项目的运动员选材提供依据。方法：采用超声技术检查22名女子拳击运动员及15名普通女大学生的心血管结构及功能。结果：女子拳击运动员心率、收缩压与舒张压均低于普通组（P＜0.05）；女子拳击运动员左室舒张末期内径（LVIDd）、左室收缩末期内径（LVIDs）、左心室舒张期后壁厚度（LVPWd）、左室舒张末期内径/体表面积（LVIDd/BSA）、左室收缩末期内径/体表面积（LVIDs/BSA）、左心室质量（LVM）、左心室质量指数（LVMI）、左室舒张末期容积（EDV）、左室收缩末期容积（ESV）、每搏量（SV）、心输出量（CO）及心指数（CI）均显著大于普通组（P＜0.05），但射血分数（EF）、左室短轴缩短率（FS%）显著小于普通组（P＜0.05）；女子拳击运动员颈动脉、肱动脉、桡动脉、股动脉的横截面积以及肱动脉和股动脉的内径均显著大于普通组（P＜0.05），股动脉内中膜厚度高于普通组（P＜0.05）；肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能（FMD）女子拳击运动员显著优于普通组（P＜0.05）。结论：优秀女子拳击运动员心血管的结构及功能在长期的训练后发生了适应性变化，表现在心室腔扩大、心室容量增加、动脉管腔的面积与内径增加，血管内皮舒张功能提高。 相似文献
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目的:研究山东省游泳、铁人三项运动员心脏形态及功能的特点和规律;方法:对山东省游泳、铁人三项运动员进行心脏超声学检查;结果:游泳、铁人三项运动员在左室结构及功能等方面与普通人群有显著差异(P<0.05),两种运动项目运动员之间在心脏结构和功能方面也存在一定的差异,尤以男性运动员更为明显;结论:游泳、铁人三项运动员存在心脏左室重构及左室舒张功能增加,且表现出项目和性别差异。 相似文献
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低住高练中国家女子中长跑运动员心功能的变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探讨低住高练对优秀女子中长跑运动员心功能的影响。结果显示，低氧训练结束后，室间隔舒张末期厚度、左室后壁收缩末期厚度在安静状态下较低氧训练前增加（P〈0．05），左心室收缩末期内径（LVDs）在安静状态及运动负荷的状态下较低氧训练前明显减小（P〈0．05），左心室收缩末期容积（ESV）在运动负荷状态下较低氧训练前减小，左室短轴缩短率（FS）和射血分数（EF）在运动负荷的状态下较低氧训练前增加（P〈0．05）。提示与低氧训练前相比，低氧训练后左心室收缩功能增强，获得良好的心脏适应性。低住高练在某种程度上有利于心力储备功能的增强。 相似文献
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男速滑运动员经长期的运动训练,在安静时左室形态功能指标ESD(左心室的收缩末内径)、ESV(左心室收缩末期的容积)、EDD(左心室舒张末期内径)、EDV(左心室舒张末期容积)、SV(每搏输出量)、CO(每分输出量)、ET(射血时间)、HR(心率)与一般人有非常显著的差异,EF(射血分值)无显著差异. 相似文献
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目的：探讨经长期高强度训练的优秀女子冰球运动员心脏左心室内舒张期涡流变化。方法：对19例优秀青年女子冰球运动员(运动员组)及19例健康青年女性(对照组)进行常规经胸超声心动图检查,应用血流向量成像技术(vector flow mapping,VFM)在心尖三腔心视图下观察舒张早期(V1)、舒张晚期(V2)内涡流旋转方向、位置、相对持续时间和相对大小。结果：1)常规超声心动图参数：运动员组与对照组相对室壁厚度(relative wall thickness, RWT)、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(posterior wall thickness in diastole, PWTd)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、左心室缩短分数(left ventricular fractional shortening, LVFS)、二尖瓣舒张晚期血流峰值速度(A)均无统计学差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,运动员组室间隔舒张末期厚度、左心室质量、左心室质量指数、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、舒张早期(... 相似文献
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本研究对运动员的心脏结构及泵血功能进行测试，发现不同艇种的划船运动员左室泵血功能不存在明显差鼻；不同性别的划船运动员之间各项指标相对值没有显著差异；男子划船运动员与男子游泳运动员相比，各项指标无显著性差异；男子划船运动员的左室泵血功能和心脏左室结构均优于男子田径运动员，女子除每分输出量（ＣＯ）、左室后壁舒末厚度（ＬｖｐｗＤ）两项指标划船运动员优于田径运动员外，其它指标也没发现显著性差异；划船运动员左室泵血功能指标普遍高于正常人水平。 相似文献
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采用彩色多普勒超声技术研究分析了10名优秀女摔跤运动员和10名普通女学生静息状态下心脏各瓣膜口的血流动力学指标。结果表明：经过专项训练的优秀女摔跤运动员的主动脉、肺动脉、二尖瓣、三尖瓣血流频谱的有关指标较对照组有显著性差异(均为正常范围)。结论：经专项训练的优秀女摔跤运动员的心脏收缩和舒张功能均优于对照组，心功能储备能力较强。 相似文献
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目的：通过对广州运输业农民工体质健康、心理健康和体育行为阶段的研究,为今后增加农民工整体健康状况制定干预方案提供科学支撑。方法：运用随机整群抽样法抽取90名20～40岁健康运输业农民工（以下简称农民工）,其中男46名,女44名。并于2011/5/24完成了对调查对象的体质健康测试和问卷调查。结果农民工BMI平均为22.1±3.6（男23.3±3.9;女20.8±2.8,P〈0.01）,其中男女正常体重分别为39.1%和62.8%、超重率为50.0%和20.9%、低体重率为10.9%和15.9%。农民工背力平均为82.3±34.4kg（男110.6±20.4;女51.3±12.9,P〈0.001）,显著低于广州农民（P〈0.001）。闭眼单脚站立时间平均为19.0±20.9s（男21.0±24.9;女16.8±15.6,P〉0.05）,平衡力及格及以上男性为46.7%,女性为52.4%。左/右手后勾平均为-0.2±9.9/5.9±6.5mm（男-2.4±11.2/4.1±8.1;女2.2±7.9/7.9±3.4,P〈0.05/P〈0.01）,其中66.7%左手后勾和88.2%右手后勾达到良好。30s30次蹲起试验的心功指数平均为10.9±4.1（男10.4±4.3,女11.3±3.9,P〉0.05）,近六成人员心功能力在一般以下;约四成人群为高血压或高血压高危人群。农民工SCL-90各因子躯体化高于全国成人常模（P〈0.05）;而强迫（P〈0.05）、人际敏感（P〈0.05）、忧郁（P〈0.05）、焦虑（P〈0.05）、敌对（P〈0.05）、恐怖（P〉0.05）、偏执（P〈0.05）、精神病性症状（P〉0.05）等因子则低于全国常模。锻炼行为阶段显示整体中仅9.1%男性有参与规律体育锻炼。结论：广州运输业农民工总体体质状况不乐观,具体表现在总体身体成分不合理,超重率较高;平衡能力、腰背肌肉力量较差;存在高血压症状和风险比例多,定量负荷时心功能较差;柔韧性较好,但应警惕左肩及男性柔韧性的下降;总体心理健康状况较好,但从事体育锻炼的行为和意识不足,女性由为突出。 相似文献
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Bilateral inter-arm coordination in freestyle swimming: effect of skill level and swimming speed 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of level of skill and swimming speed on inter-limb coordination of freestyle swimming movements. Five elite (2 males, 3 females; age 18.9+/-1.0 years, height 1.71+/-0.04 m, body mass 62.1+/-7.0 kg) and seven novice (age 22.0+/-2.0 years, height 1.77+/-0.04 m, body mass 74.8+/-9.0 kg) swimmers swam a sprint and a self-paced 25 m freestyle trial. The swimming trials were recorded by four digital cameras operating at 50 Hz. The digitized frames underwent a three-dimensional direct linear transformation to yield the three-dimensional endpoint kinematic trajectories. The spatio-temporal relationship between the upper limbs was quantified by means of the peak amplitude and time lag of the cross-correlation function between the right and left arm's endpoint trajectories. A strong anti-phase coupling between the two arms, as confirmed by peak amplitudes greater than 0.8, was noted for both groups and swimming speeds. Significantly higher (P<0.05) peak amplitudes were observed for the sprint compared with self-paced swimming. No significant differences in the strength of inter-limb coupling were noted between the elite and novice swimmers (P>0.05). Time lags were very close to 0 ms and did not differ between groups or swimming speeds. We conclude that in freestyle swimming, the intrinsic anti-phase (180 degrees phase difference) inter-limb relationship is strongly preserved despite the physically powerful environmental influence of the water and this "preferred" pattern is not affected by level of skill. In contrast, increasing movement speed results in stronger inter-limb coupling that is closer to the anti-phase inter-limb relationship. 相似文献
13.
目的：通过测试上海市处于不同生长发育阶段青少年游泳运动员的血清睾酮水平，比较各发育阶段血清睾酮水平的差异，探讨基层教练员利用青少年生长发育的不同阶段来预测睾酮水平的可行性。方法：对420名青少年游泳运动员进行左手正位X线片的拍摄和血清睾酮的检测，按骨龄片中种籽骨形态的差异进行不同发育阶段的分组，从各组中随机抽取30人作为研究对象，男、女运动员分别进行组间血清睾酮水平的比较。结果：不同发育阶段男、女青少年游泳运动员的血清睾酮水平均存在显著性差异（P＜0.01）；男运动员发育后阶段血清睾酮值是发育中和发育前的186%和1 187%，女运动员发育后阶段血清睾酮值是发育中和发育前的155%和329%；男运动员的睾酮水平与肌肉含量存在显著性正相关（r=0.875，P＜0.01），与体脂百分比存在显著性负相关（r=-0.312，P＜0.01）；女运动员的睾酮水平与肌肉含量、体脂百分比均存在显著性正相关（r=0.774和0.463，P＜0.01）。结论：男、女青少年游泳运动员整个生长发育阶段血清睾酮水平都处于显著增加的趋势，且每个生长发育阶段，血清睾酮水平都具有明显的阶段特征；男、女运动员的血清睾酮水平对身体成分会产生影响，且存在性别特征。 相似文献
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目的：从运动员选材角度探讨短跑和中长跑项目运动员在跳深实验中支撑时间的特征，为支撑时间应用于田径运动员选材提供依据。方法：以上海市一、二线短跑和中长跑共84名运动员为研究对象。所有研究对象均进行身高、体重、跳深实验测试，分组研究两项目运动员支撑时间特征。结果：短跑男子优秀组最快和平均支撑时间都快于一般组（P＜0.05），女子优秀组最快和平均支撑时间也都快于一般组（P＞0.05），中长跑组也表现基本一致的趋势；项目之间进行比较也基本表现出一致性趋势，也就是短跑组最快和平均支撑时间基本快于相同运动等级中长跑组（P＞0.05）。结论：支撑时间在短跑和中长跑项目中具有明显的项目特征和等级特征，可以应用于短跑或中长跑项目选材。 相似文献
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目的：探讨重复冷热水交替浴（CWT）对羽毛球运动员运动后身体机能的影响。方法：将16名优秀男子羽毛球运动员随机分成CWT组和对照组（CON），每组8名。两组运动员均参与两周体能训练，每节训练课后分别采用CWT或静态休息作为整理活动，其间动态检测运动员的主观疲劳度、运动能力和代谢指标，评价运动员机能恢复情况。结果：在主观感觉上，CWT组在每周最后一节训练课后即刻、下一周周一上午训练前肌肉酸痛感和全身自感疲劳度均明显低于CON组（P＜0.05），两组运动员经过周末休息后肌肉酸痛和全身自感疲劳度均明显改善（P＜0.05）；在运动能力上，CWT组静蹲成绩在每周最后一节训练课后即刻明显优于CON组（P＜0.05），两周训练结束后即刻立定跳远成绩明显优于CON组（P＜0.05）；经过周末休息后，CWT组立定跳远与静蹲成绩没有显著性改变（P＞0.05）；在机体代谢水平上，随着两周大运动量训练，血清肌酸激酶（CK）浓度组间没有显著性差异（P＞0.05），而两周训练后，CWT组血清尿素氮（BUN）浓度明显低于CON组（P＜0.05）。结论：CWT能缓解羽毛球男子运动员连续运动后的肌肉酸痛感和全身自感疲劳度，能延缓立定跳远和静蹲能力的下降，可能降低体内蛋白分解水平。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):145-154
Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize changes and variability in test performance of swimmers within and between seasons over their elite competitive career. Forty elite swimmers (24 male, 16 female) performed a 7×200-m incremental swimming step test several times each 6-month season (10±5 tests, spanning 0.5–6.0?y). Mixed linear modeling provided estimates of percent change in the mean and individual responses (within-athlete variation as a coefficient of variation) for measures based on submaximal performance (fixed 4-mM lactate), maximal performance (the seventh step) and lean mass (from skinfolds and body mass). Submaximal and maximal swim speed increased within each season from pre to taper phase by ～2.2% for females and ～1.5% for males (95% confidence limits ±1.0%), with variable contributions from stroke rate and stroke length. Most of the gains in speed were lost in the off-season, leaving a net average annual improvement of ～1.0% for females and ～0.6% for males (±1.0%). For submaximal and maximal speed, individual variation between phases was ±2.2% and the typical measurement error was ±0.80%. Step test and anthropometric measures can be used to confidently monitor progressions in swimmers in an elite training program within and between seasons. 相似文献
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目的:探讨急性离心运动伴4种不同程度的血流限制对年轻女性外周疲劳及心脏自主神经功能的影响,综合评价各方案的安全性,为长期血流限制运动干预提供参考。方法:将40名女大学生随机分为4组,分别进行小强度抗阻(30%1RM)伴0%(CON组)、40%(BFR40组)、60%(BFR60组)和80%(BFR80组)动脉闭塞压(AOP)的血流限制运动。各小组进行4组伸膝离心运动,第1组重复30次,后3组重复15次,组间休息30 s。检测运动前、运动后即刻、15 min、30 min、1 h以及24 h的骨骼肌收缩性能(最大径向位移、收缩速度)、最大等长力量和心脏自主神经功能。结果:1)与CON组相比,BFR40组的副交感神经活性受到轻微抑制(P<0.05),可在运动后30 min内恢复(P>0.05);2)BFR60组的最大等长力量在运动后显著下降(P<0.01),副交感神经活性进一步抑制(P<0.01),交感神经支配增强(P<0.05),运动后30 min内恢复交感—副交感神经的平衡性(P>0.05);3)BFR80组运动后诱发显著的外周疲劳(P<0.01),使副交感恢复显著延迟,交感活性大幅增强(P<0.05),需更长时间恢复交感—副交感神经的平衡性(24 h内);4)相关性分析显示,副交感神经活性分别与最大径向位移(r=0.65)、收缩速度(r=0.62)和最大等长力量(r=0.55)呈正相关(P<0.05),交感神经活性与上述3个指标呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:血流限制运动中,40%AOP会抑制迷走神经活性;60%AOP可明显影响交感神经活性和交感—副交感调控的平衡性;80%AOP可诱发显著的外周疲劳,且与心脏自主神经调控密切相关。综上所述,不建议心血管风险高的患者使用80%AOP训练。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine the influence of level of skill and swimming speed on inter-limb coordination of freestyle swimming movements. Five elite (2 males, 3 females; age 18.9?±?1.0 years, height 1.71?±?0.04?m, body mass 62.1?±?7.0?kg) and seven novice (age 22.0?±?2.0 years, height 1.77?±?0.04?m, body mass 74.8?±?9.0?kg) swimmers swam a sprint and a self-paced 25?m freestyle trial. The swimming trials were recorded by four digital cameras operating at 50 Hz. The digitized frames underwent a three-dimensional direct linear transformation to yield the three-dimensional endpoint kinematic trajectories. The spatio-temporal relationship between the upper limbs was quantified by means of the peak amplitude and time lag of the cross-correlation function between the right and left arm's endpoint trajectories. A strong anti-phase coupling between the two arms, as confirmed by peak amplitudes greater than 0.8, was noted for both groups and swimming speeds. Significantly higher (P <?0.05) peak amplitudes were observed for the sprint compared with self-paced swimming. No significant differences in the strength of inter-limb coupling were noted between the elite and novice swimmers (P >?0.05). Time lags were very close to 0?ms and did not differ between groups or swimming speeds. We conclude that in freestyle swimming, the intrinsic anti-phase (180° phase difference) inter-limb relationship is strongly preserved despite the physically powerful environmental influence of the water and this “preferred” pattern is not affected by level of skill. In contrast, increasing movement speed results in stronger inter-limb coupling that is closer to the anti-phase inter-limb relationship. 相似文献
19.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):231-243
Abstract Release velocity and accuracy are vital components of throwing performance. However, there is no published research on these parameters for throwing in cricket. In this study, we investigated the throwing performance of 110 cricket players from six different populations: elite senior males, elite under-19 junior males, elite under-17 junior males, elite senior females, elite under-19 junior females, and sub-elite senior males. Based on a specifically designed cricket throwing test, participants were assessed for (1) maximal throwing velocity and (2) throwing accuracy at maximal velocity and at three sub-maximal velocities. Elite senior males exhibited the highest peak and mean maximal throwing velocities (P≤0.001). Furthermore, the groups of males had significantly higher peak and mean maximal throwing velocities than the groups of females (P≤0.01). A speed–accuracy trade-off existed such that all groups demonstrated improved accuracy scores at velocities between 75% and 85% maximal throwing velocity compared with 50% maximal throwing velocity and 100% perceived maximal exertion. The results indicate that sex, training experience (years training), and training volume (training time per week) may contribute to throwing performance in cricket players. Further research should focus on understanding the mechanisms behind the observed differences between these groups. This is the first study to describe the inherent throwing profiles of different cricket playing populations. Potentially, we have identified stimulus material for future training developments. 相似文献
20.
Weitkunat T Knechtle B Knechtle P Rüst CA Rosemann T 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(10):1003-1013
Body mass changes during ultra-endurance performances have been described for running, cycling and for swimming in a heated pool. The present field study of 20 male and 11 female open-water swimmers investigated the changes in body composition and hydration status during an ultra-endurance event. Body mass, both estimated fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) and urine specific gravity were determined. Energy intake, energy expenditure and fluid intake were estimated. Males experienced significant reductions in body mass (-0.5 %) and skeletal muscle mass (-1.1 %) (P < 0.05) during the race compared to females who showed no significant changes with regard to these variables (P > 0.05). Changes in percent body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were heterogeneous and did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) between gender groups. Fluid intake relative to plasma volume was higher in females than in males during the ultra-endurance event. Compared to males, females' average increase in haematocrit was 3.3 percentage points (pp) higher, urine specific gravity decrease 0.1 pp smaller, and plasma [Na+] 1.3 pp higher. The observed patterns of fluid intake, changes in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, and plasma [Na+] suggest that, particularly in females, a combination of fluid shift from blood vessels to interstitial tissue, facilitated by skeletal muscle damage, as well as exercise-associated hyponatremia had occurred. To summarise, changes in body composition and hydration status are different in male compared to female open-water ultra-endurance swimmers. 相似文献