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成功的训练不仅涉及到过负荷,同时必须避免大量过负荷练习与不充分恢复相结合。运动员可经历短期运动成绩下降。这一功能性过量训练在恢复后,可提高运动成绩。当训练和恢复之间平衡被破坏,可发生非功能性的过量训练(NFOR)。区分NFOR和过度训练综合症非常困难(OTS),取决于临床结果和排除诊断。诊断OTS的关键词是"延长性的不良适应",以及生物、神经生化和激素调节上的机制。普遍认为OTS症状比NFOR严重,如疲劳、成绩下降、情绪障碍。尽管目前没有单一的标志物可检测OTS,定期监测运动成绩、生理、生化、免疫和心理上的指标可能是最好的策略:发现不能够应对训练应激的运动员。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):267-276
Abstract Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an overtraining syndrome. This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists therefore have to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When it was determined that the athlete's performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training, training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and psychological measurements were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and sport science teams can help in monitoring training and recovery in practical settings, allowing detection of the early signs of overreaching before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops. 相似文献
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本文探讨了过度训练引起的症状,即过度训练综合症(简称OTS)的外部表现及内部机制,包括OTS与神经系统,内分泌系统及免疫系统的关系,提出了预防及判断OTS的生理指标及消除OTS的具体方法。 相似文献
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Flavio A. Cadegiani Claudio E. Kater Matheus Gazola 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(11):1296-1307
The metabolic and hormonal consequences of high-intensity functional training regimens such as CrossFit® (CF) are unclear. Little is known about the triggers and clinical and biochemical features of CF-related overtraining syndrome (OTS). The EROS study compared endocrine and metabolic responses, and eating, social, psychological and body characteristics of OTS-affected (OTS) and healthy athletes (ATL), and non-physically active controls (NPAC). The current study is a post-hoc analysis of the CF subgroups of the EROS study, to evaluate specific characteristics of CF in ATL and OTS. Parameters were overall and pairwise compared among OTS-affected (CF-OTS) and healthy (CF-ATL) athletes that exclusively practiced CF, and NPAC. CF-ATL yielded earlier and enhanced cortisol, GH, and prolactin responses to an insulin tolerance test (ITT), increased neutrophils, lower lactate, increased testosterone, improved sleep quality, better psychological performance, increased measured-to-predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR) ratio and fat oxidation, and better hydration, when compared to NPAC. Conversely, more than 90% of the adaptive changes in CF were lost under OTS, including an attenuation of the hormonal responses to an ITT, increased estradiol, decreased testosterone, and decreased BMR and fat oxidation; the most remarkable trigger of OTS among “HIFT athletes” was the long-term low carbohydrate and calorie intake. 相似文献
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Perfectionistic athletes may train harder and for longer than non-perfectionistic athletes, leaving them susceptible to elevated levels of training distress. So far, however, no study has investigated the relationships between perfectionism and training distress, a key indicator of overtraining syndrome. Furthermore, no study has determined psychological predictors of overtraining syndrome. Using a two-wave design, the present study examined perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns and training distress in 141 junior athletes (mean age = 17.3 years, range = 16–19 years) over 3 months of active training. Multiple regression analyses were employed to test cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between perfectionism and training distress. In all analyses, perfectionism emerged as a significant predictor, but strivings and concerns showed differential relationships. When the cross-sectional relationships were regarded, perfectionistic concerns positively predicted training distress (P < .001), whereas perfectionistic strivings negatively predicted training distress (P < .01). When the longitudinal relationships were regarded, only perfectionistic concerns predicted increases in training distress (P < .05), whereas perfectionistic strivings did not (P > .05). The findings suggest that sports scientists who wish to identify athletes at risk of overtraining syndrome may monitor athletes’ perfectionistic concerns as a possible risk factor. 相似文献
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目的探讨过度训练后中枢神经系统海马CA1区及下丘脑促垂体区中的NOS表达变化。研究方法用免疫组织化学法对过度训练大鼠的海马CA1区、腹内侧核的组织切片,比较实验组、对照组大鼠这些核团的NOS阳性神经元形态,并在显微镜下每张切片随机取3个视野,统计并比较实验组、对照组NOS阳性神经元的数量。结果(1)过度训练的雄性大鼠下丘脑腹内侧核NOS阳性神经元数目比无训练的雄性大鼠的多(P<0.05);(2)过度训练雄性大鼠海马CA1区NOS的阳性神经元数目显著增多(P<0.01),并且发现过度训练大鼠此区的神经元胞体体积明显增大,过度训练大鼠海马CA1区NOS活性比无训练的明显增大(P<0.01)。结论NOS的增多可能是过度训练后神经中枢疲劳的特征之一,NOS可能从下丘脑促垂体区参与过度训练疲劳综合征的形成,可能参与和引起下丘脑功能紊乱和神经元肿胀。 相似文献
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过度训练对机体刺激-应答反应具有强烈刺激作用,长时间、大强度的训练会导致肠道屏障功能受损,发生运动性胃肠综合征。植物多糖作为一种天然有机化合物具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗氧化等多种生物活性。本文主要阐述过度训练对机体肠黏膜屏障的影响以及复合植物多糖干预对机体肠黏膜的保护作用。 相似文献
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过度训练症候群与细胞因子学说 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文对现今的关于OTS的主要学说作了简要的概话,其中包括神经内分泌学说、谷酰胺学说、氨基酸色氨酸减少学说、糖原学说、训练单调学说、细胞因子学说等.并且详细的阐述了OTS与细胞因子的关系. 相似文献
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过度训练状态下大鼠肠粘膜超微结构和免疫病理性变化的研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
为阐明过度训练时肠粘膜免疫屏障结构和功能的变化及其机制 ,采用建立一般训练和过度训练大鼠模型 ,应用形态学手段结合免疫组织化学和图像分析方法 ,对训练后 2组大鼠肠道粘膜的超微结构、脂质过氧化反应产物丙二醛 (MDA)含量和粘膜 Ig A的产生及含量作定位和定量研究。结果表明 ,第 4周末 ,一般训练组和过度训练组大鼠肠道粘膜的超微结构、MDA含量和粘膜 Ig A水平未见异常改变 ;第 8周末 ,过度训练组电镜下见肠道粘膜超微结构明显改变 ,MDA含量明显升高 ,Ig A浆细胞计数及其平均吸光度 ,以及粘液 Ig A水平均显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。提示过度训练可以引起肠道粘膜和 Ig A屏障结构改变 ,这些改变可能与肠粘膜脂质过氧化反应增加有关 相似文献
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"超量恢复"方法在中长跑短训中的运用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
普通高等院校参加省级运动会,比赛前临时组队,队伍训练的时间短,运动水平较低,身体素质较差,又要在短时期内出成绩,难度较大.在这种情况下,对中长跑运动员采用"超量恢复"的训练方法,采用大强度超负荷训练方法,在短期内提高身体的承受能力和适应能力,再通过积极的适当恢复,进入良好的竞技状态,比赛时就能取得较好的成绩. 相似文献
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过度训练——当前的认识 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
过度训练综合症直接影响运动员的健康和运动能力，受到国内外体育界的密切关注。本文回顾了近些年的国外文献，对过度训练的某些重要机理从8个方面加以论述即名称问题，不平衡的观点，分型，植物神经系统不平衡学说，糖原不足，支链氨基酸学说，免疫学的地位，今后如何着手等。 相似文献
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W. Derman M. P. Schwellnus M. I. Lambert M. Emms C. Sinclair-Smith P. Kirby 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(3):341-351
Chronic fatigue in the athletic population is a common but difficult diagnostic challenge for the sports physician. While a degree of fatigue may be normal for any athlete during periods of high-volume training, the clinician must be able to differentiate between this physiological fatigue and more prolonged, severe fatigue which may be due to a pathological condition. As chronic fatigue can be the presenting symptom of many curable and harmful diseases, medical conditions which cause chronic fatigue have to be excluded. The clinician must then be able to differentiate between chronic fatigue associated with training or chronic fatigue from other medical causes, and also between the chronic fatigue syndrome and the overtraining syndrome. Once the clinician has excluded all of the above medical conditions which cause chronic fatigue in athletes, a significant proportion of fatigued athletes remain without a diagnosis. Novel data indicate that skeletal muscle disorders may play a role in the development of symptoms experienced by the athlete with chronic fatigue. The histological findings from muscle biopsies of athletes suffering from the ‘fatigued athlete myopathic syndrome’ are presented. We have designed a clinical approach to the diagnosis and work-up of the athlete presenting with chronic fatigue. The strength of this approach is that it hinges on the participation of a multidisciplinary team in the diagnosis and management of the athlete with chronic fatigue. The athlete, coach, dietician, exercise physiologist and sport psychologist all play an important role in enabling the physician to make the correct diagnosis. 相似文献
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过度训练对大鼠血清心肌酶活性的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
王沛 《西安体育学院学报》2001,18(2):35-37
为了探讨过度训练对机体心脏功能的影响及其机制 ,通过对大鼠进行力竭性运动训练建立大鼠的过度训练模型 ,测定血清中CK、CK -MB、HBDH的活性以及心肌组织中SOD活性和MDA含量。研究结果 :经过 8周的运动训练后 ,1h训练组中血清CK、CK -MB和HBDH活性与对照组相比有上升趋势 ,但无显著性差异 ;而过度训练组血清CK、CK -MB和HBDH活性均显著高于对照组和 1h训练组。与此同时 ,1h训练组心肌组织中SOD活性、MDA含量和SOD/MDA与对照组相比均无显著性差异 ;而过度训练组心肌组织中 ,MDA含量显著高于对照组 ,SOD活性和SOD/MDA均显著低于对照组和 1h训练组。结果表明过度训练对心肌细胞具有一定的损伤作用 ,过度训练使心肌组织中氧自由基的生成显著增加 ,这可能也是血清心肌酶活性升高的机制。训练过程中定期检测血清心肌酶的活性 ,对于了解运动员的机能状态 ,预防过度训练的发生具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
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过度训练对大鼠心肌线粒体内钙、MDA及磷脂酶A2的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究过度训练状态下心肌组织损害的变化规律，采用建立一般训练和过度训练大鼠模型，应用形态学手段和分子生化技术，对训练后两组大鼠心肌线粒体内钙含量、脂质过氧化反应产物丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、心肌组织匀浆内酸性磷酸酶（Acid Phosphatase,ACP）和β莆萄糖醛酸酶（Beta-glucronidase)、磷脂酶A2（PLA2）等指标做了定位和定量研究。结果表明，第4周末，一般训练组和过度训练组大鼠心肌线粒体内钙含量、MDA和GSH-Px、SOD、PLA2活性和心肌ACP、β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的活性未见异常改变明显降低；第8周末，心肌ACP和β-葡萄糖醛酸酶明显增加。结果提示过度训练后心肌线粒体的结构和功能产生了明显变化，这些变化可能是引起过度训练状态下心肌损伤的主要原因。 相似文献
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避免过度训练的最佳方法是系统的监测和有效的预防。Kellmann＆Kallus研制的运动员运动员应激-恢复问卷（RESTQ76-Sport）是一个简单、有效的监测过度训练的心理学量具。对RESTQ76-Sport量表的跨文化检验结果显示，两种文化背景中，运动员过度训练的主观感受的因素结构不同。 相似文献
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目的:观察"脑舒合剂"对大鼠过度运动后大脑单胺类神经递质的影响.为中药制剂消除运动性中枢疲劳提供实验依据.方法:将雄性SD大鼠40只(体重230±20克),随机分为:空白对照组(C组)、负重游泳组(O组)、负重游泳加低剂量组(低药组n=10,生药10g/kg)和负重游泳加高剂量组(高药组n=10,生药30g/kg).每天C组和0组灌等量蒸馏水,低药组和高药组灌服"脑舒合剂".除C组外,其余三个组递增负荷游泳至第八周.结果:经过8周大负荷游泳后,O组大鼠大脑皮质的去甲肾上腺素(NE)阳性表达水平显著性降低,低药组和高药组无显著性变化;O组大鼠大脑皮质的五羟色胺(5一HT)阳性表达水平显著性升高,低药组和高药组无显著性变化.结论:"脑舒合剂"有助于维持大脑皮质的NE水平,抑制5-HT水平升高,使大脑皮质的兴奋与抑制过程处于相对平衡状态,对过度运动后的大脑功能有良性作用. 相似文献
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目的:建立过度训练大鼠模型,探讨大豆多肽对过度训练大鼠肠道免疫功能的干预作用.方法:将大鼠随机分为对照组(C)、过度训练组(OT)和大豆多肽十预组(OS).榆测各组大鼠小肠组织SIgA、Gln的含量以及小肠CD4+、CD8+T细胞数量.结果:与对照组比较,过度训练组大鼠小肠组织中SIgA和Gln含量显著下降,CD4+T细胞数量、CD4+/CD8+比值显著下降,小肠CD8+T细胞数量显著升高;与OT组相比,CC4+T细胞数量、CD4+/CD8+的比值显著升高,CD8+T细胞的数量显著降低.结论:过度训练导致人鼠肠道免疫功能显著下降,过度训练时大鼠小肠Gln水平下降,可能是过度训练引起肠道免疫功能降低的主要机制.补充大豆多肽可显著改善长期人负荷运动训练大鼠肠道免疫功能,其确切机制还有待进一步深人研究. 相似文献