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1.
Philip A. E. Brey 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(4):305-317
In this essay, a new approach to the ethics of emerging information technology will be presented, called anticipatory technology ethics (ATE). The ethics of emerging technology is the study of ethical issues at the R&D and introduction stage of technology development through anticipation of possible future devices, applications, and social consequences. In the essay, I will first locate emerging technology in the technology development cycle, after which I will consider ethical approaches to emerging technologies, as well as obstacles in developing such approaches. I will argue that any sound approach must centrally include futures studies of technology. I then present ATE and some applications of it to emerging information technologies. In ATE, ethical analysis is performed at three levels, the technology, artifact and application levels, and at each levels distinct types of ethical questions are asked. ATE analyses result in the identification and evaluation of a broad range of ethical issues that can be anticipated in relation to an emerging information technology. This ethical analysis can then be used for ethical recommendations for design or governance. 相似文献
2.
This article presents findings from our ethnographic research on biomedical scientists' studies of human genetic variation and common complex disease. We examine the socio-material work involved in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and discuss whether, how, and when notions of race and ethnicity are or are not used. We analyze how researchers produce simultaneously different kinds of populations and population differences. Although many geneticists use race in their analyses, we find some who have invented a statistical genetics method and associated software that they use specifically to avoid using categories of race in their genetic analysis. Their method allows them to operationalize their concept of 'genetic ancestry' without resorting to notions of race and ethnicity. We focus on the construction and implementation of the software's algorithms, and discuss the consequences and implications of the software technology for debates and policies around the use of race in genetics research. We also demonstrate that the production and use of their method involves a dynamic and fluid assemblage of actors in various disciplines responding to disciplinary and sociopolitical contexts and concerns. This assemblage also includes particular discourses on human history and geography as they become entangled with research on genetic markers and disease.We introduce the concept of'genome geography' to analyze how some researchers studying human genetic variation'locate' stretches of DNA in different places and times. The concept of genetic ancestry and the practice of genome geography rely on old discourses, but they also incorporate new technologies, infrastructures, and political and scientific commitments. Some of these new technologies provide opportunities to change some of our institutional and cultural forms and frames around notions of difference and similarity. Nevertheless, we also highlight the slipperiness of genome geography and the tenacity of race and race concepts. 相似文献
3.
Genetic technologies meet the public: the discourses of concern 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
To clarify concerns that the public has with genetic technologies, the article presents the results of focus group interviews conducted in Denmark in 2000. The concerns of the public are divided into three ideal-typical categories: social (dealing with environmental and health risks), economic (dealing with both the threats and opportunities of the new technologies), and cultural (taking up ethical and moral concerns). Following a general discussion of why it is important to take these discourses of concern seriously, each discursive category is discussed with examples taken from the focus group interviews. 相似文献
4.
Oudshoorn N 《Social studies of science》2012,42(1):121-142
Dominant discourses on telecare technologies often celebrate the erasure of distance and place. This paper provides a critical intervention into these discourses by investigating how spaces still matter, despite the move from physical to virtual encounters between healthcare professionals and patients. I argue that science and technology studies (STS) research on telecare, as well as other technologies, can be enriched by including a focus on place to understand the dynamic interactions between people and things. Adopting insights of human geographers, I show how places in which technologies are used affect how technologies enable or constrain human actions and identities. Whereas some spaces may facilitate the incorporation of technologies, others may resist technologies. A focus on how places matter is important for understanding how telecare technologies reorder and redefine healthcare. Although other healthcare technologies are also important actors in transforming healthcare, telecare technologies do this in a very specific way: they redefine the spatial dimensions of healthcare. To capture and further explore this changing spatial configuration of healthcare, I introduce the notion of technogeography of care. This concept provides a useful heuristic to study how places matter in healthcare. Although telecare technologies introduce virtual encounters between healthcare providers and patients, the use of telecare devices still largely depends on locally grounded, situated care acts. Based on interviews with users of several cardiac telecare applications, including healthcare professionals and patients in Germany and The Netherlands, the paper shows how patients' homes and public spaces are important for shaping the implementation and use of telecare technologies, and vice versa. Last, but not least, telecare devices are implicated as well. The paper emphasizes the place-dependency of the use and meaning of technical devices by showing how the same technological device can do and mean different things in different places. 相似文献
5.
Martin Higgins 《The Information Society》2000,16(1):49-63
The mid 1990s was a period when the development of the household market for new information and communication technologies (ICTs) was of paramount importance for producers and suppliers. The Household Information Systems project was devised to investigate whether or not discourses of convergence accompanying the development of new ICT services and products had any resonance in the lives of "ordinary" consumers. This article presents an overview of the research and a more general series of observations about research into the domestic consumption of new media technology. The article advocates an approach to studying new media technology that analyzes the "full life cycle" of technology. In practice, this means utilizing theories from a range of disciplines focusing on a number of different points in the "cultural circuit" within which all technology is located. 相似文献
6.
Jon Guice 《The Information Society》1998,14(3):201-211
This article reviews accounts of the origins and growth of the global Internet with an interest in their implications for the future. Many accounts take overly restricted views of technical development. For instance, the Internet is often seen simply as the outgrowth of U.S. Defense Department work and popular enthusiasm. Recent interdisciplinary studies of technology present a more complex picture of how innovations are developed. They highlight technical alternatives, contributions of diverse groups, variety in meanings of technologies, and the overall surprising character of technology development. They suggest that the Internet has multiple origins and numerous particular reasons for its spread. Current discussions of the entry of Internet technologies into consumers' homes and the convergence among computing, media, and telecommunications enterprises represent examples of more complex accounts of technology development. Such accounts will likely provide more powerful bases for policy, management, and design. 相似文献
7.
Shannon Vallor 《Ethics and Information Technology》2010,12(2):157-170
This paper argues in favor of more widespread and systematic applications of a virtue-based normative framework to questions
about the ethical impact of information technologies, and social networking technologies in particular. The first stage of
the argument identifies several distinctive features of virtue ethics that make it uniquely suited to the domain of IT ethics,
while remaining complementary to other normative approaches. I also note its potential to reconcile a number of significant
methodological conflicts and debates in the existing literature, including tensions between phenomenological and constructivist
perspectives. Finally, I claim that a virtue-based perspective is needed to correct for a strong utilitarian bias in the research
methodologies of existing empirical studies on the social and ethical impact of IT. The second part of the paper offers an
abbreviated demonstration of the merits of virtue ethics by showing how it might usefully illuminate the moral dimension of
emerging social networking technologies. I focus here on the potential impact of such technologies on three virtues typically
honed in communicative practices: patience, honesty and empathy. 相似文献
8.
新兴技术实践伦理的困境与应对 《科学学研究》2023,41(1):11-17
为应对来自技术的伦理问题,国内外学者提出了多种实践伦理方法。新兴技术作为尚未投产及仍处研发阶段的一系列尖端技术的总和,其自身具有不确定性和巨大影响力这两大特点。因此由新兴技术所带来的伦理问题相较一般技术而言也有其独特特征,并由此在实践伦理过程中产生了相应的困境,其特点主要为后果更难以预测、范围和程度更大、更为复杂多元,并且较难得到公众理解。为应对新兴技术实践伦理的困境应将研究对象从新兴技术转向新兴技术实践过程,把问题还原到实践本身,通过对实践场域及实践主体行动逻辑的认识弥补实证性经验材料的不足。新兴技术实践伦理从研发、投产、使用、治理四个实践场域分别入手,在每个实践场域中靶向性地匹配伦理原则、理论方法。对研发设计进行调解,优化投产及使用过程,并在技术治理中寻求解决路径。 相似文献
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Invoking politics and ethics in the design of information technology: undesigning the design 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It is a truism that the design and deployment of information and communication technologies is vital to everyday life, the conduct of work and to social order. But how are individual, organisational and societal choices made? What might it mean to invoke a politics and an ethics of information technology design and use? This editorial paper situates these questions within the trajectory of preoccupations and approaches to the design and deployment of information technology since computerisation began in the 1940s. Focusing upon the dominant concerns over the last three decades, the paper delineates an interest in design and use in relation to socio-technical theories, situated practices and actor-network theory. It is argued that each of these approaches is concerned with a particular form of politics that does not explicitly engage with ethics. In order to introduce ethics into contemporary debates about information technology, and to frame the papers in the special issue, it is argued that Levinas’ ethics is particularly valuable in problematising the relationship between politics and ethics. Levinas provides a critique of modernity’s emphasis on politics and the egocentric self. It is from a Levinasian concern with the Other and the primacy of the ethical that a general rethinking of the relationship between politics, ethics and justice in relation to information and communication technologies can be invoked. 相似文献
11.
This paper offers an ethical framework for the development of robots as home companions that are intended to address the isolation and reduced physical functioning of frail older people with capacity, especially those living alone in a noninstitutional setting. Our ethical framework gives autonomy priority in a list of purposes served by assistive technology in general, and carebots in particular. It first introduces the notion of “presence” and draws a distinction between humanoid multi-function robots and non-humanoid robots to suggest that the former provide a more sophisticated presence than the latter. It then looks at the difference between lower-tech assistive technological support for older people and its benefits, and contrasts these with what robots can offer. This provides some context for the ethical assessment of robotic assistive technology. We then consider what might need to be added to presence to produce care from a companion robot that deals with older people’s reduced functioning and isolation. Finally, we outline and explain our ethical framework. We discuss how it combines sometimes conflicting values that the design of a carebot might incorporate, if informed by an analysis of the different roles that can be served by a companion robot. 相似文献
12.
新兴科技的前沿创新性、动态变化性、多元互动性使其伦理治理存在难度，传统的治理方式难以快速应对。浙江省作为共同富裕示范区，重点发展“互联网+”、生命健康和新材料三大科创高地，亟需识别新兴科研领域的伦理风险并加强伦理建制。为此，基于我国重点科技创新领域伦理治理存在相关法律法规文本体量不足、专业审查机制及配套保障不完善、科技伦理教育薄弱、总体伦理素养有待提高、科研伦理创新治理路径有待拓展等现状，系统分析信息科学、生命健康和新材料三大科学领域代表技术的潜在伦理风险和伦理治理现状，提出浙江省反思性高阶伦理“元治理”路径，包括：促进多元主体协同参与伦理治理、完善特色科技伦理制度文本、加强伦理审查制度建设、健全伦理教育科普制度以及数字化赋能高效管理等，以期促进科技理性驱动共同富裕示范区经济社会发展。 相似文献
13.
《International Journal of Information Management》2016,36(4):543-556
This paper reports on a research project that investigated how library and information (LIS) professionals experience ethical dilemmas, with particular reference to the impact of new technologies, sources used to assist ethical decision-making, and the contribution case studies can make to ethical understanding and decision-making. Data was collected through interviews in Britain, Ireland and Australia with LIS professionals, educators, and representatives of professional bodies. The findings identify the main types of dilemma raised and discuss cases indicative of each type. They suggest that new technologies do not appear to change ethical principles but, when experienced in the workplace, substantially change the factors the professional has to evaluate. They also suggest that relevant codes of ethics are satisfactory on traditional library issues of access and confidentiality, but do not address the ethical challenges of current and potential digital environments. Professional associations appear more familiar with codes of ethics than practitioners although practitioners show high levels of ethical awareness, suggesting associations need to communicate more with their members and provide tools that are more useful in the workplace. Case studies are seen as a good way to educate and engage practitioners because of the complexity, conflicts and dynamism they can present. 相似文献
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15.
In this paper I question the claims made for a ‘coming era of nanotechnology’ and the ethical challenges, it is argued, that
are entailed by this particular technological revolution. I argue that such futurist claims are sustained by an untenable
modernist narrative which separates the technical and the social. This is exemplified by the work of K. Eric Drexler and his
claim that whilst the course of scientific knowledge may remain unpredictable we nevertheless can predict with accuracy the
trajectory of technology and particularly the emergence of nanotechnology. The problem then, on the basis of knowledge about
the future state of technology, is to make choices now which will forestall unintended and undesirable consequences. Firstly,
the paper argues for a radical scepticism towards all forms of forecasting or prediction but especially technological forecasting
of the type exemplified in the debate around nanotechnology. Secondly, given this radical scepticism the paper criticises
the idea that a prospective ethics can be created on the basis of an assessment of consequences of nanotechnology. 相似文献
16.
Stuart Shapiro 《The Information Society》1998,14(4):275-284
While recent developments in information and communication technologies have produced heightened concern over privacy issues, technology and privacy have a long history of interaction. The home has served as a key locus for this interaction. By distinguishing inside from outside, the home supports the allocation of particular behaviors and information to different areas, both physical and virtual. This article explores how different technologies, including structural elements, have affected and reflected over time the boundary represented by the home and how that boundary has helped shape the construction of privacy in the West. This illustrates how privacy might be conceptualized as a social condition arising from the interaction of various boundaries, including the principal one separating the public and the private. 相似文献
17.
人工智能伦理风险感知信任与公众参与 《科学学研究》2022,40(7):1153-1162
随着人工智能的井喷式发展,其涉及的伦理风险,也从科幻作品中走进现实,成为众多主体热议的话题。本文以技术接受模型及风险感知理论为基础,以信任为中介,构建了公众对于人工智能伦理风险的感知与其参与风险治理意愿的研究框架,并通过实证检验了相关假设。结果显示:人工智能伦理风险感知对公众参与意向具有显著的负向影响,其中公众对科研机构和政府的信任在人工智能伦理风险感知与公众参与之间起部分中介作用。该结论为构建“政府主导、专家引领、公众参与、社会监督”的治理新格局提供了科学依据,对于新兴技术实现科技向善具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
18.
This paper analyzes the opportunities offered by information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the related ethical
issues, within the transparency practices of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Based upon a one-year study of a European
NGO, the Italian Association of Blind People, it presents compelling empirical evidence concerning the main ethical, social
and economic challenges that NGOs face in the development of more transparent relationships with the public and the related
role of ICTs, in particular, the organization’s website. This study shows that, although the attempt to be completely transparent
has great ethical value, ICT-enabled information disclosure is limited by privacy and security concerns and by pressure from
financial supporters and benefactors and potential NGO competitors who vie for grants and donations. The paper provides some
implications and suggestions for managers of NGOs and policy makers. 相似文献
19.
Technological revolutions are dissected into three stages: the introduction stage, the permeation stage, and the power stage.
The information revolution is a primary example of this tripartite model. A hypothesis about ethics is proposed, namely, ethical
problems increase as technological revolutions progress toward and into the power stage. Genetic technology, nanotechnology,
and neurotechnology are good candidates for impending technological revolutions. Two reasons favoring their candidacy as revolutionary
are their high degree of malleability and their convergence. Assuming the emerging technologies develop into mutually enabling
revolutionary technologies, we will need better ethical responses to cope with them. Some suggestions are offered about how
our approach to ethics might be improved. 相似文献
