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优秀运动员运动训练科学监控与竞技状态调整 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
目的:对优秀运动员的训练过程实施长期、系统的科学监测,以便在重大比赛前科学地调控运动员的竞技状态是体育科学领域亟待解决的问题。运用运动生理、运动生物化学、运动生物力学和运动心理学等研究方法,研究优秀运动员运动训练科学监控与竞技状态特点和规律。研究认为,1)运动训练的科学监测包括身体机能诊断与监测、运动技战术诊断与监测、心理状态诊断与监测等多方面。优秀运动员身体机能诊断主要采用生理机能指标、血液指标、激素类指标、免疫学指标,结合训练过程分析训练前、后的身体机能变化特征,准确地评定运动负荷和训练方法的科学性、有效性。优秀运动员运动技术诊断主要采用影像测量与分析、力学理论分析、力的测量与分析等方法,对运动员的专项运动技术进行定性和定量诊断。在此基础上进行个体技术优化,解决运动员的技术训练问题,不断提高运动训练科学化水平。在优秀运动员心理状态评价上,根据运动专项的不同,心理状态诊断和评价指标主要包括:心理与神经疲劳状态、注意力水平、专项认知水平、心理技能水平、比赛心理兴奋点的状况、团队凝聚力等;2)运动员的竞技状态主要是指:根据训练目标和相应的训练计划,运动员经过科学、系统的训练,其竞技能力在比赛期间所出现的相对最高和相对稳定的状态。目前竞技状态的调整研究主要集中在训练经验和实验测试两个方面。研究重点介绍建立个体最佳竞技状态模型、赛前运动负荷调整、合理膳食调配与营养补充、竞技心理状态调控等方法;3)中国运动训练科学监控与竞技状态调整研究特点表现在3个方面:注重优秀运动员个性特征研究,形成科研团队进行综合性研究和研究成果直接应用于运动实践。 相似文献
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运动员运动能力的提高,不仅取决于科学的训练、优秀的身体与心理素质,而且取决于合理的营养。营养水平的高低,对运动员适宜的体重和体脂储备、运动能力的最佳发挥及延缓运动疲劳等都有一定的影响。因此,合理的营养是保证运动员良好状态和运动能力的基础。合理营养与科学训练相结合,将有利于运动员竞技能力的提高。 相似文献
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为提高我国冬季两项项目的运动成绩、缩短与世界先进水平的差距,对冬季两项运动员四周的高原训练进行生理生化机能生理监控研究,为高原科学训练提供理论依据.结果显示:科学合理的高原训练安排可以有效提高冬季两项运动员的身体机能水平以及运动成绩,这些能力的提高在血液生理生化指标上会有明显的体现,高原训练对冬季两项运动员心血管功能的影响较大,极易出现训练过度,心脏劳损等不良现象,对其进行跟踪检测是具有举足轻重的意义;血液载氧能力的血红蛋白出现波动,但总趋势是增加的;对运动员血液肌酸激酶(CK)和血尿素(BUN)出现先增加后减退的现象,说明这样的训练安排是负荷运动训练的科学规律的;在高原训练一段时间后,运动员机体的血清睾酮水平会有显著性提高. 相似文献
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艺术体操运动员的智力训练 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
当前科学技术飞速发展,运动训练也越来越朝着科学化和可控制化方向发展,这就要求教练员和运动员更多地吸收和应用其它科学领域的先进知识和技术以促进本身运动训练水平的提高。运动训练是教练员和运动员双边的活动过程,运动员智力水平的高低在很大程度上影响着其竞技能力的提高,运动员不仅要具有很高的身体能力,同时还必须具备高度发展的智力水平,才能飞快地缩短训练过程,提高训练的效率。 艺术体操是融音乐、舞蹈、体操、竞技于一身的一个艺术性很强的运动项目。 相似文献
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运动员骨密度变化特点 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
对运动员骨密度(BMD)的研究是运动医学领域的新课题,在运动训练中的重要性正日益被体育界所认识。本文就不同运动项目、不同训练水平的运动员(BM D)变化特点,以及运动训练对身体不同部位的影响等方面的研究进展做一概述,为科学训练提供新的评定指标 相似文献
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一、科学选材意义1.充分地利用运动员的先天性竞技能力优秀运动员的竞技能力,一部分是通过训练得到明显改变,即可训练;而另一部分则主要是由遗传特征所决定,也就是所谓的先天性。随着科学训练的不断发展,运动成绩越来越高,也越来越接近人体潜在的训练极限,要想使竞技能力达到世界运动水平,除了对运动员进行科学训练外,就必须寻找和发现运动员的先天性竞技能力,从而通过系 相似文献
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高中田径运动是竞技体育项目,通过对田径运动员的科学训练可以提升运动员的运动潜能和竞技水平,采取科学的训练方法和优化途径可以达到良好的训练效果。教练员需要研究田径运动科学训练实施方法与优化途径。 相似文献
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运用文献资料、逻辑分析和比较研究等方法,分析了近年来对优秀中跑运动员体能的研究状况,研究了影响中跑运动员运动成绩的体能指标,包括身体形态指标、身体机能指标、运动素质指标的研究状况,以期为中跑教练员科学选材和针对运动员体能训练提供参考。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(8):1045-1052
AbstractInternal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session-RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends on session volume, intensity, frequency and density. Drafting, which is achieved by running closely behind another runner has been demonstrated to reduce the energy cost of running at a fixed speed and to improve performance. Therefore, it is hypothesised that psychophysiological responses might reflect different levels of internal load if training is performed individually or collectively. 16 elite middle-distance runners performed two high-intensity training sessions consisting of 4 repetitions of 500?m separated by 3?min of passive recovery. Sessions were performed individually and collectively. Times for each repetition, RPE, core affect (valence and felt arousal) and blood lactate concentrations [BLa] were measured after each repetition. Main time effect was significant and increased across repetitions for [BLa] and RPE (p?<?0.001), and decreased for valence (p?=?0.001). Main group effect was significant and values were higher when training individually for [BLa] (p?=?0.003) and RPE (p?=?0.001), and lower for valence (p?=?0.001). No differential responses were found between conditions in terms of repeat time or felt arousal. Findings demonstrate that elite middle-distance athletes running collectively display lower levels of internal training load compared to running alone, despite external training load being similar. 相似文献
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对浙江省11、12届省运会田径中长跑项目比赛成绩及奖牌分布情况进行比较.分析了浙江省引进队员政策给基层业余训练带来的影响.认为我省中长跑后备人才现状是好的,浙江省田径队有必要成立中长跑组,使业余体校训练所培养出来的体育后备人才能更好地成长、发展,同时进一步完善省运会的比赛规程,特别是引进运动员制度是我省中长跑项目健康发展的重要保证. 相似文献
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400m跑是一项以速度为主的体能类短跑项目。在400m跑的训练中应注意以下问题:高度重视无氧能力、速度能力(绝对速度)和速度耐力水平的提高,合理安排速度训练与速度耐力训练的比例;高度重视以短促长和以长补短的训练方法;高度重视400m跑运动员的力量素质训练,特别是腰、腹肌力量训练;高度重视400m运动员的专项身体素质,不断增加负荷量及强度;高度重视恢复训练,建立多课次的训练结构。 相似文献
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通过实验、数理统计、比较分析等方法,对间歇训练法运用于中长跑训练中的个体运动员所承受练习的重复次数与组数进行实验研究.研究表明:相同分段距离和不同分段距离具有个体所承受练习的重复次数与组数指标;个体所承受练习的重复次数与组数指标存在着差异性,个体所承受练习的重复次数与组数指标的获得,为运用间歇训练法,并产生最佳训练效果提供科学依据. 相似文献
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Garcin M Fleury A Ansart N Mille-Hamard L Billat V 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2006,77(3):351-361
The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the content of 8 weeks of training in young endurance-trained male and female runners and study the potential impact of this training content on performance. Fourteen men and 11 women performed two criterion exercises until exhaustion on an outdoor track before and after the 8-week training period. The first test was a graded exercise to determine maximal aerobic velocity (Mav), the velocity at the lactate concentration threshold (v-Tlac), and the velocity at delta 50 (v delta50: the velocity halfway between Mav and v-Tlac). The second test was a constant run at v delta50 to determine the time to exhaustion at this velocity (tlimv delta50). Training logs were used to monitor the self-directed training sessions. The results showed that the women had a lower training volume but trained at higher exercise velocities than the men. However they presented similar values as the men for expected temporary performance capacity and did not improve their performance (Mav and tlimv delta50) over the 8-week period. After the training period, only v-Tlac (absolute and relative values) was slightly but significantly increased by training. These results could be due to the fact that both men and women did not train more than 10% of the total distance run at exercise velocities equal to or higher than their Mav and did not increase their training load during the 8-week training period. We suggest that changes in training content during the season, such as severe (long-duration or high-intensity) training sessions, may have improved their performance capacity. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present study was to assess fitness and running performance in a group of recreational runners (men, n = 18; women, n = 13). 'Fitness' was determined on the basis of their physiological and metabolic responses during maximal and submaximal exercise. There were strong correlations between VO2 max and treadmill running speeds equivalent to blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol l-1 (V-2 mM) or 4 mmol l-1 (V-4 mM), 'relative running economy' and 5 km times (r = -0.84), but modest and non-significant correlations between muscle fibre composition and running performance. The results of the submaximal exercise tests suggested that the female runners were as well trained as the male runners. However, the men still recorded faster 5 km times (19.20 +/- 1.97 min vs 20.97 +/- 1.70 min; P less than 0.05). Therefore the of the present study suggest that the faster performance times recorded by the men were best explained by their higher VO2 max values, rather than their training status per se. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present study was to assess fitness and running performance in a group of recreational runners (men, n = 18; women, n = 13). ‘Fitness’ was determined on the basis of their physiological and metabolic responses during maximal and submaximal exercise. There were strong correlations between VO2 max and treadmill running speeds equivalent to blood lactate concentrations of 2 mmol 1‐1’ (V‐2 mM) or 4 mmol 1‐1 (V‐4 mM), ‘relative running economy’ and 5 km times (r = 0.84), but modest and non‐significant correlations between muscle fibre composition and running performance. The results of the submaximal exercise tests suggested that the female runners were as well trained as the male runners. However, the men still recorded faster 5 km times (19.20 ± 1.97 min vs 20.97 ± 1.70 min; P <0.05). Therefore the results of the present study suggest that the faster performance times recorded by the men were best explained by their higher VO2 max values, rather than their training status per se. 相似文献
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对百米运动员身体训练过程实施控制,能为判定训练计划提供客观依据,有利于及时调控训练过程。本文以122名13～17岁青少年男子百米运动员为研究对象,提出了男甲组(15～17岁)和男乙组(13～14岁)的身体素质训练水平评定模式。 相似文献