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Science, technology and innovation have grown in importance over the last 50 years as we have moved towards a more knowledge-intensive society (the ‘knowledge society’). A number of new research fields have emerged in an effort to understand these developments and to offer advice to decision-makers in government, industry and elsewhere. This special issue focuses on studies of three relatively distinct though thematically related research fields (innovation studies, entrepreneurship studies, and science and technology studies). The first three articles use a particular methodology based on analysis of the references cited in the chapters to authoritative ‘handbooks’ to identify the core contributions in the three fields. A fourth article examines the relationship between the core literatures in three fields and how this has evolved over time. Other articles look at the evolution of innovation studies as reflected in highly cited papers, at the development of entrepreneurship as seen by a key ‘insider’, and at the creation of new centres in these fields and the difficulties they face. The last article in this special issue shows how interdisciplinary centres in innovation studies suffer from research assessment systems that are intrinsically biased against interdisciplinary research. This introduction presents a synthesis of the articles in this special issue, discusses similarities and differences between the three fields and their development over time, and considers challenges for policy and governance arising from the research presented here. 相似文献
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Phil Cooke 《Research Policy》2005,34(8):1128-1149
This paper proposes to review and assess social scientific debate about the origins and nature of innovation in modern society. It focuses on three sub-sets of conceptualisation, critique and commentary that refer specifically to sub-national or regional innovation systems. Research in the latter field has grown enormously in recent years. Moreover, new perspectives from other disciplines than regional science have been promoted. One distinctive view of relevance in that it is focused on the role in innovation of specific ‘entrepreneurial universities’ in relation to industry and government is, of course, the ‘Triple Helix’ approach. This is reviewed and sympathetically critiqued. A second view, less sympathetically critiqued here, is one that itself attacks all so-called ‘new regionalism’ for stressing the importance of institutions, industry embeddedness and the micro-science of regional economic development. Dazzled by ‘Globalisation 1’ and the totalising power of ‘scale’ geographies, this rejection of the worth of spatial analysis at less than the global or national ‘scalar envelope’ is assessed for its potential insights into weaknesses of the regional innovation systems approach but found wanting in both technical accuracy and scholarly competence. Finally, the state of the art in regional innovation systems research is sketched by reference both to recent longitudinal findings and elaborations into specific technological fields, particularly but not only Bioregional Innovation Systems that help move us towards a newer theory of economic geography in the knowledge economy, based on ‘regional knowledge capabilities.’ The analysis conclusively proposes ‘Globalisation 2’, a ‘ground-up’ knowledge-driven evolution of the earlier ‘top-down’ multilateral trade institution and corporately driven ‘Globalisation 1.’ 相似文献
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Sandro Mendonça 《Research Policy》2009,38(3):470-482
‘Lower-tech’ sectors are still commonly regarded as unusual suspects in the modern process of innovation and economic change. In this paper we try to understand better how organisations specialising in traditional businesses have been transformed by a period of paradigm-shift such as the one that characterised the final decades of the twentieth century. We focus on a population of nearly 500 of the world's largest innovative companies to assess the extent to which companies belonging to ‘old-economy’ sectors have been developing cutting-edge knowledge about clusters of new technologies such as ICT, new materials and biotechnology. We find that ‘non-high-tech’ corporations transformed their patent portfolios in a non-trivial way. Companies in mature trades contributed significantly to the development of technologies that are at the core of the so-called Third Industrial Revolution. 相似文献
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从跨文化视角出发,采用横断历史元分析方法,考察近年来领导行为与员工创新领域相关研究结论的总体情况,并分析二者的相关程度在金融危机前后的变化趋势。结果显示:变革型与交易型领导对员工创新都具有显著的正向影响;领导行为与员工创新关系呈现情景差异,东方文化情境下变革型领导对员工创新影响更显著,而在西方情境下交易型领导的效果更强;东方文化情境下,在遭受金融危机或企业面临不确定性较强的情况下,交易型领导对员工创新的影响效果略微上升而变革型领导的作用明显下降。尽管这一结论与西方背景下的研究结果有所不同,但为中国情境下领导行为的选择提供了跨文化的实证依据。 相似文献
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The dynamics of national innovation systems (NISs) are a source of considerable academic and policy interest, especially when to address new competitive challenges they involve changing institutions and relationships within successful systems. This paper examines the case of Taiwan which is embarking on a new phase in its approach to building its national innovative capacity through creating the infrastructure for a biotechnology industry. By examining the process and mechanisms by which new biotechnology innovation networks are being created, and contrasting their development with existing networks, we analyse the dynamics of Taiwan's NIS. The paper reviews the prospects for this new phase in Taiwan's transition from ‘imitation’ to ‘innovation’. The paper aims to add to the understanding of how innovation systems evolve. It is concerned with the contributors, processes and challenges of NIS evolution and the form and meaning of its dynamic changes. 相似文献
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基于国家创新体系下的创新政策框架,对1997—2008年中国中小企业创新政策的研究表明:中国国家创新体系中并没有给予中小企业创新活动合适的位置,这在组织结构、立法、金融资源、商业创新支持体系和人力资源政策方面都有所体现。中国创新政策的研究和制定更受到注重创新和知识创造的国家创新体系狭义概念的影响,以及中国"追赶使命导向"的技术政策目标导向,共同解释了国家的创新政策供给更偏向支持大型企业,倾向让中小企业面对市场规则,即中小企业创新活动游离在国家创新体系之外的这种局面。国家创新体系本身概念的发展和中国技术政策目标的不断调整将使这种局面得以改善。 相似文献
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虽然知识对创新合法性的作用受到关注,但相关研究却忽视了知识搜索策略对创新合法性的影响,且尚未揭示这种影响的决策情境。文章整合知识搜索、创新合法性与决策理性理论,分析了适应式搜索与变革式搜索对创新合法性的影响,以及因果推理和效果推理的调节效应,并利用212家制造企业的数据进行实证。结果表明：适应式搜索和变革式搜索对创新合法性分别有倒U形、U形作用;因果推理增强适应式搜索与创新合法性的关系,而削弱变革式搜索对创新合法性的作用,效果推理的调节作用与之相反;因果/效果双元决策理性正向调节适应式搜索和变革式搜索与创新合法性的关系。 相似文献
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知识经济时代,知识要素在国家创新系统建设及创新生态系统优化过程中的核心地位日益得到实践验证。从创新网络的知识共享博弈过程入手,从关系联结强度、关系质量、关系稳定性等多个维度重点探析关系嵌入对知识共享的协调作用,并提出创新网络知识共享的法律协调、管理协调和社会协调机制,以提高企业间知识资源的转移与创新开发效率,为国家创新系统建设及创新生态系统的优化提供思路与建议。 相似文献
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The paper attempts to develop a mathematical model of the national innovation system (NIS) of Taiwan, particularly with regard to its integrated circuit (IC) industry. The method utilised is that of system dynamics (SD). Drawing on both questionnaire/in-depth interviews and computer simulation, the paper aims to increase insights into the dynamic processes of the Taiwanese IC industry system of innovation and understand the interdependence and interaction among capital flows, human resource flows, knowledge and technology flows, and product flows in the NIS. The paper concludes with some simulations of policy alternatives confronting the IC industry and the Taiwanese government. 相似文献
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市场导向与技术导向是战略导向的核心内容,对科技企业持续成长具有重要价值。本文将组织均衡理论引入战略导向研究,探索"市场—技术"导向均衡对企业产品创新和经营绩效的影响机制。对228家科技企业数据的实证研究表明,两类战略导向匹配均衡对渐进型产品创新有积极作用,而两类战略导向联合均衡则对突破型产品创新影响显著;渐进型和突破型产品创新分别在匹配均衡和联合均衡与经营绩效关系中发挥部分中介作用;在不同环境动荡性条件下,产品创新与经营绩效关系存在差异性。研究结论对优化科技企业战略导向,推动产品创新并提升经营绩效具有理论价值和实践启示。 相似文献
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突破性创新已成为企业盈利和增长的关键性力量。针对既有文献对突破性创新驱动因素的研究不足,考察了高绩效工作实践系统和知识扩散对跨国公司在华突破性产品创新的影响关系。基于165家在华跨国公司高层管理人员填写的调查问卷,采用因子分析和结构方程模型对研究假设进行检验。实证结果揭示了高绩效工作系统的三种实践:工作轮换、员工培训和跨部门沟通对突破性产品创新的前置效应以及知识扩散对突破性产品创新与企业绩效的传导机制,同时,本文还发现突破性创新导向的技术战略可以显著提高在华跨国公司的运营绩效。最后,论述了本文的理论贡献、实践价值、不足和进一步研究的方向。 相似文献
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本文基于整体网络密度模型和层级回归分析相结合的方法对集团内部知识网络密度、地理分散性和产品创新能力的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明：（1）商业集团内部技术知识网络密度和市场知识网络密度均与集团渐进性产品创新能力呈正向关系,地理分散性对两者与渐进性产品创新能力的关系均具有正向调节作用。意味着技术知识网络密度和市场知识网络密度较高的商业集团会具有相对更高的渐进性产品创新能力。特别是当集团成员企业地理分散性较大时,两者对集团渐进性产品创新能力的促进作用会更明显。（2）商业集团内部技术知识网络密度和市场知识网络密度均与集团突破性产品创新能力呈倒U型关系,但地理分散性只对后者与突破性产品创新能力的倒U型关系具有正向调节作用,而对前者与突破性产品创新能力的调节作用不显著。意味着技术知识网络密度和市场知识网络密度过高的商业集团反而会导致其突破性产品创新能力出现下降。特别是当集团成员企业地理分散性较大时,集团内部市场知识网络密度与突破性产品创新能力的倒U型关系会更加明显。 相似文献
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进一步充实、完善国家创新体系的总体要求,亟需加强创新系统相关理论研究.采用理论研究和对比研究的方法,分析创新系统理论的演进特征以及不同时期我国国家创新体系建设实践的阶段特征,探讨总结"主体-结构""活动-功能""系统-生态"三方面视角下国家创新体系建设的研究重点和政策着力点,并基于我国已进入高质量发展阶段和未来进入创新型国家前列、建成科技强国的部署要求,提出新时期我国国家创新体系进一步充实完善的四方面政策措施:政策导向从完善创新体系向形成创新生态转变;形成动态、繁荣的创新功能主体簇;促进创新要素和价值高效流动;形成支撑保护创新生态的制度和文化环境. 相似文献
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基于科学的创新是指强烈依赖于科学进展、由前沿科学知识推动的产业技术创新,包含了新想法的产生、研究、开发、试制、生产制造和首次商业化的全过程。时至今日,基于科学的创新受到了西方学者的重点关注,他们围绕西方情境进行了大量的理论探讨与实证检验。但由于研究比较分散,研究视角、层次、问题的差异,特别是缺乏系统的文献梳理,导致这一创新范式在国内还没有得到足够的关注和讨论。因此,本文采用系统性文献综述法,对国内外相关文献进行检索,共识别出英文文献258篇、中文文献52篇。基于这些文献,本文全面梳理了国内外基于科学的创新的研究脉络,包括相关概念、特征、过程与模式以及创新范式的演进。同时,本文从创新维和企业维梳理了基于科学的创新知识框架。最后,本文提出了未来潜在的研究方向,以期为后续研究提供参考。 相似文献
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As leading East Asian latecomer firms begin to compete on the basis of new product development and in-house research and development (R&D), they appear to confront a difficult strategic dilemma. Should they compete as R&D and brand leaders on the international stage or should they continue with their tried and tested formula of low cost catch up competitiveness? Most studies of East Asian firms focus on catch up innovation processes. By contrast, this paper focuses on the challenges facing latecomer firms in the transition phase from catch up to leadership status, in order to assess the ‘strategic dilemma’ argument and examine the nature of transition innovation. Based on in-depth interviews with leading Korean firms, the paper contends that the strategic dilemma argument is a misleading oversimplification of the main innovation challenges facing most Korean firms as they become more technologically advanced. Most of the major exporters (or chaebol) offer a portfolio of products, some of which are technologically advanced and others less advanced. Corporate innovation strategies tend to be executed in relation to the needs of specific products (or closely related product families) rather than ‘the firm’ in its entirety. In addition, many firms in many product areas have yet to reach the innovation frontier stage and even the leading chaebol continue to produce large volumes of products under sub-contracting and licensing agreements. Firm strategies tend to embody a mix of leadership, ‘followership’ and latecomer positions according to the product portfolio of the company in question. The study identifies various strategic options and difficulties facing Korean firms during the transition process and points to promising future research on latecomer transition. 相似文献
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The relationships among R&D and other innovation activities, patents granted and sales of product innovations influenced by various specified characteristics of a NIS are investigated at the national level and tested on data for 14 EU nations in 1992 and 1996. The statistical results show patents to depend on sales of product innovations. Furthermore, both national innovation outcome indicators depend on largely the same macro- and micro-economic conditions while they differ in additional explanatory conditions, namely governmentally regulated institutional conditions for patents and firm specific characteristics for sales of product innovations. 相似文献
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领导教练行为被视为决定员工创新行为的重要前因变量，但尚未出现关于这种关系及作用机理的系统研究。采用282份领导-下属配对调查数据，基于社会认知理论构建并检验了一个被调节的中介效应模型。研究结果显示：（1）领导教练行为与员工创新行为显著正相关；（2）批判性反思在两者关系中起部分中介作用；（3）感知到的领导对创新支持在批判性反思与员工创新行为之间起调节作用；进一步，（4）批判性反思的中介作用受到了感知到的领导对创新支持的调节，感知到的领导对创新支持程度越高，领导教练行为通过批判性反思对员工创新行为的间接作用越强。研究结论丰富了教练行为与创新行为关系理论，同时有助于企业深入理解领导教练行为的重要性及其如何通过批判性反思对创新行为发挥效力。 相似文献
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关于集中RD还是分散RD更能促进企业创新绩效,现有研究存在观点分歧。本文基于国内上市的高新技术企业,从知识基础观和组织经济学的不同视角,对RD组织方式与企业创新绩效的关系进行理论分析和实证研究。在此基础上考察资源状况对上述关系是否产生影响,通过引入分别体现资源丰裕程度和资源多样性程度的变量:组织冗余和多元化,利用方差分析与回归分析方法探究其对于上述关系的调节作用。结果显示,分散RD更能促进企业创新绩效,这种促进关系在不同行业中无显著差异,并受到未吸收组织冗余和产品多元化的正向调节作用。本研究结论对国内企业选择有效的RD组织方式具有实际指导意义。 相似文献