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1.
力量素质训练的专项化探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
徐囡囡 《沈阳体育学院学报》2008,27(5):112-113,116
发展运动员力量素质的训练,必须遵循针对专项的力量素质特征。力量训练任务、手段和要求也日趋细化、结构化。能量代谢、动作力学、神经——肌肉系统专项化构成了力量训练专项化的内在结构与基本特征,力量训练专项化是练习设计、次数、组数、强度、速度、频率应与专项的能量、动作、神经——肌肉系统的需要保持一致,力量训练手段、负荷、要求只有在满足这些基本特征条件下才能有效保证专项化训练水平。强有力的核心肌群对运动中的身体姿势、运动技能和专项技术动作起着稳定和支持作用。 相似文献
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通过膝关节载荷静力学分析,进一步认识了杠铃力量训练过程中膝关节的力学特点和变化规律。并基于膝关节载荷静力学分析,探讨了杠铃力量训练在力量练习结构、练习方式和练习动作方面的专项化问题。认为杠铃力量训练可以帮助运动员建立专项最需要的力量结构;可以通过不同的练习方式使那些对专项技术最具影响的肌肉或肌群得到训练;力量训练需要紧密结合专项特点,才能获得更好的效果。 相似文献
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通过有关皮艇训练文献资料分析,对皮艇专项力量训练系统化提出一个理论框架,在训练工作上的参考。结果表明：各种力量素质训练的主次关系和训练方法的专项化是确定训练内容的依据。而训练方法的专项化是皮艇专项力量训练的有效前提。 相似文献
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皮划艇专项力量训练内容、方法及调控的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过文献资料分析,对皮划艇专项力量训练系统化提出一个理论框架,供教练员在训练中参考。研究结果表明:能量供应特征、各种力量素质的主次关系和练习方法的专项化是确定训练内容的依据。而练习方法的专项化是皮划艇专项力量训练负荷调控准确和有效的前提。 相似文献
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当前运动生物力学方法和手段已经全方位的应用到速滑运动员专项力量训练和科研领域,从运动学、足底动力学、肌电学及肌肉力学的单方面研究,到各种生物力学研究方法和手段的综合应用,都有所体现。从基础力量测试到专项力量分析,基本技术、辅助训练手段的测试分析到专项力量训练器材的研发成果,都证明了运动生物力学在我国速度滑冰专项力量训练和研究中发挥着重要的作用。不足之处主要体现在高水平的科研成果数量不多,综合分析的深度不够,对专项力量训练理论的指导同训练实践结合的不够紧密,缺乏具体可操作化的建议,理论性过强不利于教练员和运动员理解。 相似文献
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场地自行车男子短距离项目包括争先赛、凯林赛和团体竞速赛。凡是符合专项比赛要求的力量就是专项力量,场地短距离项目的专项力量是运动员在最佳传动比的前提下,达到并保持最大骑行频率的踏蹬力。场地男子短距离项目的专项力量训练应采用小负荷快速发力的训练形式,训练手段应在动作结构、肌肉用力顺序和供能方式等方面与专项运动特征相近。目前,在一般力量训练与专项力量训练的关系、专项力量训练手段等方面还需要进一步深入研究。 相似文献
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高级短跑运动员训练系统中,专项力量训练,占有重要位置,整个教学训练的效果,在很多方面取决于它按排的合理性。高级一百米、二百米跑的运动员,折算全年的专项力量训练,是制定于速度—力量项目的训练结构大纲基础之上,并在两个同期的计划中,反映出专项力量训练的结构特点。大纲包括:运动员专项力量训练指标进展的予测(伸腿和屈脚掌开始的肌肉力量和 相似文献
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论运动训练的特异性处方 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运动训练是一个生理性的刺激,长期训练可产生生理上的适应。特异性原则作为运动训练和评定的基本原则之一,一直受到广泛的关注和研究。综述和评估了有氧耐力训练、集体类的竞技运动项目、力量和爆发力训练等特异性处方。特异性原则实际应用不是绝对的,在分子水平,特异性原则内在分子变化的机制不断被发现和证实,新的理论的发现可能为运动训练的特异性处方制定提供帮助。 相似文献
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短跑运动员力量训练方法学新探 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在深入认识现代竞技比赛特点与短跑专项力量内部结构与训练过程的基础上,通过对短跑力量训练过程的“力量训练分期理论”与“板块学说”方法学探索,分别从宏观与微观两方面为短跑运动员的力量训练提供理论依据及实践指导,为切实提高力量训练转化率创造良好的途径。 相似文献
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冰球运动员专项力量特征与训练方法的研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
世界冰球强国高度重视冰球运动员的专项力量训练,优秀冰球运动员的专项力量素质水平已成为决定运动成绩的关键因素之一。分析冰球运动员专项力量特征的运动训练与生理特征,针对技术结构与身体素质的关系、肌肉工作的能量供应方式,提出冰球运动员的专项力量素质应遵循专项性、周期性和系统性等训练原则,以及冰球运动员陆地和冰上力量训练的方法与手段。 相似文献
14.
Jonathan P Folland Kate Hawker Ben Leach Tom Little David A Jones 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(8):817-824
Strength training with isometric contractions produces large but highly angle-specific adaptations. To contrast the contractile mode of isometric versus dynamic training, but diminish the strong angle specificity effect, we compared the strength gains produced by isometric training at four joint angles with conventional dynamic training. Thirty-three recreationally active healthy males aged 18?–?30 years completed 9 weeks of strength training of the quadriceps muscle group three times per week. An intra-individual design was adopted: one leg performed purely isometric training at each of four joint angles (isometrically trained leg); the other leg performed conventional dynamic training, lifting and lowering (dynamically trained leg). Both legs trained at similar relative loads for the same duration. The quadriceps strength of each leg was measured isometrically (at four angles) and isokinetically (at three velocities) pre and post training. After 9 weeks of training, the increase in isokinetic strength was similar in both legs (pooled data from three velocities: dynamically trained leg, 10.7%; isometrically trained leg, 10.5%). Isometric strength increases were significantly greater for the isometrically trained leg (pooled data from four angles: dynamically trained leg, 13.1%; isometrically trained leg, 18.0%). This may have been due to the greater absolute torque involved with isometric training or a residual angle specificity effect despite the isometric training being divided over four angles. 相似文献
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Strength training with isometric contractions produces large but highly angle-specific adaptations. To contrast the contractile mode of isometric versus dynamic training, but diminish the strong angle specificity effect, we compared the strength gains produced by isometric training at four joint angles with conventional dynamic training. Thirty-three recreationally active healthy males aged 18 - 30 years completed 9 weeks of strength training of the quadriceps muscle group three times per week. An intra-individual design was adopted: one leg performed purely isometric training at each of four joint angles (isometrically trained leg); the other leg performed conventional dynamic training, lifting and lowering (dynamically trained leg). Both legs trained at similar relative loads for the same duration. The quadriceps strength of each leg was measured isometrically (at four angles) and isokinetically (at three velocities) pre and post training. After 9 weeks of training, the increase in isokinetic strength was similar in both legs (pooled data from three velocities: dynamically trained leg, 10.7%; isometrically trained leg, 10.5%). Isometric strength increases were significantly greater for the isometrically trained leg (pooled data from four angles: dynamically trained leg, 13.1%; isometrically trained leg, 18.0%). This may have been due to the greater absolute torque involved with isometric training or a residual angle specificity effect despite the isometric training being divided over four angles. 相似文献
16.
Much of the training of competitive telemark skiers is performed as dry-land exercises. The specificity of these exercises is important for optimizing the training effect. Our aim here was to study the activation of the knee extensor musculature and knee angular displacement during competitive telemark skiing and during dry-land strength training exercises to determine the specificity of the latter. Specificity was analysed with respect to angular amplitude, angular velocity, muscle action and electromyographic (EMG) activity. Five male telemark skiers of national and international standard volunteered to participate in the study, which consisted of two parts: (1) skiing a telemark ski course and (2) specific dry-land strength training exercises for telemark skiing (telemark jumps and barbell squats). The angular displacement of the right knee joint was recorded with an electrogoniometer. A tape pressure sensor was used to measure pressure between the sole of the foot and the bottom of the right ski boot. Electromyographic activity in the right vastus lateralis was recorded with surface electrodes. The EMG activity recorded during maximum countermovement jumps was used to normalize the EMG activity during telemark skiing, telemark jumps and barbell squats. The results showed that knee angular displacement during telemark skiing and dry-land telemark jumps had four distinct phases: a flexion (F1) and extension (E1) phase during the thrust phase of the outside ski/leg in the turn/jump and a flexion (F2) and extension (E2) phase when the leg was on the inside of the turn/jump. The vastus lateralis muscle was activated during F1 and E1 in the thrust phase during telemark skiing and telemark jumps. The overall net knee angular amplitude was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for telemark jumps than for telemark skiing. Barbell squats showed a knee angular amplitude significantly greater than that in telemark skiing (P < 0.05). The mean knee angular velocity of the F1 and E1 phases during telemark skiing was about 0.47 rad x s(-1); during barbell squats, it was about 1.22 rad x s(-1). The angular velocity during telemark jumps was 2.34 and 1.59 rad x s(-1) in the F1 and E1 phase, respectively. The normalized activation level of the EMG bursts during telemark skiing, telemark jumps and barbell squats was 70-80%. In conclusion, the muscle action and level of activation in the vastus lateralis during the F1 and E1 phases were similar during telemark skiing and dry-land exercises. However, the dry-land exercises showed a larger knee extension and flexion amplitude and angular velocity compared with telemark skiing. It appears that an adjustment of knee angular velocity during barbell squats and an adjustment of knee angle amplitude during both telemark jumps and barbell squats will improve specificity during training. 相似文献
17.
Much of the training of competitive telemark skiers is performed as dry-land exercises. The specificity of these exercises is important for optimizing the training effect. Our aim here was to study the activation of the knee extensor musculature and knee angular displacement during competitive telemark skiing and during dry-land strength training exercises to determine the specificity of the latter. Specificity was analysed with respect to angular amplitude, angular velocity, muscle action and electromyographic (EMG) activity. Five male telemark skiers of national and international standard volunteered to participate in the study, which consisted of two parts: (1) skiing a telemark ski course and (2) specific dry-land strength training exercises for telemark skiing (telemark jumps and barbell squats). The angular displacement of the right knee joint was recorded with an electrogoniometer. A tape pressure sensor was used to measure pressure between the sole of the foot and the bottom of the right ski boot. Electromyographic activity in the right vastus lateralis was recorded with surface electrodes. The EMG activity recorded during maximum countermovement jumps was used to normalize the EMG activity during telemark skiing, telemark jumps and barbell squats. The results showed that knee angular displacement during telemark skiing and dry-land telemark jumps had four distinct phases: a flexion (F1) and extension (E1) phase during the thrust phase of the outside ski/leg in the turn/jump and a flexion (F2) and extension (E2) phase when the leg was on the inside of the turn/jump. The vastus lateralis muscle was activated during F1 and E1 in the thrust phase during telemark skiing and telemark jumps. The overall net knee angular amplitude was significantly greater (P<0.05) for telemark jumps than for telemark skiing. Barbell squats showed a knee angular amplitude significantly greater than that in telemark skiing (P<0.05). The mean knee angular velocity of the F1 and E1 phases during telemark skiing was about 0.47 rad?·?s?1; during barbell squats, it was about 1.22 rad?·?s?1. The angular velocity during telemark jumps was 2.34 and 1.59 rad?·?s?1 in the F1 and E1 phase, respectively. The normalized activation level of the EMG bursts during telemark skiing, telemark jumps and barbell squats was 70–80%. In conclusion, the muscle action and level of activation in the vastus lateralis during the F1 and E1 phases were similar during telemark skiing and dry-land exercises. However, the dry-land exercises showed a larger knee extension and flexion amplitude and angular velocity compared with telemark skiing. It appears that an adjustment of knee angular velocity during barbell squats and an adjustment of knee angle amplitude during both telemark jumps and barbell squats will improve specificity during training. 相似文献
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通过对我国短距离速度滑冰项目长期的观察和调研,对目前我国短距离速度滑冰项目专项训练方法的现状进行了总结,认为专项体能训练方面长期存在着绝对速度练习多,对速度耐力训练没有给予更多的关注,速度训练与耐力训练脱节;专项技术训练长时间在低强度下进行,当速度变快或机体疲劳时,就很难保持技术,动作变形较严重等问题。提出在有氧训练中融入技术、力量的内容和要求,使耐力与技术、耐力与力量有机结合;强化力量训练的协调性、系统性和全面性,更加注重运动员力量训练的技术是否正确、神经肌肉是否充分调动、肌肉的发力特点是否更具有协调性和专项性;注重负荷的监控,科学控制训练的进程等改进与发展建议。为构建具有我国特色的专项训练方法和手段提供理论支撑,为提高速滑运动员竞技能力提供科技保障。 相似文献
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Best practice for improving strength and power through resistance strength training has been the subject of much research and subsequent conjecture. Much of the conjecture can be attributed to methodological discrepancies. The type of dynamometry used in testing, the training experience of research participants, the specific technique employed in a lift, and the methods of collection and calculation all impact on the final variables of interest. This review examines contraction force specificity by first addressing the methodological issues surrounding our interpretation of the results. Then we address the kinematics and kinetics associated with single and multiple repetitions in relation to the development of strength, power, and functional performance. This discussion provides the delimitations for analysis of subsequent training studies. Finally, recommendations are formulated with the aim of assisting assessment and training practice as well as providing directions for future research. The results of this review suggest that the enhancements in performance resulting from resistance training are context specific in experienced resistance-trained participants. Thus, specific conditioning could be required to achieve improvements in functional performance in this group. 相似文献
20.
刘翔科学训练的主要特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
张庆文 《天津体育学院学报》2008,23(4):339-341
利用访谈法、观察法和文献资料法,通过对刘翔110m栏的研究发现,其科学训练的特征主要表现为：神经系统与身体素质的协同发展特征;竞技运动水平阶梯性发展特征;速度、力量、技术等多位一体的整体性训练特征;运动训练的专项化特征;运动技术的精细化特征;运动能力的矩形发展特征。 相似文献