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1.
This paper reviews how and why children's acquistion of syntactic structures is influenced by verbal communication with adults. It argues that those interactions involve cooperative problem-solving and can be interpreted within interactionist theory. It surveys several ways in which adults model a child's syntactic structure to convey the child's intended meaning. These are: expansion; extension; modelling without prior child utterance; and modelling after metalinguistic interruption of the conversation.University of BielefeldState Institute for Early Education 相似文献
2.
Hintermair M 《American annals of the deaf》2000,145(1):41-53
For a report on the stress experiences of parents with hearing-impaired children in Germany, 317 parents completed a survey on how their families communicate and socialize, among other issues. The report focuses on how contacts with other parents and with hearing-impaired adults affect stress experiences, in the context of the child's hearing status and the means of communication. Parents who frequently meet with other parents show evidence of a warm, accepting, trusting relationship with their child. Parents who have many contacts with hearing-impaired adults show evidence of a strong sense of competence in regard to their child's upbringing. The findings confirm the implication found in most reports describing empirical studies. Social support is to be regarded as a cornerstone of psychosocial intervention and has to play as great a role as possible in institutional programs. 相似文献
3.
Russ Firlik 《Early Childhood Education Journal》1994,22(1):12-20
Over twenty years ago, Thelma Harms, an authority on developing scales to ascertain the environmental appropriateness of classrooms
for young children, wrote about evaluating early childhood environments from a child's viewpoint. Harms's focus was: To a
child, everything in a setting is a potential stimulus. In other words, the relationship between adults and the child, the
interactions, space, and materials all affect the overall environment. The efficacy of this focus is that it takes into account
the environmental factors that contribute to the child's behavior in those settings.
“Environmental awareness is as significant to a teacher as to any artist. By recognizing that environment is an interplay
between materials, people and time schedules, the teacher can create a more productive setting for learning” (Harms, 1970). 相似文献
4.
This study was designed to clarify findings from the parents' beliefs literature concerning the nature and the effects of parental accuracy. Subjects were 60 second- and fifth-grade children (mean ages = 8–5 and 11–5, respectively), their mothers, and teachers. Each child responded to 4 cognitive tasks, predicted how he or she would perform on each task, made self-assessments of preferences and personality traits, and predicted the response of 2 peers to all of the measures. Both the child's mother and the child's teacher were shown the tasks and made similar predictions of the child's probable response. As in previous studies, mothers were above chance but far from perfect in predicting their children's cognitive performance and preferences and traits. Teachers were as accurate as mothers in judging cognitive abilities; they were less successful, however, on the preference and personality items. The children's predictions, whether for self or peers, were less accurate than those of the adults on all tasks. The accuracy of the mothers' predictions correlated positively with external measures of the child's cognitive performance. This finding is compatible with the Hunt "match hypothesis," although other bases for the correlations also exist. 相似文献
5.
尊重的心理学本质与内涵 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
尊重就是把自己和他人看成是一个独立的、自由的、完整的、具有独特天性、人格和尊严的人。儿童的独立性、社会认知(观点采择)、移情以及儿童与成人、同伴的社会交往经验是尊重态度形成的心理基础。尊重儿童的核心就是尊重儿童的天性。 相似文献
6.
7.
郭洁 《三门峡职业技术学院学报》2002,1(1):34-37
蒙台梭利在她的教育著作中就纪律教育问题作了专门的论述,不仅提出了一个全新的纪律教育观:纪律必须通过自由而获得(突破了传统教育派将纪律和自由二者相互对立的局限),而且还就良好纪律的培养途径以及培养的阶段性等问题从实践角度作了有益的论述。这对于纠正当前幼儿园常规教育在认识或实践方面尚存在的缺陷和不足具有积极作用。 相似文献
8.
The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
R C Summit 《Child abuse & neglect》1983,7(2):177-193
Child victims of sexual abuse face secondary trauma in the crisis of discovery. Their attempts to reconcile their private experiences with the realities of the outer world are assaulted by the disbelief, blame and rejection they experience from adults. The normal coping behavior of the child contradicts the entrenched beliefs and expectations typically held by adults, stigmatizing the child with charges of lying, manipulating or imagining from parents, courts and clinicians. Such abandonment by the very adults most crucial to the child's protection and recovery drives the child deeper into self-blame, self-hate, alienation and revictimization. In contrast, the advocacy of an empathic clinician within a supportive treatment network can provide vital credibility and endorsement for the child. Evaluation of the responses of normal children to sexual assault provides clear evidence that societal definitions of "normal" victim behavior are inappropriate and procrustean, serving adults as mythic insulators against the child's pain. Within this climate of prejudice, the sequential survival options available to the victim further alienate the child from any hope of outside credibility or acceptance. Ironically, the child's inevitable choice of the "wrong" options reinforces and perpetuates the prejudicial myths. The most typical reactions of children are classified in this paper as the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. The syndrome is composed of five categories, of which two define basic childhood vulnerability and three are sequentially contingent on sexual assault: (1) secrecy, (2) helplessness, (3) entrapment and accommodation, (4) delayed, unconvincing disclosure, and (5) retraction. The accommodation syndrome is proposed as a simple and logical model for use by clinicians to improve understanding and acceptance of the child's position in the complex and controversial dynamics of sexual victimization. Application of the syndrome tends to challenge entrenched myths and prejudice, providing credibility and advocacy for the child within the home, the courts, and throughout the treatment process. The paper also provides discussion of the child's coping strategies as analogs for subsequent behavioral and psychological problems, including implications for specific modalities of treatment. 相似文献
9.
Sandra Crosser 《Early Childhood Education Journal》1994,22(1):7-11
With panic clearly showing in his eyes, Josh dropped to the floor, locked his dad's leg between both arms, and screamed. It
was Josh's first day at school. While young children's fears may not always appear to be rational in the eyes of adults, every
child's fearful response deserves to be acknowledged as a genuine reaction to an actual or perceived threat. Because fear
has the potential to interfere with the young child's quality of life, it would seem important to understand the nature and
normal developmental course of early childhood fears. 相似文献
10.
OBJECTIVE: The paper addresses the impacts of the type of abuse and sibling adoption upon family functioning. The specific objectives are to test the relationships: (1). between an adopted child's previous type of abuse and postadoptive family functioning; (2). between an adopted child's previous type of abuse and the child's postadoptive externalized behavior status; (3). between sibling adoption status and postadoptive family functioning; and (4). between sibling adoption status and the child's postadoptive externalized behavior status. METHOD: Data were collected from parents with adopted children, between the ages of 2 and 16, who have special needs status. The convenience sample was drawn primarily from one southern state. RESULTS: The results suggest that the child's type of abuse does predict different outcomes in terms of a parent's report of postadoptive family functioning but not the adopted child's postadoptive externalized behavior. Sibling adoptions resulted in lower perceptions of family functioning but slightly improved perceptions of the child's postadoptive externalized behavior. CONCLUSION: Parents with adopted children who have histories of physical and sexual abuse reported lower family functioning than those parents with adopted children who only have histories of neglect. Parents who adopted sibling groups reported fewer externalized child behavior problems but lower family functioning than those parents who adopted a single child. These results suggest the need for a variety of family supports targeted to family needs as well as to promoting behavioral changes in the children. 相似文献
11.
Parents and teachers need to be aware of the principles of development in order to guide children appropriately. The process
of guidance begins with attempts to baby-proof the environment, such as arranging the nursery in anticipation of the arrival
of the infant. During the infant-toddler stage, adults may view their acts of altering the child's physical environment as
their responsibility, not connecting such actions to the development of a discipline plan. In fact, the adults are beginning
to develop a positive atmosphere so that the child has a healthy environment in which to grow.
Sandy Bailey is Program Coordinator for the Montana Resource and Referral Netword, a statewide program based 相似文献
12.
Stephen J. Smith 《Interchange》1998,29(3):309-316
There is an important distinction to be drawn between using legal precedent and moral injunction to define what is best for children in general and acting in a child's best interests on the basis of one's lived experience with particular children in particular times and places. More than a contrast between general principles and specific cases, the distinction is between a mediational interest in the problems that arise in educating other people's children and an embodied, ethical responsiveness on the part of prudent, caring, loving adults to the perceived vulnerabilities of children within their care. It is a pedagogic difference between administrative clear-headedness and embodied virtue. 相似文献
13.
14.
邵滢 《赣南师范学院学报》2003,(2):64-66
《呼兰河传》的儿童视角是理解萧红这部颇多争议的诗化小说的关键。儿童视角有意识而又合理地遮蔽了作品中其他人物的内心世界,突显了人物灵魂的麻木;小说利用儿童视角,巧妙地实现了对成人世界荒谬性的拷问;最后儿童视角帮助作者完成了一个寂寞的边缘审视者的批判使命。天真的儿童在作品中成为一个成熟的观看者和思考者。 相似文献
15.
Mika Haritos-Fatouros Maria Dikaiou 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1986,9(4):301-318
Five groups of Greek migrant children 8–10 years old, living with or without their parents in Greece and Germany, were compared to a control group on: a) A behavioural questionnaire concerning child's behaviour on different spheres of life and b) A parents/caretakers' attitudes questionnaire concerning child's behaviour.Results showed that the most high risk children according to their parents/caretakers judgement are those who have recently moved to join their parents in Germany followed by the children who have always lived in Germany with their parents. Children who have recently moved to Greece with or without their parents appear to have less difficulties across the same variables.Results from the attitudes questionnaire showed that problems identified in children of the return group seem to be connected with parental attitudes which is not the case for the other groups. Within this context a framework for counsel ling is proposed. 相似文献
16.
The results of a survey of hearing parents' perceptions of their use of sign communication with their deaf children are reported. Survey questions addressed parental understanding and motivation in choosing a particular system of sign communication, input from professionals and deaf adults that was found to be most and least helpful, and parental assessment of their service needs. The results of the survey highlight the need for family focused services throughout the deaf child's development, and the discussion includes specific comments made by parents. 相似文献
17.
Caroline Pickstone Juliet Goldbart Julie Marshall Angie Rees Sue Roulstone 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2009,9(2):66-79
Systematic reviews are important as a key source of information for commissioners and for developing practice in speech and language therapy (SLT) and early years. Interventions in this field are often complex and are delivered in community settings. This paper applies a systematic review of environmental interventions in early years for children with speech, language and communication needs. Interventions for primary language impairment may be divided into those which are child-focused and those which are focused on the environment. In both cases, the aim is to effect changes in the child's language skills. The paper introduces the context of evidence-based practice and commissioning of such interventions and argues that systematic reviews may be combined with other evidence to provide information which is fit for purpose for commissioners and for practitioners in the field. 相似文献
18.
This paper analyzes the impact of the local availability of Head Start, a public preschool program for low-income children, on the participation of immigrant children. We use propensity score methods to flexibly control for numerous individual and neighborhood characteristics and availability of other services aimed at low-income families. We find that having a Head Start center in a child's census tract significantly raises participation of immigrant children, and these results are robust to several sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, the impacts are larger for recent migrants and for those with less access to private transportation, consistent with both information and transportation costs as important factors affecting program participation for immigrants. 相似文献
19.
Calderon R 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2000,5(2):140-155
This study examined the impact of school-based, teacher-rated parental involvement on four child outcomes: language development, early reading skills, and positive and negative measures of social-emotional development. The 28 children were assessed for outcomes between 9 to 53 months post-graduation from a birth-to-3 early intervention (EI) program for children with hearing loss. Other factors included in the study were child's hearing loss, mother's education level, mother's current communication skills with her child, and maternal use of additional services beyond those offered by the early intervention program or the child's school program. Parental involvement in children's school-based education program is a significant positive predictor to early reading skills but shares considerable variance with maternal communication skill for this outcome. In this study, maternal communication skills and the child's hearing loss were the strongest predictors for language development. Maternal use of additional services was the strongest predictor to poorer social-emotional adjustment. The study's findings indicate that although parental involvement in their deaf child's school-based education program can positively contribute to academic performance, parental communication skill is a more significant predictor for positive language and academic development. Factors associated with parental involvement, maternal communication, and use of additional services are explored and suggestions are offered to enhance parental involvement and communication skills. 相似文献
20.
Social Influences on False Belief Access: Specific Sibling Influences or General Apprenticeship? 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Charlie Lewis Norman H. Freeman Chrystalla Kyriakidou Katerina Maridaki-Kassotaki Damon M. Berridge 《Child development》1996,67(6):2930-2947
Some recent studies have found a relation between the number of siblings 3–4-year-old children have and their performance on false belief tasks. 2 experiments reported here examine a variety of factors in children's social environments, including daily contact with peers and adults as well as the numbers of their siblings, on a battery of false belief tests. In Experiment 1, 82 preschoolers were studied in Rethymnon, Crete, in order to obtain a range of extended kin available as a resource for the child. In Experiment 2, 75 Cypriot preschoolers were studied in Nicosia in order to examine the influences of each child's daily social contacts, as measured by maternal questionnaire. Logistic regression revealed that the factors which account for most of the predicted variance on the theory of mind tests were ( a ) the number of adult kin available (Experiment 1) or adults interacted with daily (Experiment 2), ( b ) the child's age, ( c ) the number of older siblings a child has, and ( d ) the number of older children interacted with daily. The results suggested that theory of mind is not simply passed from one sibling to another in a process of social influence. It seems more likely that a variety of knowledgeable members of her or his culture influence the apprentice theoretician of mind. 相似文献