首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent sprint training and plyometric training on endurance running performance.MethodsFourteen moderately trained male endurance runners were allocated into either the intermittent sprint training group (n = 7) or the plyometric training group (n = 7). The preliminary tests required subjects to perform a treadmill graded exercise test, a countermovement jump test for peak power measurement, and a 10-km time trial. Training included 12 sessions of either intermittent sprint or plyometric training carried out twice per week. On completion of the intervention, post-tests were conducted.ResultsBoth groups showed significant reduction in weekly training mileage from pre-intervention during the intervention period. There were significant improvements in the 10-km time trial performance and peak power. There was also significant improvement in relative peak power for both groups. The 10-km time trial performance and relative peak power showed a moderate inverse correlation.ConclusionThese findings showed that both intermittent sprint and plyometric training resulted in improved 10-km running performance despite reduction in training mileage. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by an improvement in peak power and showed an inverse relationship with relative peak power.  相似文献   

2.
有氧训练及大强度疲劳训练对小鼠学习、记忆能力的影响   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
探讨有氧训练和大强度疲劳训练对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响。采用游泳耐力训练方式 ,建立小鼠有氧运动和疲劳运动模型 ,通过Morris水迷宫法记录不同小鼠学习记忆能力。结果表明 ,大强度疲劳训练小鼠学习成绩明显低于有氧训练组和对照组 ,有氧训练组小鼠记忆成绩好于对照组和大强度疲劳组。结论　大强度疲劳训练影响空间认知能力和学习成绩 ,有氧训练促进记忆能力  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine (1) the independent effects of hypoxia on cognitive function and (2) the effects of exercise on cognition while under hypoxia.MethodsDesign: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data sources: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychInfo, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled studies that investigated the effects of chronic or acute exercise on cognition under hypoxia were considered (Aim 2), as were studies investigating the effects of hypoxia on cognition (Aim 1).ResultsIn total, 18 studies met our inclusionary criteria for the systematic review, and 12 studies were meta-analyzed. Exposure to hypoxia impaired attentional ability (standardized mean difference (SMD) = –0.4), executive function (SMD = –0.18), and memory function (SMD = –0.26), but not information processing (SMD = 0.27). Aggregated results indicated that performing exercise under a hypoxia setting had a significant effect on cognitive improvement (SMD = 0.3, 95% confidence interval: 0.14 – 0.45, I2 = 54%, p < 0.001). Various characteristics (e.g., age, cognitive task type, exercise type, exercise intensity, training type, and hypoxia level) moderated the effects of hypoxia and exercise on cognitive function.ConclusionExercise during exposure to hypoxia improves cognitive function. This association appears to be moderated by individual and exercise/hypoxia-related characteristics.  相似文献   

4.
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine if antioxidant supplementation, moderate exercise, and the combination of both treatments could ameliorate cognitive performance in adult mice and whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype as well as sex could influence the functional outcomes of the treatments.MethodsFor a period of 16 weeks, separate groups of male and female mice expressing either the human APOE3 or APOE4 isoforms were fed either a control diet (NIH-31) or the control diet supplemented with vitamins E and C (1.12 IU/g diet α-tocopheryl acetate and 1.65 mg/g ascorbic acid). The mice were further separated into a sedentary group or a group that followed a daily exercise regimen. After 8 weeks on the treatments, the mice were administered a battery of functional tests including tests to measure cognitive and affective function.ResultsThere was no effect of genotype or treatment on the learning performance in the Morris water maze. In the discriminated avoidance task, APOE4 mice performed better in learning the discrimination component of the task. Overall, exercise improved performance of APOE4 and APOE3 mice on various aspects of the active avoidance task. Antioxidant supplementation improved performance only in the APOE4 mice. On the test for anxiety, APOE4 mice spent more time in the open arms and supplementation with antioxidant reversed that effect.ConclusionExercise was the most effective treatment at improving cognitive function in both genotypes and sex, while antioxidants seemed to be effective only in the APOE4. In young adult mice only non-spatial learning and memory were improved. The combination of the two treatments did not yield further improvement in cognition, and there was no antagonistic action of the antioxidant supplementation on the beneficial effects of exercise.  相似文献   

5.
In association football, the difficulty in making offside decisions depends on both perceptual and cognitive processes. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to enhance the decision-making skills of assistant referees by further developing their ability to (1) time slice the incoming information flow into series of isolated time frames during an ongoing offside situation and (2) use this information to mentally read off the spatial positions of the key-role players. Training (n = 10) and control groups (n = 10) were exposed to a pre- and post-test, consisting of an offside decision-making and frame recognition test. In the latter, assistant referees were asked to indicate which of five photos best represented the spatial position of the defender and attacker at the moment of the pass. Only the training group received 12 web-based offside training sessions. First, the training group improved in mentally freezing, holding and scanning the mental picture of the offside situation in short-term memory from pre- to post-test, as evidenced by an increased recognition accuracy. Second, the improvement in recognition accuracy resulted in enhanced performance on the offside decision-making task. The benefits of web-based training are highlighted.  相似文献   

6.
Background:Participation in physical activity supports greater cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF),a correlate of cognitive control.However,the relationship between muscular fitness(MF)and cognitive control is less clear.The present study investigated the differential relationship of CRF and MF with cognitive control in older adolescents.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved students(1517 years old,n=541,43%female)from 20 secondary schools who completed tests of inhibition(modified flanker task),working memory(n-back task),CRF(Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run),and MF(standing long jump and push-up test).Multilevel analyses tested the association between CRF or MF and cognitive outcomes while accounting for the influence of the other fitness variable and relevant demographic factors.Results:CRF predicted response accuracy during incongruent flanker trials,the condition requiring greater inhibition.For the working memory task,CRF predicted greater target accuracy and greater d’scores on the 1-back task,requiring lesser amounts of working memory.In the 2-back task,which requires greater amounts of working memory,CRF also predicted greater target and non-target accuracy and d’scores.Comparatively,MF did not predict any cognitive outcomes after adjustment for CRF.Conclusion:CRF was selectively related to better performance during task conditions that require greater amounts of inhibition and working memory.This finding suggests that CRF,but not MF,may benefit cognitive control in older adolescents.This selective influence of CRF on older adolescents’cognition highlights the value of aerobic physical activity.  相似文献   

7.
PurposeThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training (RT) vs. plyometric training (PT) in prepubertal soccer players.MethodsThirty-four male subjects were assigned to: a control group (n = 11); an RT group (5 regular soccer training sessions per week, n = 12); a PT group (3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week, n = 11). The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength (e.g., 1 repetition maximum half-squat test), jump ability (e.g., countermovement jump, squat jump, standing long jump, and multiple 5 bounds test), linear speed (e.g., 20 m sprint test), and change of direction (e.g., Illinois change of direction test).ResultsThe RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat (Δ = 13.2%; d = 1.3, p < 0.001) and countermovement jump (Δ = 9.4%; d = 2.4, p < 0.001) at Week 4, whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint (Δ = 4.2%; d = 1.1, p < 0.01); change of direction (CoD) (Δ = 3.8%; d = 2.1, p < 0.01); multiple 5 bounds (Δ = 5.1%; d = 1.5, p < 0.05); standing long jump (Δ = 7.2%; d = 1.2, p < 0.01); squat jump (Δ = 19.6%; d = 1.5, p < 0.01); were evident at Week 8. The PTG showed improvements in CoD (Δ = 2.1%; d = 1.3, p < 0.05); standing long jump (Δ = 9.3%; d = 1.1, p < 0.01); countermovement jump (Δ = 16.1%; d = 1.2, p < 0.01); and squat jump (Δ = 16.7%; d = 1.4, p < 0.01); at Week 8 whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint (Δ = 4.1%; d = 1.3, p < 0.01); and multiple 5 bounds (Δ = 7.4%; d = 2.4, p < 0.001); were evident only after Week. The RT and PT groups showed improvements in all sprint, CoD, and jump tests (p < 0.05) and in half-squat performance, for which improvement was only shown within the RTG (p < 0.001).ConclusionRT and PT conducted in combination with regular soccer training are safe and feasible interventions for prepubertal soccer players. In addition, these interventions were shown to be effective training tools to improve explosive actions with different time courses of improvements, which manifested earlier in the RTG than in the PTG. These outcomes may help coaches and fitness trainers set out clear and concise goals of training according to the specific time course of improvement difference between RT and PT on proxies of athletic performance of prepubertal soccer players.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of regular exercise on spleen and peritoneal exudate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lymphocyte proliferation by splenocytes. Twenty-four female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into trained (n = 12) and untrained (n = 12) groups. These two groups were further divided into mice that were studied at rest (trained/rest, n = 5; untrained/rest, n = 6) and immediately after a 2 h acute bout of exercise (trained/exercise, n = 6; untrained/exercise, n = 6). The animals were bred in the animal facility of the Yonsei University College of Medicine, where they were housed in a temperature- (22 – 24°C) and humidity- (50 – 60%) controlled environment, with a 12 h photoperiod, and provided with food and water ad libitum. The trained mice underwent 10 weeks of endurance swimming training (5 days per week) in water at 26 – 29°C for 60 min. Changes in body mass, proliferative activity and the production of reactive oxygen species from spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells were determined. The splenic lymphocytes of the trained mice had much greater proliferative activity than those of the untrained mice (P < 0.05). Trained mice had lower ROS production in splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells than untrained mice. In both groups, there was substantial inhibition of proliferative activity stimulated with medium, concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide following the acute bout of exercise. This may have been caused by excessive ROS production following the acute exercise session.  相似文献   

9.
  相似文献   

10.
PurposeTo identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning (PAL) adoption and implementation.MethodsA total of 35 stakeholders (policymakers n = 9; commercial education sector, n = 8; teachers, n = 3; researchers, n = 15) attended a design thinking PAL workshop. Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group. Each group, facilitated by a researcher, undertook 2 tasks: (1) using Post-it Notes, the following question was answered: within the school day, what are the opportunities for learning combined with movement? and (2) structured as a washing-line task, the following question was answered: how can we establish PAL as the norm? All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Inductive analyses were conducted by 4 authors. After the analyses were complete, the main themes and subthemes were assigned to 4 predetermined categories: (1) PAL design and implementation, (2) priorities for practice, (3) priorities for policy, and (4) priorities for research.ResultsThe following were the main themes for PAL implementation: opportunities for PAL within the school day, delivery environments, learning approaches, and the intensity of PAL. The main themes for the priorities for practice included teacher confidence and competence, resources to support delivery, and community of practice. The main themes for the policy for priorities included self-governance, the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services, and Skill, policy investment in initial teacher training, and curriculum reform. The main themes for the research priorities included establishing a strong evidence base, school-based PAL implementation, and a whole-systems approach.ConclusionThe present study is the first to identify PAL implementation factors using a combined multi-stakeholder perspective. To achieve wider PAL adoption and implementation, future interventions should be evidence based and address implementation factors at the classroom level (e.g., approaches and delivery environments), school level (e.g., communities of practice), and policy level (e.g., initial teacher training).  相似文献   

11.
Background:When non-operative management fails to improve symptoms in patients with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy,surgery may be required.Various open and endoscopic techniques have been proposed,and platelet-rich plasma(PRP) injections have been proposed as an adjunct to aid tendon healing.Methods:Thirty-six patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy were randomized to undergo endoscopic debridement alone(n=19) or in combination with intraoperative PRP application(n=17).Clinical ou...  相似文献   

12.
PurposeThe present study investigated the effects of 16 weeks of small-volume, small-sided soccer training soccer group (SG, n = 13) and oscillating whole-body vibration training vibration group (VG, n = 17) on body composition, aerobic fitness, and muscle PCr kinetics in healthy inactive premenopausal women in comparison with an inactive control group (CO, n = 14).MethodsTraining for SG and VG consisted of twice-weekly 15-min sessions with average heart rates (HRs) of ∼155 and 90 bpm respectively. Pre- and post-measurements of body composition (DXA), phosphocreatine (PCr) on- and off-kinetics, and HR measurements during standardised submaximal exercise were performed.ResultsAfter 16 weeks of training in SG, fat percentage was lowered (p = 0.03) by 1.7% ± 2.4% from 37.5% ± 6.9% to 35.8% ± 6.2% and the PCr decrease in the quadriceps during knee-extension ramp exercise was attenuated (4% ± 8%, p = 0.04), with no changes in VG or CO (time-group effect: p = 0.03 and p = 0.03). Submaximal exercise HR was also reduced in SG after 16 weeks of training (6% ± 5% of HRmax, p = 0.01).ConclusionShort duration soccer training for 16 weeks appears to be sufficient to induce favourable changes in body composition and indicators of aerobic fitness and muscle oxidative capacity in untrained premenopausal women.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of 1- and 3-week tapering periods on concentrations of plasma testosterone (T), cortisol (C), T/C ratio, mood state, and performance in elite male cyclists. After 8 weeks of progressive training, cyclists were randomly assigned to a control group (n=12) who continued performing intense training for a further 3 weeks, or a taper group (n=12) who continued with a 50% reduction in training volume. Blood testosterone and cortisol concentrations were assayed and the T/C ratio calculated from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Mood state was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. All data were collected immediately after a 40-km time-trial performed before, during, and after the 8-week training protocol and after the 1- and 3-week tapering/training periods. In the taper group, 40-km time-trial time decreased significantly (P<0.01) and equally for both the 1- and 3-week taper periods relative to the control group. There were significant elevations in T/C ratio (P<0.001) and reductions in cortisol concentrations and POMS scores in the taper group relative to the control groups at the end of both the 1- and 3-week tapering periods. Hence, taper periods are effective in improving performance and mood state and elevating the blood T/C ratio.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

During the repeated execution of the swimming strokes, the shoulder adductor and internal rotator muscles have a tendency to become proportionally stronger when compared to their antagonist group. This can lead to muscle imbalances. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a compensatory training programme on the strength and balance of shoulder rotator muscles in young swimmers. A randomized controlled trial design was used. Forty male swimmers took part in the study and were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n?=?20) and a training group (n?=?20). A control group (n?=?16) of young sedentary male students was also evaluated. The experimental group subjects participated in a 16-week shoulder-strength programme with Thera-Band® elastic bands; the training group was restricted to aquatic training. Peak torque of shoulder internal rotator and external rotator (ER) was measured at baseline and after 16 weeks. Concentric action at 1.04?rad?s?1 (3 reps) and 3.14?rad?s?1 (20 reps) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. The strength-training programme led to an improvement of the ER strength and shoulder rotator balance in the experimental group (data from both shoulders at 1.04?rad?s?1). Moreover, concentric action at 3.14?rad?s?1 presented significant differences only for the dominant shoulder. Findings suggest that the prescribed shoulder-strengthening exercises could be a useful training option for young competitive swimmers. They can produce an increase in absolute strength values and greater muscle balance in shoulder rotators.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the swimming endurance trainability of smokers as compared to nonsmokers. Nonsmokers (N = 47) and smokers (N = 34) of college age were selected from intermediate swimming classes and timed while swimming distances of 100 yd. and 200 yd. prior to participation in an 8-week training program. After 4 weeks of training, swimming times were again recorded for these same distances. At the end of eight weeks, swimming times were taken for distances of 100, 200, and 400 yards. The mean changes of both smokers and nonsmokers during the pretraining to 4-week period, the 4-week to 8-week period, and the pretraining to 8-week period were all significant at the .05 level. However, no significant differences were found between the mean swimming times of smokers and nonsmokers for any of the pretraining, 4-week, or 8-week distances.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The five different training methods used in this study consisted of various proportions of swimming and of weight training exercises. Sixty subjects were divided into five equated groups. Each group was exposed to a different treatment over a period of six weeks. Tests of swimming speed were administered at the beginning of the experiment, and at the end of each week. All five treatments resulted in significant swimming improvements, but none of the treatments were significantly more effective than the other treatments.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The drop jump is a popular form of plyometric exercise often undertaken to enhance countermovement jump ability (jump height). Despite its popularity the effects of drop jump training on countermovement jump height are often inconsistent. Such inconsistencies may be as a result of differences in the drop jump technique being employed. Two recognised forms of drop jump are the “countermovement” drop jump and the “bounce” drop jump and the current study examined the effects of eight weeks of training with these drop jump techniques on countermovement jump height. Methods: A kinetic and kinematic analysis of each participant's countermovement jump, bounce- and countermovement drop jumps was undertaken prior to training. Participants were then randomly assigned to a bounce drop jump training group (n = 34), a countermovement drop jump training group (n = 35) or a control group (n = 34). Changes in jump height were examined following training. Results: The countermovement drop jump training group increased their countermovement jump height by 2.9 cm (6%), which was a significant change (P < 0.05) in comparison to that experienced by the bounce drop jump (-0.2 cm, -0.4%) and the control group (-0.1 cm, 0.2%). Conclusion: The countermovement drop jump may be more effective than the bounce drop jump at enhancing countermovement jump height.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Exercise performed at a competitive level could deeply modify the immune system and the cytokine response of athletes. In this report, we demonstrated that young elite female artistic gymnasts (n = 16; age: 9–15 years) showed an increase of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression in blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in comparison to girls performing the same sport at a recreational level (n = 16; age: 10–15 years). The increase of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNAs appeared to be directly linked to the intensity and duration of the training. Moreover, in elite athletes engaged in artistic gymnastics or in synchronised swimming (n =34; age: 9–15 years), IL-6 gene expression appeared to be modulated by the levels of circulating oestrogens: pre-pubertal athletes (n = 20; age: 11 ± 1 years) revealed a higher increase in IL-6 than pubertal athletes (n = 14; age: 14 ± 1.6 years). In pre-pubertal athletes, body mass index (BMI) percentile was inversely correlated with the increase of both IL-6 and TNF-α. The consequence of these events was the shift of the cytokine profile towards a pro-inflammatory status. These modifications, induced by training performed at an elite level, might negatively affect the growth of female children athletes.  相似文献   

19.
目的:观察不同负荷游泳运动对大鼠海马OXA及OX1R表达的影响,探讨不同负荷游泳运动对大鼠空间学习和记忆能力的影响机制。方法:将30只雄性大鼠随机分为3组(n=10):对照组(C组)、中等负荷运动组(M组)、大负荷运动组(O组)。C组不做任何运动,M组做中等负荷游泳运动8周,O组做大负荷游泳运动8周。采用Morris水迷宫、免疫荧光、Real-Time PCR和Western Blot实验技术分别对大鼠的空间学习记忆能力及海马OXA和OX1R的表达水平进行评估。结果:1)在Morris水迷宫实验定位航行训练期间,各组大鼠逃避潜伏期均呈逐渐下降趋势,第3天M组平均逃避潜伏期显著低于C组及O组(P<0.05),其余几天均无显著差异(P>0.05);在定位航行实验中,M组穿越原平台所在区域的次数显著高于C组及O组(P<0.05,P<0.01);2)M组OXA mRNA表达水平显著高于C组(P<0.05),OX1R mRNA表达水平显著低于C组(P<0.05)。而C组与O组OXA mRNA及OX1R mRNA的表达水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。免疫荧光实验表明,M组OXA蛋白表达水平显著低于C组(P<0.05)。Western Blot实验揭示,M组OX1R蛋白表达水平显著低于C组(P<0.05)。结论:1)中等负荷游泳运动可能通过降低OXA及OX1R的表达水平改善大鼠的空间学习记忆能力;2)大负荷游泳运动对海马OXA及OX1R的表达水平没有显著影响。  相似文献   

20.
目的观察12周惯性哑铃练习对轻度认知损害(MCI)老年人认知功能、身体活动能力、生活质量和睡眠质量的影响,并探讨认知改善与其他功能改变之间的关系。方法将45名MCI老年人随机分为干预组(n=22)和对照组(n=23)。干预组受试者进行惯性哑铃练习(3次/周,60 min/次,持续12周),对照组不进行运动干预。结果 12周后,干预组受试者阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知部分(ADAS-Cog)总分/指令得分、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分、起立行走计时(TUG)和SF-36健康调查问卷(SF-36)心理总得分均显著改善(均P<0.05)。与对照组相比,干预组受试者ADAS-Cog总分/单词回忆得分/注意力得分、简明精神量表(MMSE)评分、TUG和匹兹堡睡眠指数(PSQI)的改善程度均具有显著差异(P<0.05或P=0.05)。偏相关分析结果显示,SF-36心理总得分改变(r=-0.712)、PSQI改变(r=-0.380)与认知改善程度均呈显著负相关。结论 12周惯性哑铃练习可显著提高MCI老年人的认知功能,并对其移动能力、生活质量和睡眠质量具有积极影响,且心理和睡眠改变程度可能影响认知功能的改善效果。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号