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运用格莱斯的合作原则和利奇的礼貌原则采研究郭晶晶、刘翔、姚明等人在体育赛事新闻发布会中回答记者提问的话语,从“量”和“质”的准则上进行语义含义推导.研究结果表明运动员在回答问题时既要基本遵守会话的合作原则,又要“有意违反”合作原则,从而使自己在媒体面前保持较好的公共形象. 相似文献
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英语课外活动面面谈 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
周亚琴 《徐州教育学院学报》2000,15(1):120-121
英语是一门实践性很强的学科。有的人过了四级、六级,但遇到真正的会话场景,仍然是畏畏缩缩,难以问答。为达到培养学生用英语进行交际之目的,光靠课堂上的学习是远远不够的,还必须通过各种形式的第二课堂活动,才能达到理想的效果。实践证明,有目的、有计划地组织开展切合学生实际、生动活泼、形式多样的课外活动,是激发学生学习兴趣,开阔视野,增长知识,促进学生主动学习,培养和提高听、说、读、写能力的有效辅助措施,是课堂教学的补充和完善C一、开展会话活动培养学生口头交际是英语教学的目的之一C在课外活动中组织开展会话… 相似文献
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中英两种文化中的礼貌原则的区别(英文) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
贾秀珍 《无锡南洋学院学报》2007,(3)
Leech认为,礼貌原则是对合作原则的有益补充,它向我们解释了为什么人们说话通常都不那么直接,而是暗示他们的含义。礼貌原则包括六条原则,简述了说话的一些技巧,其中第一条原则--策略准则是最重要的,是对其它原则的总概括。礼貌原则的作用在于能够使谈话人之间保持一种友好关系而使谈话进行得顺利。然而,世界上的一切事物都是相对的,在实际应用中,由于各国、各地区的文化背景差异及语言的差别,人们对"礼貌"常常有不同的理解,这样就导致了跨文化交际中的障碍。本文主要论述了礼貌原则产生的原因、内容及其用法,并例举了一部分中外文化中对"礼貌"理解的差异,旨在帮助广大英语爱好者在掌握语法知识的基础上,能够用英语进行有效的交际。 相似文献
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价值观念包括伦理道德、意识形态、宗教信仰以及风俗人情等可以作为“为人处世”准则的观念,一般被认为是特定文化和生活方式的核心。在跨文化交际研究中,价值观是一个至关重要的问题,可以说是跨文化交际的核心。本文就与跨文化交际关系密切的几个方面加以分析,并进行跨文化对比,指出只有充分了解对方的价值观念,才能帮助我们预测对方的交际行为,从而提高跨文化交际的有效性。 相似文献
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本文通过关联与独立礼貌策略来阐释毛姆的小说《午餐》的人物交际语言,通过例证分析小说中的隐含的话语权力关系,展示出小说中人物的话语力量,对文章的欣赏更加透彻 相似文献
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探究新时期体育教学原则 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
体育教学原则是教师进行教学工作所必须遵循的准则,在正确处理和转化教学过程矛盾,提高教学质量上起重要作用,是事关实施素质教育培养新世纪全面发展人才的重要问题。因此深入研究新时期体育教学原则是很有必要的。我们认为新时期体育教学工作中应贯彻以下几个原则:带生教学原则、科学健康原则、精教乐学原则、宽松有序原则、终身体育原则。一、带生教学原则 相似文献
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一、正确击发的原则
正确的动作应以有利于保持发射瞬间的稳定为准则。根据训练和比赛的经验,一个正确的击发动作要领,可以初步归纳为以下五条原则。 相似文献
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为了培养大学生的语用能力和跨文化交际能力,教师需要在英语课堂教学中合理、得体、有针对性地运用礼貌原则.本文通过对礼貌原则的分析,探讨了以关联和独立为主的两项礼貌策略在教师话语中的应用,以期营造一个轻松愉悦的教学环境,同时提高学生的语言和语用能力. 相似文献
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在高职英语教学中,教师往往注重语言知识的讲解和传授,对文化知识的传授和跨文化交际能力的培养重视不够.然而对高职院校的学生进行英语跨文化意识和跨文化交际能力的培养是非常有必要的,本文就高职院校英语教学中对学生进行跨文化教学的基本原则和主要方法进行了浅析. 相似文献
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美国《脑瘫青少年体质健康标准》(Health-related Physical Fitness Test of Cerebral Palsy Youngster,以下简称"《CP标准》")的目标是科学评估脑瘫青少年的体质健康水平,进行健康风险预警,为制定个性化体质健康计划和健身指导做准备,其最终目的是激励和引导脑瘫青少年进行科学的身体锻炼,建立积极健康的生活方式,提高生存质量。解析美国《CP标准》对我国脑瘫青少年体质健康标准的研制、脑瘫人群的功能评估、运动干预和康复都具有积极的借鉴价值与启示意义。在内容指标上,《CP标准》尽可能地与健全青少年保持一致,指标选择与健康风险关联,力求满足脑瘫青少年生理性健康和功能健康的需求,体现科学性、有效性;《CP标准》根据不同残疾程度脑瘫青少年健康需求和个性化需要,设置了修正和专项的测试指标,体现针对性、实用性和可选择性;而缺乏平衡能力的内容指标,是《CP标准》的缺憾之处。在标准设置上,身体成分与有氧功能评价功能分区的临界值来自于与相关疾病标准的切点值;骨骼肌功能标准值则来自于专家综合健全学生骨骼肌功能的常模数据和康复医生建议的推荐值。 相似文献
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ABSTRACTPurpose: To validate and compare a novel model based on the critical power (CP) concept that describes the entire domain of maximal mean power (MMP) data from cyclists.Methods: An omni-domain power-duration (OmPD) model was derived whereby the rate of W? expenditure is bound by maximum sprint power and the power at prolonged durations declines from CP log-linearly. The three-parameter CP (3CP) and exponential (Exp) models were likewise extended with the log-linear decay function (Om3CP and OmExp). Each model bounds W? using a different nonconstant function, W?eff (effective W?). Models were fit to MMP data from nine cyclists who also completed four time-trials (TTs).Results: The OmPD and Om3CP residuals (4 ± 1%) were smaller than the OmExp residuals (6 ± 2%; P < 0.001). W?eff predicted by the OmPD model was stable between 120–1,800 s, whereas it varied for the Om3CP and OmExp models. TT prediction errors were not different between models (7 ± 5%, 8 ± 5%, 7 ± 6%; P = 0.914).Conclusion: The OmPD offers similar or superior goodness-of-fit and better theoretical properties compared to the other models, such that it best extends the CP concept to short-sprint and prolonged-endurance performance. 相似文献
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Patrick J Griffin Richard A. Ferguson Conor Gissane Stephen J. Bailey 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(9):1038-1043
This study tested the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) would increase critical power (CP) during a 3 minute all-out cycling test. Twelve males completed two 3 minute all-out cycling tests, in a crossover design, separated by 7 days. These tests were preceded by IPC (4 x 5 minute intervals at 220 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion) or SHAM treatment (4 x 5 minute intervals at 20 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion). CP was calculated as the mean power output during the final 30 s of the 3 minute test with W′ taken as the total work done above CP. Muscle oxygenation was measured throughout the exercise period. There was a 15.3 ± 0.3% decrease in muscle oxygenation (TSI; [Tissue saturation index]) during the IPC stimulus, relative to SHAM. CP was significantly increased (241 ± 65 W vs. 234 ± 67 W), whereas W′ (18.4 ± 3.8 vs 17.9 ± 3.7 kJ) and total work done (TWD) were not different (61.1 ± 12.7 vs 60.8 ± 12.7 kJ), between the IPC and SHAM trials. IPC enhanced CP during a 3 minute all-out cycling test without impacting W′ or TWD. The improved CP after IPC might contribute towards the effect of IPC on endurance performance. 相似文献
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Alberto Ruiz-Ariza Alberto Grao-Cruces Nuno Eduardo Marques de Loureiro Emilio J. Martínez-López 《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2017,10(1):108-133
Background: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the association of different components of physical fitness on cognitive performance (CP) and academic performance (AP) in adolescents, taking into account potential confounders. Method: Studies were identified in four databases (Pubmed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) from January 2005 through to January 2015. A total of 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: 8 studies showed association between physical fitness and CP, and 11 studies with AP. Cardiorespiratory fitness, speed-agility, motor coordination, and perceptual-motor skill are the highest measures associated with CP and AP. However, the findings on strength and flexibility are unclear. Finally, 62% of the 21 studies used confounders. The most controlled confounder were socioeconomic status, fatness, pubertal status, sex, and age. Conclusion: Fitness is associated with higher CP and AP. More research is needed in order to understand the causes of the differential effect of physical fitness components on CP and AP. 相似文献
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Paul T. Morgan Matthew I. Black Stephen J. Bailey Andrew M. Jones 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(8):902-910
Purpose: To determine the accuracy of critical power (CP) and W? (the curvature constant of the power-duration relationship) derived from self-paced time-trial (TT) prediction trials using mobile power meters to predict 16.1-km road cycling TT performance. This study also aimed to assess the agreement between functional threshold power (FTP) and CP.
Methods: Twelve competitive male cyclists completed an incremental test to exhaustion, a FTP test and 4–5 self-paced TT bouts on a stationary bike within the lab, and a 16.1 km road TT, using mobile power meters.
Results: CP and W? derived from the power-duration relationship closely predicted TT performance. The 16.1-km road TT completion time (26.7 ± 2.2 min) was not significantly different from and was significantly correlated with the predicted time-to-completion (27.5 ± 3.3 min, r = 0.89, P < 0.01). CP and FTP were not significantly different (275 ± 40 W vs. 278 ± 42 W, P > 0.05); however, the limits of agreement between CP and FTP were 30 to -36 W.
Discussion: The findings of this study indicate that CP and W? determined using mobile power meters during maximal, self-paced TT prediction trials can be used to accurately predict 16.1-km cycling performance, supporting the application of the CP and W? for performance prediction. However, the limits of agreement were too large to consider FTP and CP interchangeable. 相似文献
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Mehdi Kordi Chris Fullerton Louis Passfield Len Parker Simpson 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(2):192-198
Body position is known to alter power production and affect cycling performance. The aim of this study was to compare mechanical power output in two riding positions, and to calculate the effects on critical power (CP) and W′ estimates. Seven trained cyclists completed three peak power output efforts and three fixed-duration trial (3-, 5- and 12-min) riding with their hands on the brake lever hoods (BLH), or in a time trial position (TTP). A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that mean power output during the 5-min trial was significantly different between BLH and TTP positions, resulting in a significantly lower estimate of CP, but not W′, for the TTP trial. In addition, TTP decreased the performance during each trial and increased the percentage difference between BLH and TTP with greater trial duration. There were no differences in pedal cadence or heart rate during the 3-min trial; however, TTP results for the 12-min trial showed a significant fall in pedal cadence and a significant rise in heart rate. The findings suggest that cycling position affects power output and influences consequent CP values. Therefore, cyclists and coaches should consider the cycling position used when calculating CP. 相似文献
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在选项课篮球课教学实践中 ,采用启发式、对话式、创设问题情境等方式 ,为学生提供广阔的学习、锻炼环境 ,调动学生学习的主动性和积极性 ,激发学生的创造性思维 ,从而培养学生的创新能力。 相似文献
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Martinus J. A. Buekers 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):232-235
Purpose: Critical power (CP) from the 3-min test was compared to the power outputs associated with thresholds determined from gas exchange parameters that have been used to demarcate the exercise-intensity domains including the respiratory compensation point (RCP), gas exchange threshold (GET), and ventilatory threshold (VT). Method: Twenty-eight participants performed an incremental-cycle ergometer test to exhaustion. The VT was determined from the relationship between the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen uptake (V˙E/V˙O2) versus V˙O2 and the GET was determined using the V-slope method (V˙CO2 vs. V˙O2). The RCP was identified from the V˙E-versus-V˙CO2 relationship. CP was the average power output during the last 30 s of the 3-min all-out test. Linear regression was used to determine the power outputs associated with the RCP, GET, and VT, as well as the V˙O2 associated with CP. Mean differences among the associated power outputs, percent V˙O2 peak, and percent peak power output for the GET, VT, RCP, and CP were analyzed using separate one-way repeated-measures analyses of variance. Results: There were no significant differences between CP (187 ± 47 W) and the power output associated with RCP (190 ± 49 W) or between the power outputs associated with GET (139 ± 37 W) and VT (145 ± 37 W). The power outputs associated with GET and VT, however, were significantly less than were those at CP and associated with RCP. Conclusions: These findings suggest CP and RCP demarcate the heavy from severe exercise-intensity domain and result from a different mechanism of fatigue than that of GET and VT, possibly hyperkalemia. 相似文献
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运用访谈法和文献查阅法收集有关条目,编制篮球裁判员胜任特征问卷。在对初试问卷和正式问卷的数据进行因素分析和信度、效度检验的基础上,得出我国篮球裁判员胜任特征由六个维度构成:临场执裁、个人特质、职业素质、人际沟通、动机和自我完善。经过检验问卷具有较好的测量学特征。 相似文献