共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Martyn John Binnie Brian Dawson Mark Alexander Arnot Hugh Pinnington Grant Landers Peter Peeling 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1001-1012
AbstractThis study compared the use of sand and grass training surfaces throughout an 8-week conditioning programme in well-trained female team sport athletes (n = 24). Performance testing was conducted pre- and post-training and included measures of leg strength and balance, vertical jump, agility, 20 m speed, repeat speed (8 × 20 m every 20 s), as well as running economy and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Heart rate (HR), training load (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) × duration), movement patterns and perceptual measures were monitored throughout each training session. Participants completed 2 × 1 h conditioning sessions per week on sand (SAND) or grass (GRASS) surfaces, incorporating interval training, sprint and agility drills, and small-sided games. Results showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) HR and training load in the SAND versus GRASS group throughout each week of training, plus some moderate effect sizes to suggest lower perceptual ratings of soreness and fatigue on SAND. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) improvements in VO2max were measured for SAND compared to GRASS. These results suggest that substituting sand for grass training surfaces throughout an 8-week conditioning programme can significantly increase the relative exercise intensity and training load, subsequently leading to superior improvements in aerobic fitness. 相似文献
2.
采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等探究硬地面与非硬地(水中、沙地)界面上进行“plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的影响,并提出运动训练实践建议。研究发现:硬地与水中plyometric训练均可以提高运动表现,且干预效果相似;硬地与沙地进行plyometric训练,均可以提高运动表现,不同的测试指标反向纵跳、蹲跳、垂直跳的干预效果存在异同。水中和沙地相对于硬地面进行plyometric训练可以明显较少训练后肌肉酸痛程度,降低运动损伤风险。硬地面适应机制:肌腱复合体和关节的训练适应机制;神经-肌肉对训练的适用机制等。水中和沙地的适应机制:“离心-向心”转化速度;神经冲动与适应机制等。对运动训练的建议:在水中进行plyometric训练时,水面一般在身体的腰部-胸部位置,水温的选择一般在27°C左右;水中、硬地plyometric训练的干预周期介于6-10周之间,每周干预频率介于2-3次之间;组合界面plyometric训练的相关研究文献较少,需进一步研究论证;当在硬界面时,中等负荷量可诱导出最佳的效果;在进行Plyometric训练时,强度比量更重要,且小强度优于大强度;不同年龄、性别进行Plyometric训练时,要选择适应的训练手段,水中和沙地面可以作为传统训练的替换手段。 相似文献
3.
Henry Brown Brian Dawson Martyn J. Binnie Hugh Pinnington Marc Sim Tristan D. Clemons 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(6):741-747
This study compared markers of muscle damage and inflammation elevated by a matched-intensity interval running session on soft sand and grass surfaces. In a counterbalanced, repeated-measures and crossover design, 10 well-trained female athletes completed 2 interval-based running sessions 1 week apart on either a grass or a sand surface. Exercise heart rate (HR) was fixed at 83–88% of HR maximum. Venous blood samples were collected pre-, post- and 24?h post-exercise, and analysed for myoglobin (Mb) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Perceptual ratings of exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness (DOMS) were recorded immediately post- and 24?h post-exercise. A significant time effect showed that Mb increased from pre- to post-exercise on grass (p?=?.008) but not on sand (p?=?.611). Furthermore, there was a greater relative increase in Mb on grass compared with that on sand (p?=?.026). No differences in CRP were reported between surfaces (p?>?.05). The HR, RPE and DOMS scores were not significantly different between conditions (p > .05). These results suggest that in response to a matched-intensity exercise bout, markers of post-exercise muscle damage may be reduced by running on softer ground surfaces. Such training strategy may be used to minimize musculoskeletal strain while still incurring an equivalent cardiovascular training stimulus. 相似文献
4.
David L. Costill 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):378-384
Abstract This paper examines the contribution of exercise physiology research to improvements in sports performance. By using illustrations from studies on competitive swimmers, attempts have been made to show the need to develop tests that evaluate the factors essential for success in sports. Such testing should be used to describe the strengths and weaknesses of the athlete, and to offer the athlete and coach valid information to gauge the benefits of training. Aside from the value of monitoring the adaptations to sports training, the primary role of physiological research in sports should be to solve problems that will ultimately aid athletes to achieve their full potential. This paper will conclude with examples of problem solving research and its contribution to performance. 相似文献
5.
Contemporary training for power sports involves diverse routines that place a wide array of physiological demands on the athlete. This requires a multi-faceted nutritional strategy to support both general training needs--tailored to specific training phases--as well as the acute demands of competition. Elite power sport athletes have high training intensities and volumes for most of the training season, so energy intake must be sufficient to support recovery and adaptation. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen reduces high-intensity performance, so daily carbohydrate intake must be emphasized throughout training and competition phases. There is strong evidence to suggest that the timing, type, and amount of protein intake influence post-exercise recovery and adaptation. Most power sports feature demanding competition schedules, which require aggressive nutritional recovery strategies to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis. Various power sports have different optimum body compositions and body weight requirements, but increasing the power-to-weight ratio during the championship season can lead to significant performance benefits for most athletes. Both intra- and extracellular buffering agents may enhance performance, but more research is needed to examine the potential long-term impact of buffering agents on training adaptation. Interactions between training, desired physiological adaptations, competition, and nutrition require an individual approach and should be continuously adjusted and adapted. 相似文献
6.
论运动训练的特异性处方 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运动训练是一个生理性的刺激,长期训练可产生生理上的适应。特异性原则作为运动训练和评定的基本原则之一,一直受到广泛的关注和研究。综述和评估了有氧耐力训练、集体类的竞技运动项目、力量和爆发力训练等特异性处方。特异性原则实际应用不是绝对的,在分子水平,特异性原则内在分子变化的机制不断被发现和证实,新的理论的发现可能为运动训练的特异性处方制定提供帮助。 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACTExercise at different cadences might serve as potential stimulus for functional adaptations of the brain, because cortical activation is sensitive to frequency of movement. Therefore, we investigated the effects of high (HCT) and low cadence training (LCT) on brain cortical activity during exercise as well as endurance performance.Cyclists were randomly assigned to low and high cadence training. Over the 4-week training period, participants performed 4 h of basic endurance training as well as four additional cadence-specific exercise sessions, 60 min weekly. At baseline and after 4 weeks, participants completed an incremental exercise test with spirometry and exercise at constant load with registration of electroencephalogram (EEG).Compared with LCT, a greater increase of frontal alpha/beta ratio was confirmed in HCT. This was based on a lower level of beta activity during exercise. Both groups showed similar improvements in maximal oxygen consumption and power at the individual anaerobic threshold.Whereas HCT and LCT elicit similar benefits on aerobic performance, cycling at high pedalling frequencies enables participants to perform an exercise bout with less cortical activation. 相似文献
8.
运动过程中骨骼肌产生的高水平反应物会导致肌肉损伤和肌肉功能受损，一般认为补充抗氧化剂可以保护肌肉不受损伤。无论对于运动爱好者还是专业运动员，抗氧化剂都是最常用的运动补剂之一。目前备受关注的是用额外口服抗氧化剂的方法来支持内源性防御系统，从而实现预防或减轻氧化应激、减少肌肉损伤并改善运动表现。目前有大量已发表的研究对该主题进行了讨论，大多数研究表明，抗氧化剂可以减轻运动引起的氧化应激，但大多数研究都未发现其对肌肉损伤和肌肉功能有任何影响。此外，越来越多的证据表明，抗氧化剂对健康和训练适应有消极作用。本文深入分析总结了关于活性物质（Reactive Species）在体内的作用以及服用抗氧化剂对维持健康和提高身体性能的功效的文献。 相似文献
9.
Muslim athletes should fast from sunrise to sunset each day throughout the 30 days of Ramadan. Most athletes will continue to train throughout Ramadan, and they may also be required to compete at this time, but they will also engage in the religious, cultural, and social activities that Ramadan represents. The available evidence indicates that high-level athletes can maintain performance during Ramadan if physical training, food and fluid intake, and sleep are appropriate and well controlled. Individualized monitoring of athletes may help to prevent fatigue and overtraining and to reduce the risk of consequent illness and injury. The timing and intensity of training may require adjustment to optimize the training response, and training close to or after sunset may have advantages, but this will vary between individual and team sports and between environments that are predominantly Muslim and those that are predominantly non-Muslim. Training late in the day allows nutrition interventions after training to promote adaptations to the training stimulus, to promote recovery, and might help to reduce muscle damage. Sleep deficits have a number of adverse effects on well-being and performance, and athletes should ensure adequate sleep throughout Ramadan. In non-Muslim majority environments, especially in team sports, coaches and athletes should be sensitive to the needs of their team-mates who may be fasting. Event organizers should take account of the needs of Muslim athletes when scheduling the dates and timings of sports competitions. 相似文献
10.
William B. McCafferty Steven M. Horvath 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):358-371
Abstract Available evidence clearly suggests that the subcellular adaptations to training for competitive events are specific, i.e., that adaptations within the muscle are dependent upon the specific program employed. The concept of specificity of exercise is supported by both metabolic specificity and the contribution of different muscle fiber types. The significance of these findings on the proper selection of competitive activities for an athlete is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Jeannette A. C. Lankhaar Wouter R. de Vries Jaap A. C. G. Jansen Pierre M. J. Zelissen Frank J. G. Backx 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):365-389
Purpose: This systematic review describes the state of the art of the impact of hypothyroidism on exercise tolerance and physical performance capacity in untreated and treated patients with hypothyroidism. Method: A systematic computer-aided search was conducted using biomedical databases. Relevant studies in English, German, and Dutch, published from the earliest date of each database up to December 2012, were identified. Results: Out of 116 studies, a total of 38 studies with 1,379 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies emphasize the multifactorial causes of exercise intolerance in untreated patients by the impact of limitations in different functional systems, with cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, and cellular metabolic systems acting in concert. Moreover, the studies affirm that exercise intolerance in patients is not always reversible during adequate hormone replacement therapy. As a consequence, despite a defined euthyroid status, there remains a significant group of treated patients with persistent complaints related to exercise intolerance who are suffering from limitations in daily and sport activities, as well as an impaired quality of life. An explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. Only 2 studies investigated the effects of a physical training program, and they showed inconsistent effects on the performance capacity in untreated patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusions: A limited body of knowledge exists concerning exercise tolerance in treated patients with hypothyroidism, and there is an insufficient amount of quantitative studies on the effects of a physical training program. To enhance exercise and sports participation for this specific group, more research in this forgotten area is warranted. 相似文献
12.
运动员的日常饮食会影响其运动表现,而在训练和比赛中过程中不同的食物选择也会影响其训练和比赛的状态。良好的饮食习惯可以在强化训练的同时减少疾病和损伤的发生风险,还会提高肌肉及其他组织的训练适应性。通过国际奥林匹克委员会2012年运动营养指南的解读,对运动营养指南各个部分的生理学原理、研究依据、示例、具体建议进行阐释,使其更容易为教练员、运动员及科研人员所理解、掌握。虽然没有所谓的"全能饮食",但还是有很多可以让运动员吃得更好的方法应用于特定的比赛和专项中。 相似文献
13.
随着科技的进步,不同运动项目竞技的科学训练化水平在不断提高,利用科学的手段与特定的生理、生化指标监控运动训练,最大限度地挖掘运动员的内在潜力,已成为广大教练员和科研人员共同的研究方向。CK与能量代谢关系密切,是机体ATP—CP供能系统的关键酶之一,不仅参与肌肉的收缩供能,还参与控制着糖酵解和线粒体。因此,在众多训练监控指标中血清CK成为教练员、科研人员最关注的重要测试指标之一。研究表明,运动与血清肌酸激酶(CK)密切相关,是用于监控和评定训练负荷、机能恢复情况的较敏感指标之一,大强度、大运动量训练或比赛可以导致血清CK显著性升高;随着强度的增加,如果不适应,其运动专项能力就会下降,如果适应,其专项能力会有所突破,CK上升幅度较低的运动员,专项成绩也难提高;血清CK对肌纤维损伤的预警作用;高原训练、营养药物的使用对CK有影响作用。在冬季运动项目、田径、游泳、自行车与其他项目的训练中,训练初期血清CK会有所上升,大负荷训练阶段血清CK和训练负荷呈正相关,且对运动强度的刺激尤为敏感。在训练过程中,教练员和科研人员要及时对运动员的血清CK进行监测,可以防止运动强度过大,导致损伤的发生,提高训练效果。 相似文献
14.
Adam Brazil Timothy Exell Cassie Wilson Gareth Irwin 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(10):1140-1149
ABSTRACT An essential component of any physical preparation programme is the selection of training exercises to facilitate desired performance outcomes, with practitioners balancing the principles of sports training to inform exercise selection. This study aimed to advance biomechanical understanding of the principles of overload and specificity within exercise selection, utilising novel joint kinetic and intra-limb joint coordination analyses. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were obtained from six male sprinters (100 m PB, 10.64–11.00) performing block starts (competitive motor task) and seven training exercises that encompassed traditionally viewed general and more specific exercises. Results highlighted the challenging nature of exercise selection, with all exercises demonstrating capacity to overload relevant joint kinetic features of the block start. In addition, all exercises were able to promote the emergence of proximal and in-phase extension joint coordination patterns linked with block start execution, although traditionally viewed non-specific exercises elicited greater overall coordination similarity. The current research helps advance biomechanical understanding of overload and specificity within exercise selection, by demonstrating how exercise selection should not solely be based on perceived replication of a competitive motor task. Instead, practitioners must consider how the musculoskeletal determinants of performance are overloaded, in addition to promoting task specific coordination patterns. 相似文献
15.
Implementation of a nutrition programme for team sports involves application of scientific research together with the social skills necessary to work with a sports medicine and coaching staff. Both field and court team sports are characterized by intermittent activity requiring a heavy reliance on dietary carbohydrate sources to maintain and replenish glycogen. Energy and substrate demands are high during pre-season training and matches, and moderate during training in the competitive season. Dietary planning must include enough carbohydrate on a moderate energy budget, while also meeting protein needs. Strength and power team sports require muscle-building programmes that must be accompanied by adequate nutrition, and simple anthropometric measurements can help the nutrition practitioner monitor and assess body composition periodically. Use of a body mass scale and a urine specific gravity refractometer can help identify athletes prone to dehydration. Sports beverages and caffeine are the most common supplements, while opinion on the practical effectiveness of creatine is divided. Late-maturing adolescent athletes become concerned about gaining size and muscle, and assessment of maturity status can be carried out with anthropometric procedures. An overriding consideration is that an individual approach is needed to meet each athlete's nutritional needs. 相似文献
16.
描述和评价了社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用情况。研究采用引文追溯法对文献进行检索,共进行5轮,检索引文3 698篇,最终有74篇文献纳入研究。研究显示,社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用是一个新兴现象,相关研究呈现出快速发展的趋势。在已有的实证研究中,将团队运动中的互动行为概念化为一个网络,并从宏观、中观和微观的视角分别概述了网络结构对认识团队运动互动行为的有用见解,验证了社会网络分析在足球等8个不同团队运动中应用的可行性。社会网络分析作为传统运动标注分析的补充被证明是一种有效的研究工具,改变了原有方法将比赛事件从比赛环境中独立出来的研究范式。在对球员互动结构静态属性分析的基础上,未来研究应进一步深入讨论这种互动结构的动态属性,以及多重网络对团队表现的影响。 相似文献
17.
Bruno Archiza Daniela Kuguimoto Andaku Flávia Cristina Rossi Caruso José Carlos Bonjorno Jr. Cláudio Ricardo de Oliveira Paula Angélica Ricci 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(7):771-780
This study was conducted to determine the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory and peripheral muscles oxygenation during a maximal exercise tolerance test and on repeated-sprint ability (RSA) performance in professional women football players. Eighteen athletes were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: SHAM (n = 8) or IMT (n = 10). After a maximal incremental exercise test, all participants performed (on a different day) a time-to-exhaustion (Tlim) test. Peripheral and respiratory muscles oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy, breath-by-breath ventilatory and metabolic variables, and blood lactate concentration were measured. The RSA test was performed on a grass field. After a 6 week intervention, all athletes were reevaluated. Both groups showed increases in inspiratory muscles strength, exercise tolerance and RSA performance, however only the IMT group presented lower deoxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin blood concentrations on intercostal muscles concomitantly to an increased oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin blood concentrations on vastus lateralis muscle during Tlim. In conclusion, these results may indicate the potential role of IMT to attenuate inspiratory muscles metaboreflex and consequently improve oxygen and blood supply to limb muscles during high-intensity exercise, with a potential impact on inspiratory muscle strength, exercise tolerance and sprints performance in professional women football players. 相似文献
18.
Training and nutrition are highly interrelated in that optimal adaptation to the demands of repeated training sessions typically requires a diet that can sustain muscle energy reserves. As nutrient stores (i.e. muscle and liver glycogen) play a predominant role in the performance of prolonged, intense, intermittent exercise typical of the patterns of soccer match-play, and in the replenishment of energy reserves for subsequent training sessions, the extent to which acutely altering substrate availability might modify the training impulse has been a key research area among exercise physiologists and sport nutritionists for several decades. Although the major perturbations to cellular homeostasis and muscle substrate stores occur during exercise, the activation of several major signalling pathways important for chronic training adaptations take place during the first few hours of recovery, returning to baseline values within 24 h after exercise. This has led to the paradigm that many chronic training adaptations are generated by the cumulative effects of the transient events that occur during recovery from each (acute) exercise bout. Evidence is accumulating that nutrient supplementation can serve as a potent modulator of many of the acute responses to both endurance and resistance training. In this article, we review the molecular and cellular events that occur in skeletal muscle during exercise and subsequent recovery, and the potential for nutrient supplementation (e.g. carbohydrate, fat, protein) to affect many of the adaptive responses to training. 相似文献
19.
描述和评价了社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用情况。研究采用引文追溯法对文献进行检索,共进行5轮,检索引文3 698篇,最终有74篇文献纳入研究。研究显示,社会网络分析在团队运动表现中的应用是一个新兴现象,相关研究呈现出快速发展的趋势。在已有的实证研究中,将团队运动中的互动行为概念化为一个网络,并从宏观、中观和微观的视角分别概述了网络结构对认识团队运动互动行为的有用见解,验证了社会网络分析在足球等8个不同团队运动中应用的可行性。社会网络分析作为传统运动标注分析的补充被证明是一种有效的研究工具,改变了原有方法将比赛事件从比赛环境中独立出来的研究范式。在对球员互动结构静态属性分析的基础上,未来研究应进一步深入讨论这种互动结构的动态属性,以及多重网络对团队表现的影响。 相似文献
20.
Building muscle: nutrition to maximize bulk and strength adaptations to resistance exercise training
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):67-76
Abstract Several nutritional strategies can optimize muscle bulk and strength adaptations and enhance recovery from heavy training sessions. Adequate energy intake to meet the needs of training and carbohydrate intake sufficient to maintain glycogen stores (>7 g carbohydrate·kg?1·day?1 for women; >8 g carbohydrate·kg?1·day?1 for men) are important. Dietary protein intake for top sport athletes should include some foods with high biological value, with a maximum requirement of approximately 1.7 g·kg?1·day?1 being easily met with an energy sufficient diet. The early provision of carbohydrate (>1 g·kg?1) and protein (>10 g) early after an exercise session will enhance protein balance and optimize glycogen repletion. Creatine monohydrate supplementation over several days increases body mass through water retention and can increase high-intensity repetitive ergometer performance. Creatine supplementation can enhance total body and lean fat free mass gains during resistance exercise training; however, strength gains do not appear to be enhanced versus an optimal nutritional strategy (immediate post-exercise protein and carbohydrate). Some studies have suggested that β-OH-methyl butyric acid (β-HMB) can enhance gains made through resistance exercise training; however, it has not been compared “head to head” with optimal nutritional practices. Overall, the most effective way to increase strength and bulk is to perform sport-specific resistance exercise training with the provision of adequate energy, carbohydrate, and protein. Creatine monohydrate and β-HMB supplementation may enhance the strength gains made through training by a small margin but the trade-off is likely to be greater bulk, which may be ergolytic for any athlete participating in a weight-supported activity. 相似文献