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1.
中国-喜玛拉雅特有属——蓝钟花属的分类修订 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Krishna K. Shrestha 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1997,35(5):396-433
Cyananthus Wallich ex Bentham, the only genus of Campanulaceae with superior ovary, is revised to clarify infrageneric relationships and phylogeny of the genus. Evidence obtained from the comparative gross morphology, anatomy, palynology, and karyomorphology recommends a new infrageneric classification of the genus, recognizing 23 species, belonging to two subgenera, four sections and four subsections. One subgenus(Subgen. Micranthus), one section(Sect. Suffruticulosi) and two subsections(Subsect. Flavi and Subsect. Lichiangenses)are described as new taxa. New combinations at sectional(Sect. Annui) and subsectional(Subsect. Stenolobi) ranks are also proposed. The genus Cyananthus is strictly distributed in the high mountains of China(Xizang, Yunnan and Sichuan), extending to Bhutan, Nepal and India(Kumaon-Garhwal, Assam and Sikkim), with altitudinal ranges from 2500～5300 m. It is observed that 13 species are endemic to SW China and only three species are endemic to the Himalayas(two species in Nepal and one to NW India). It is evident that Cyananthus is one of the most primitive genera of Campanulaceae and within the genus, subgenus Cyananthus(Sect. Stenolobi) is more primitive than the subgenus Micranthus. It is also suggested that SW China(most probably Yunnan) is the center of origin of Cyananthus, considering the occurrence of as many as 20 species of Cyananthus, representing several primitive taxa and many endemic species. 相似文献
2.
木兰科分类系统的初步研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
刘玉壶 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1984,22(2):89-109
A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged
in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a
new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.
The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus
(Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.
The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and
distributional patterns as follows:
The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. mega-
phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central
China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast
India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the
Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi-
tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in
Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.
The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an-
thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few.
Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to
the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this
genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M.
flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center
of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern
Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China.
westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan
and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are
able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical
centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera.
Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan,
China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world. 相似文献
3.
In the south-east and south Xizang, in cluding Medog, Zayü some western separate
valleys Yadong, Kama near Zentang in Dinggye, Boqu near Zham in Nyalam and
Gyirong, a mild climate prevails because of the very high mountains and the very deep
valleys. According to our preliminary survey, 4/5 of the genera and 7/10 of the
species, i.e. approximately representing all families and genera of the tropical and
subtropical bryofliora of Xizang, are restricted to these localities below the altitude of
2,300 meters. It almost agrees with the previous presumption that the Tsangpo gorge
is the line of connection between two paleoeontinents—Laurasia and Gondwana.
Moreover, the bryoflora of these localities, besides the Indo-Malasian elements and
East Asian elements as the main components, has at least about 40 genera in common
with south America, Australia and Africa. According to the historical phytogeogra-
phical point of view, the distribution range of centain genera is formed through a
period of long historical development. The same is true for the area of different
species, although they are found in widely separate areas right now, yet they might
have once a continuous distribution in certain historical age. The Indian plate collided
against the eastern part of Laurasia and afterwards the Australasian plate moved to
the north. All these might have dispersed the Gondwana elements as far as to the
southeastern part of Xizang.
It is very interesting to note that of the 32 genera of bryophytes endemic to East
Asia, 13 have recently been found in the southeast and south Xizang and also in the
neighbouring regions, i.e. Yunnan, Sichuan, where there are many genera being in
common with southeast and south Xizang and also highly concentrated in distribution.
This may suggest that the Himalayas, being the highest and youngest mountain range,
have changed the atmospheric circulation, and have created a new ecological condition
between tropical and frigid zones, which have given the distribution of the newly form-
ed genera a suitable circumstance to survive. It may be presumed that the region
covering counties Medog, Zayü, Yadong etc. in southeastern and southern parts of the
Himalayas is a new center of distribution of bryophytes under the influence of the up-heaval of the Himalayas. 相似文献
4.
1) The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera,
which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the
total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220
genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com-
positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are
also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China.
Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the
small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to
say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.
In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30
species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And
5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium,
Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87%
of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.
2) The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of
Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation
is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan
Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan-
Ynnnan. With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common,
also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris-
tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain
range of the Himalayas. The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel
ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of
western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have
migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern
part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or
Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.
Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that
this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two
migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel
ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by
way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu,
Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.
However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele-
ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular
capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com-
positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re-
gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage
of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of
active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting
of the Himalayas. The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger
age.
3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the
ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no
doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan
Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau. 相似文献
5.
中国种子植物特有属的数量分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
王荷生 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1985,23(4):241-258
Chinese flora with many endemic elements is highly important in the world’s
flora. According to recent statistics there are about 196 genera of spermatophytes, be-
ing 6.5% of total Chinese genera. These endemic genera comprising 377 species belong
to 68 families, among which the Gesneriaceae (28 genera), Umbelliferae (13), Compo-
sitae (13), Orchidaceae (12) and Labiatae (10) are predominant. The tropical type
containing 24 families and 80 genera is dominant. After it follows the temperate type
with 23 families and 50 genera. There are also 4 families endemic to China, i.e. Gin-
kgoaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Eucommiaceae and Davidiaceae. It shows that genera
endemic to China are obviously related to the tropical and temperate flora in essence.
The endemic monotypic genera (139) and endemic obligotypic genera (48) combin-
ed make up more than 95% of the total number of genera endemic to China. Phylo-
genetically more than half of them are ancient or primitive. The life forms of all ende-
mic genera are also diverse. Herbs, especially perennial herbs, prevail with the propor-
tion of about 62%, and trees and shrubs are the next, with 33%, and the rest are lianas.
Based upon the calculated number of genera endemic to China in each province and
the similarity coefficents between any two provinces, some conclusions may be drawn
as follows:
Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces combined are the distribution centre of genera en-
demic to China and may be their original or differentiation area, because numerous
endemic genera, including various groups, exist in these two provinces. The second is
Guizhou where there are 62 endemic genera. Others form a declining order, south
China, central China and east China. But towards the north China endemic genera de-
crease gradually, and the Qinling Range is an important distributional limit.
The largest simitarity coefficient, over 50%, appears between Shaanxi and Gansu
probably because of the Qinling Range linking these two provinces. But between any
other two provinces it is less than 30% and it is generaly larger between two south pro-
vinces than between two north provinces.
These characteristics mentioned above are correlated with topography and climate,
and they may be resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence
for a long time. 相似文献
6.
鄂西神农架地区的植被和植物区系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shennungia is generally known as “The highest mountain in Central China”. It is
situated at latitude 31°342'N., longitude 110°35'E. in western Hupeh.
The area explored is deeply cut in all sides by five V-shaped valleys, giving the
landscape a steep topography. Its summit is about 3105 meters above the sea level, and
the relative altitude is from 1000-2000 meters.
The climate of the region is warm temperate. The differences of humidity-warmth
condition between the eastern and the western flanks are quite marked.
In western Hupeh and the adjacent area of Szechuan the rugged topography still
preserves some tracts of natural forests at higher elevations. Our vegetational survey
is confined to localities above 1500 meters. The collection of plant samples of the flora
is extended to the whole mountain from the foothill to the peak. The present article
deals with only a part of the results of our survey.
1. The vertical vegetation belts of Mt. Shennungia and relationships with other
regions: The vegetation belts on the eastern and the western flanks of the mountain
are shown in diagram 2 and 3. The comparison of the vertical vegetation zones of the
Mt. Shennungia with those of the Yülungshan in N. W. Yunnan and the eastern
Himalaya to the west and with those of Hwangshan and Central Japan to the east
is shown in table 4, It shows that the plant communities of the Mt. Shennungia are of
temperate nature, and they are more closely related to those of Hwangshan in S.
Anhwei and of Central Japan than to the eastern Himalaya.
2. Floristic composition: The generic ranges of flowering plant are relatively
distinct and stable. Various distributional patterns of genera are analysized.
1) Statistics of the genera in various distributional patterns: The total number
of genera of flowering plants in this region are 762, belonging to the following four
categories. A) tropical genera 239 (31.3%), B) temperate genera 416 (54.7%), C)
endemic genera 47 (6%), and D) comsmopolitan genera 61 (8%).
2) Endemic genera: An examination of the composition of the flora in western
Hupeh reveals that 47 endemic Chinese genera occur in this mountain of which 24 are
monotypic genera, 20 oligotypic and 2 multitypic as shown in Table 4. The arborescent
genera are nearly all deciduous. They are of temperate nature.
3) Temperate genera: There are 416 genera in wastern Hupeh. They are
subdivides into the following three groups according to their distributional patterns:
A) The north temperate genera: There are 159 genera belonging to 62 families in
western Hupeh. B) Eastern Asian genera: There are 117 genera belonging to 69
families in western Hupeh. Among them 22 are common to the western Szechuan,
adjacent regions of Yunnan and the Eastern Himalaya. The remaining 95 genera are
commom to both eastern China and Japan. C) The Eastern Asian-eastern North-
American genera: Of the total 762 genera known in western Hupeh, 64 are disjunc-
tively distributed in both eastern Asia and eastern North-America.
4) The tropical genera: Of the 762 genera of the flowering plant of western
Hupeh, 239 (31%) are of tropical nature.
Finally, our survey shows: 1. Many of the primitive temperate genera and ende-
mic relicts concentrate in western Hupeh and the adjacent region of Szechuan indica-
ting that it might be one of refuges of tertiary flora. Moreover, it might also be one
of the most important regions of differentiation, development and distribution of tem-
perature flora. 2. The vegetation of this region is not only of temperate nature, but
also of a transitional nature. 3. According to an analysis of the flora and a compari-
son of the vertical distribution of the vegetation of Yülungshan and Eastern Himalaya
to the west with Hwangshan and Central Japan to the east, the floristic affinity of
western Hupeh is more closely related to eastern China and Central Japan rather than
to the Eastern Himalaya, and phytogeographically this region is intermediate between
the Sino-Himalayan and the Sino-Japanese patterns. However, the problem of phyto-
geography of western Hupeh and the adjacent region of Szechuan is a complicated
one requiring further study.
相似文献
7.
张志耘 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1988,26(5):394-403
The morphological characters in the genus Orobanche were evaluated from the
taxonomic point of view. The author finds that the plants of this genus are relatively similar
to each other in respect to characters of vegetative organs, fruits and seeds. But the differences
in the floral structures can be served as a basis for delimitating infrageneric taxa. The seed
coat of 18 species and pollen grains of 6 species were also examined under scanning electron
microscope (SEM). They seem to have little significance for distinguishing species.
The result supports G. Beck’s (1930) division of the genus Orobanche into 4 sections, of
which 2 occur in China, based on the characters of the inflorescence, bracteoles and calyx.
The author considers that some characters, such as anther hairy or not, upper lip of corolla
entire or not, lower lip longer or shorter than the upper one, the state of corolla-tube inflec-
tion and the hair type of filaments and plants, are important in distinguishing Chinese species.
A key to the species of Orobanche in China is given.
This genus consists of about 100 species, and is mostly confined to Eurasia, with over 60
species found in Caucasus and Middle Asia of USSR, where may be the mordern distribu-
tional centre.
Orobanche L. in China is represented by 23 species, 3 varieties and l forma. As shown in
Table 1, most species (12 species) are found in Xinjiang, which clearly shows a close floristic
relationship between this region and Middle Asia of USSR. 6 species are endemic to China,
of which 4 are confined to the Hengduan Mountains (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin divide).
The relationships between this genus and related ones of Orobanchaceae are also discussed.
The author holds the following opinions: the genus Phelypaea Desf. should be considered as a
member of Orobanche L. Sect. Gymnocaulis G. Beck, the monotypic genus, Necranthus A.
Gilli endemic to Turkey, is allied with Orobanche L. Sect. Orobanche, the monotypic genus,
Platypholis Maxim, endemic to Bonin Is. of Japan, is far from Orobanche L. in relation and
should be regarded as a separate genus.
The 11 OTU’s, including all the sections of Orobanche L. and 7 genera of Orobanchaceae,
and 15 morphological characters were used in the numerical taxonomic treatment to test the
above-mentioned suggestions. After standardization of characters, the correlation matrices were
computerized. The correlation matrices were made to test the various clustering methods. At
last the UPGMA clustering method was chosen and its result is shown in a phenogram. The
result of numerical analysis is basically in accordance with the suggestions. 相似文献
8.
论胡桃科植物的地理分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
路安民 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1982,20(3):257-274
The present paper aims to discuss the geog raphical distribution of the Juglandaceae
on the basis of unity of the phylogeny and the process of dispersal in the plants.
The paper is divided into the following three parts:
1. The systematic positions and the distribution patterns of nine living genera in
the family Juglandaceae (namely, Engelhardia, Oreomunnea, Alfaroa, Pterocarya, Cyclo-
carya, Juglans, Carya, Annamocarya and Platycarya) are briefly discussed. The evolu-
tional relationships between the different genera of the Juglandaceae are elucidated. The
fossil distribution and the geological date of the plant groups are reviewed. Through
the analysis for the geographical distribution of the Juglandaceous genera, the distribu-
tion patterns may be divided as follows:
A. The tropical distribution pattern
a. The genera of tropical Asia distribution: Engelhardia, Annamocarya.
b. The genera of tropical Central America distribution: Oreomunnea, Alfaroa.
B. The temperate distribution pattern
c. The genus of disjunct distribution between Western Asia and Eastern Asia:
Pterocarya.
d. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eurasia and America: Juglans.
e. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eastern Asia and North America:
Carya.
f. The genera whose distribution is confined to Eastern Asia: Cyclocarya, Platy-
carya.
2. The distribution of species
According to Takhtajan’s view point of phytochoria, the number of species in every
region are counted. It has shown clearily that the Eastern Asian Region and the Coti-
nental South-east Asian Region are most abundant in number of genera and species. Of
the 71 living species, 53 are regional endemic elements, namely 74.6% of the total species.
The author is of the opinion that most endemic species in Eurasia are of old endemic
nature and in America of new endimic nature. There are now 7 genera and 28 species
in China, whose south-western and central parts are most abundant in species, with Pro-
vince Yunnan being richest in genera and species.
3. Discussions of the distribution patterns of the Juglandaceae
A. The centre of floristic region
B. The centre of floristic regions is determined by the following two principles: a.
A large number of species concentrate in a district, namely the centre of the majority;
b. Species of a district can reflect the main stages of the systematic evolution of the
Juglandaceae, namely the centre of diversity. It has shown clearly that the southern
part of Eastern Asian region and the northern part of Continental South-east Asian
Region (i.c. Southern China and Northern Indo-China) are the main distribution centre
of the Juglandaceae, while the southern part of Sonora Region and Caribbean Region
(i.c. South-western U.S.A., Mexico and Central America) are the secondary distribution
centre.
As far as fossil records goes, it has shown that in Tertiary period the Juglanda-
ceae were widely distributed in northern Eurasia and North America, growing not only
in Europe and the Caucasus but also as far as in Greenland and Alaska. It may be
considered that the Juglandaceae might be originated from Laurasia. According to
the analysis of distribution pattern for living primitive genus, for example, Engelhar-
dia, South-western China and Northern Indo-China may be the birthplace of the most
primitive Juglandaceous plants. It also can be seen that the primitive genera and the
primitive sections of every genus in the Juglandaceae have mostly distributed in the
tropics or subtropics. At the same time, according to the analysis of morphological cha-
racters, such as naked buds in the primitive taxa of this family, it is considered that
this character has relationship with the living conditions of their ancestors. All the
evidence seems to show that the Juglandaceae are of forest origin in the tropical moun-
tains having seasonal drying period.
B. The time of the origin
The geological times of fossil records are analyzed. It is concluded that the origin
of the Juglandaceae dates back at least as early as the Cretaceous period.
C. The routes of despersal
After the emergence of the Juglandaceous plant on earth, it had first developed and
dispersed in Southern China and Indo-China. Under conditions of the stable tempera-
ture and humidity in North Hemisphere during the period of its origin and development,
the Juglandaceous plants had rapidly developed and distributed in Eurasia and dis-
persed to North America by two routes: Europe-Greenland-North America route and
Asia-Bering Land-bridge-North America route. From Central America it later reached
South America.
D. The formaation of the modern distribution pattern and reasons for this forma-
tion.
According to the fossil records, the formation of two disjunct areas was not due to
the origin of synchronous development, nor to the parallel evolution in the two con-
tinents of Eurasia and America, nor can it be interpreted as due to result of transmis-
sive function. The modern distribution pattern has developed as a result of the tectonic
movement and of the climatic change after the Tertiary period. Because of the con-
tinental drift, the Eurasian Continent was separated from the North American Conti-
nent, it had formed a disjunction between Eurasia and North America. Especially, under
the glaciation during the Late Tertiary and Quaternary Periods, the continents in Eu-
rasia and North America were covered by ice sheet with the exception of “plant refuges”, most plants in the area were destroyed, but the southern part of Eastern Asia
remained practically intact and most of the plants including the Juglandaceae were
preserved from destruction by ice and thence became a main centre of survival in the
North Hemisphere, likewise, there is another centre of survival in the same latitude in
North America and Central America.
E. Finally, the probable evolutionary relationships of the genera of the Juglanda-ceae is presented by the dendrogram in the text. 相似文献
9.
海菜花属的分类、地理分布和系统发育 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李恒 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1981,19(1):29-42
The genus Ottelia is one of the great genera of Hydrocharidaceae. About 25 spe-
cies distributed in the Palaeotropics, extending from Africa through India and SE.
Asia to Korea and Japan, Australia and New Caledonia, 1 species in Brazil; centres of
specific devolopment are found in Central Africa and SE Asia.
The present study is mainly based on the materials collected during the field ex-
plorations in the lakes of Yunnan and observations on the structure of the spathe and
flowers, the variation of leaf of the plants cultivated in Kunming Bot. Garden.
Instead of the wings of the spathe used by Dandy, by the characters such as uni-or
bisexual flowers, this genus is divided into two subgenera, which by the number of the
flowers in spathe and the number of the carpus in ovary again subdivided into 4
sections. They are as the following:
A. Subg. Ottelia. Flowers bisexual.
Sect. 1. Ottelia. Spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 6(—9) carpus.
Sect. 2. Oligolobos (Gagnep.) Dandy. Spathe with many flowers; ovary with 3 car-
pus.
B. Subg. Boottia (Wall.) Dandy. Flowers unisexual; the male spathe with 1-many
flowers, the female spathe with many flowers.
Sect. 3. Boottia. The male spathe with 1 flower; ovary with 9(—15) carpus.
Sect. 4. Xystrolobos (Gagnep.) H. Li. The female spathe with (2-) many flow-
ers; ovary with 3 or 9 carpus.
The Chinense species of ottelia is in great need for revision. All of the species in
China previousely described under Ottelia Pers, Boottia Wall., Oligolobos Gagnep, and
Xystrolobos Gagen. are here combined into 3 species. They are O. alismoides, O. cor-
data, O. acuminata with 4 variaties.
After a study of the geographic distribution and infer relation-ships among the
floristic elements it has been proved that Ottelia is certainly an ancient genus, and the
primitive types came into being and widely dispersed before the separation of Laurasia
from Gondwana.
During a considerable period of time the elements of the genus Ottelia in fresh-
water environment of different continents have been separately differentiated and evolv-
ed into more or less derived types. The structure of flowers in all of the asian species
shows the following evolutionary tendenoes: 1. In this genus the plants with unisexual
flowers have evolved from plants with bisexual flower; 2. In the groups with bisexual
or unisexual flowers the number of stamens and styles reduced to 3-merous, but the
number of flowers in spathe increased. So that the subgenus Ottelia is more primitive
than the subgenus Bottia; While in the subgenus Ottelia O. alismoides is a more primi-
tive than O. balansae and in the subgenus Boottia O. cordata is the most primitive, butO. alata seems to be the most advanced. 相似文献
10.
方振富 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1987,25(4):307-313
1. The distribution of Salix species among the continents. There are about
526 species of Salix in the world, most of which are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere
with only a few species in the Southern Hemisphere. In Asia, there are about 375 species, mak-
ing up 71.29 percent of the total in the world, including 328 endemics; in Europe, about 114
species, 21.67 percent with 73 endemics; in North America, about 91 species, 17.3 percent with
71 endemics; in Africa, about 8 species, 1.5 percent, with 6 endemics. Only one species occurs
in South America. Asia, Europe and North America have 8 species in common (excluding 4
cultivated species). There are 34 common species between Asia and Europe, 14 both between
Europe and North America and between Asia and North America, 2 between Asia and Africa.
Acording to the Continental Drift Theory, the natural circumstances which promoted speciation
and protected newly originated and old species were created by the orogenic movement of the
Himalayas in the middle and late Tertiary. Besides, the air temperature was a little higher in
Asia than in Europe and North America (except its west part) and the dominant glaciers were
mountainous in Asia during the glacial epoch in the Quaternary Period. Then willows of Eu-
rope moved southwards to Asia. During the interglacial period they moved in opposite direc-
tion. Such a to-and-fro willow migration between Asia and Europe and between and North
America occurred so often that it resulted in the diversity of willow species in Asia. Those
species of willows common among the continents belong to the Arctic flora.
2. The multistaminal willows are of the primitive group in Salix. Asia has 28 species of
multistaminal willows, but Europe has only one which is also found in Asia. These 28 species
are divided into two groups, “northern type” and “southern type”, according to morphology of
the ovary. The boundary between the two forms in distribution is at 40°N. The multistami-
nal willows from south Asia, Africa and South America are very similar to each other and
may have mutually communicated between these continents in the Middle or Late Cretaceous
Period. The southern type willows in south Asia are similar to the North American multista-
minal willows but a few species. The Asian southern type willows spreaded all over the conti-
nents of Europe, Asia and North America through the communication between them before the
Quaternany Period. Nevertheless, it is possible that the willows growing in North America
immigranted through the middle America from South America. The Asian northern type mul-
tistaminal willows may have originated during the ice period.
The multistaminal willows are more closed to populars in features of sexual organs. They
are more primitive than the willows with 1-3 stamens and the most primitive ones in the ge-
nus.
3. The center of origin and development of willows Based on the above discussion it is re-
asonable to say that the region between 20°-40°N in East Asia is the center of the origin and
differentiation of multistaminal willows. It covers Southern and Southwestern China and nor-
thern Indo-China Pennisula. 相似文献
11.
The Xizang (Tibetan) flora with numerous endemics is of importance in Chi-
nese flora. According to recent statistics there are in Xizang 27 genera of spermatophytes
endemic to China, being only 2.25% percent of the total number of genera in the Xizang flora.
Four of them are regarded as palaeoendemics (14.81%) and the others as neoendemics (85.19%).
These endemic genera, of 30 species and 3 varieties, belong to 17 families, of which, Umbelli-
ferae contains 6 genera, 7 species and 3 varieties; Compositae has 6 genera and 7 species, and
Gentianaceae 1 genus and 2 species. All the other families each comprises one genus with a
single species.
The cosmopolitan families together comprising 14 genera with 15 species have the highest
perecentage (52.92%) and the tropical ones (5 families, 5 genera with 5 species) come to the next
(29.42%), followed by the temperate ones (3 families, 10 genera with 10 species) (17.66%). It
shows that these endemic genera are obviously related to the tropical flora and temperate one
in essence.
According to the number of species, the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xi-
zang flora may be grouped as fallows.
Monotypic endemic ones 14 (51.85%)
Ditypic endemic ones 6 (22.22%)
Oligotypic endemic ones 4 (14.81%)
Small endemic ones 3 (11.11%)
The formation of the endemic genera is correlated with the topography, climate and en-
vironmental conditions, and they may have resulted from the diversification in geography and
climatic influence for a long time. The southeastern part of Xizang Plateau is of very diverse
ecological conditions, with the adequate precipitation, which may explain the concentration of
these endemic genera in this region.
The largest similarity coefficient (38.30%) of the genera endemic to China and occurring
in Xizang is with those in Qinghai Plateau, next, with those in Yunnan and in Sichuan pro-
vinces (both 27.60%), which shows that these endemic genera are related to the floras of the
regions mentioned above.
The difference in the horizontal distribution of these endemic genera is obviously between
the southern and northern parts of Xizang Plateau. The vertical distribution of the genera is
also rather obvious, from 800 m to 5200 m above sea level, but concentrated in the zone of 3000
m to 4500 mm. Therefore their occurrence in Xizang is not only affected by the historical
environmental conditions but also controlled by the horizontal and vertical distribution.
The origin and evolution of some endemic genera, such as Psammosilene, Parateropyrum,
Sphaerotylos, Salweenia, Ajaniopsis, Xizangia, Sinoleontopodium, are discussed in this paper.
Parateropyrum, a monotypic palaeotropic endemic, belongs to the tribe Atraphaxideae in-
cluding Atraphaxis, Calligonum and Pteropyrum. It may be a comparatively advanced group
in the tribe, and is closely related to the genus Pteropyrum which is distributed in western
Asia. The genus Parapteropyrum has possibly survived as a palaetropic-tertiary relic in this
region.
Sphaerotylos, a member of the subtribe Sphaerotylinae, the tribe Boehmerieae in the family
Urticaceae, is a comparatively primitive genus in the tribe Boehmerieae so far known. As the
other subtribes, such as Boehmerinae, Sarconchlamydinae, Orecnidinae and Maoutinae, are dis-
tributed in the tropics, rarely in the subtropics, the genus is no doubt a palaetropic -tertiary
relic.
Sinoleontopodium, belonging to the tribe lnuleae in Compositae, is also related to the ge-
nus Leontopodium. It is probable that the genus Sinoleontopodium arised later than the other.
We come to the conclusion that the southern part of Xizang Plateau is also one of thecentres of the origin and differentiation of genera endemic to China. 相似文献
12.
本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布统一的原理，讨论了獐牙菜属植物的起源、散布和分
布区的形成。獐牙菜属包括11组16系154种，间断分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和非洲。中国西南部-
喜马拉雅地区汇集了大多数种类、不同演化水平的类群以及形形色色的特有类群，成为该属的多样化
中心和多度中心。该属的原始类群和外类群也集中分布在中国西南山地，极有可能是该属的起源地。该
属的分布区类型中出现了各式的间断分布，根据有该属植物分布的大陆间及大陆与岛屿间分离和连接
的时间推测，该属的起源时间至少不会晚于晚白垩纪，也许更早，可追溯到中白垩纪。通过分类群间亲
缘关系和现代分布分析，显示出该属植物从起源地向周围和一定方向散布，形成了三个主要散布途径。在散布过程中植物本身也发生演化和就地特化，形成新的类群。 相似文献
13.
张明理 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1997,35(2):136-147
锦鸡儿属Caragana是一个典型的温带亚洲分布属。本属在青藏高原和喜马拉雅约有24种1变种，约占整个属的1／3。这些种类几乎全部处于演化高级阶段，且既有叶轴宿存类群，也有假掌状叶类群。反映出种的分化很活跃，在横断山地区形成本属的分布中心、分化中心。本区内绝大多数种类是特有分布。替代现象主要受气候、植被变化作用，沿横断山和喜马拉雅分布的长齿系Ser. Bracteolatae Kom．是一个典型的替代分布类群。锦鸡儿属植物生态适应性很强，可在其生长的灌丛中形成优势种。 寒化和旱化现象十分突出，它们有一系列森林种、草原种和荒漠种及相关的形态变异。用锦鸡儿属植物进行青藏高原和喜马拉雅区域内的分布区关系分析及最小生成树MST和特有性简约性分析(PAE)，表明横断山地区特别是其北部是本属植物的一个地理结点。以此沿横断山向北部唐古特和西部藏东南适应性辐射。横断山和西喜马拉雅联系微弱，看不出植物长距离扩散的踪迹，大多是由于生态因子限制而产生的隔离。虽然本区不可能是锦鸡儿属的起源地，然而，通过本区与邻近地区的地理联系，可推测它们在我国适应性辐射方向是从东北向西南。结合豆科蝶形花亚科其它属化石记录及其分布区局限在温带亚洲等现象，认为锦鸡儿植物是一组特化、晚近衍生的类群，起源于北方东西伯利亚晚第三纪中新世后期至上新世。 相似文献
14.
本文结合地史初步探讨了第三纪以来武夷山苔藓植物可能发生的变化。武夷山的苔藓
植物主要为东亚区系成分和旧热带区系成分，与泛北极区系成分的相似性也相当明显。东亚
特有属(5个)系组成武夷山苔藓植物区系的重要因素之一，它低于黄山和西天目山的9个和
7个，与黄山等组成一个共同的苔藓植物东亚特有属的分布中心。从各方面的分析推测，这 类植物可能起源于第三纪，系一类“孑遗植物”。 相似文献
15.
重楼属Paris有19种，分布于欧亚大陆。根据对本属所有种的染色体研究，重楼属染色体基数为5，核型的基本结构有两种形式：热带核型K2n＝2x=10=6m十4t和温带核型K2n=2x=10＝6m+4st或 6m+2st十2t。 热带核型的种(13种)分布在亚洲大陆的热带和亚热带；温带核型的种(6种)则出现在欧亚大陆的温带地域。重楼属的多倍体种的核型属温带核型，为本属的边陲种。四倍体种四叶重楼Paris quadrifolia分布在本属分布区的西端(欧洲)；日本重楼P.japonica是八倍体种，局限在属分布区的东端(日本)。全部热带核型的种都是二倍体种。其中海南重楼P.dunniana等较原始种类都集中在华南和中南半岛北部。作者认为，亚洲大陆北纬18°至北回归线的热带地域是重楼属的起源地，云贵高原至邛崃山地域拥有14种重楼和9种核型结构式(全属有13种核型结构式)，是重楼属的多样化中心，即现代分布中心。 相似文献