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1.
论胡桃科植物的地理分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
路安民 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1982,20(3):257-274
The present paper aims to discuss the geog raphical distribution of the Juglandaceae
on the basis of unity of the phylogeny and the process of dispersal in the plants.
The paper is divided into the following three parts:
1. The systematic positions and the distribution patterns of nine living genera in
the family Juglandaceae (namely, Engelhardia, Oreomunnea, Alfaroa, Pterocarya, Cyclo-
carya, Juglans, Carya, Annamocarya and Platycarya) are briefly discussed. The evolu-
tional relationships between the different genera of the Juglandaceae are elucidated. The
fossil distribution and the geological date of the plant groups are reviewed. Through
the analysis for the geographical distribution of the Juglandaceous genera, the distribu-
tion patterns may be divided as follows:
A. The tropical distribution pattern
a. The genera of tropical Asia distribution: Engelhardia, Annamocarya.
b. The genera of tropical Central America distribution: Oreomunnea, Alfaroa.
B. The temperate distribution pattern
c. The genus of disjunct distribution between Western Asia and Eastern Asia:
Pterocarya.
d. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eurasia and America: Juglans.
e. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eastern Asia and North America:
Carya.
f. The genera whose distribution is confined to Eastern Asia: Cyclocarya, Platy-
carya.
2. The distribution of species
According to Takhtajan’s view point of phytochoria, the number of species in every
region are counted. It has shown clearily that the Eastern Asian Region and the Coti-
nental South-east Asian Region are most abundant in number of genera and species. Of
the 71 living species, 53 are regional endemic elements, namely 74.6% of the total species.
The author is of the opinion that most endemic species in Eurasia are of old endemic
nature and in America of new endimic nature. There are now 7 genera and 28 species
in China, whose south-western and central parts are most abundant in species, with Pro-
vince Yunnan being richest in genera and species.
3. Discussions of the distribution patterns of the Juglandaceae
A. The centre of floristic region
B. The centre of floristic regions is determined by the following two principles: a.
A large number of species concentrate in a district, namely the centre of the majority;
b. Species of a district can reflect the main stages of the systematic evolution of the
Juglandaceae, namely the centre of diversity. It has shown clearly that the southern
part of Eastern Asian region and the northern part of Continental South-east Asian
Region (i.c. Southern China and Northern Indo-China) are the main distribution centre
of the Juglandaceae, while the southern part of Sonora Region and Caribbean Region
(i.c. South-western U.S.A., Mexico and Central America) are the secondary distribution
centre.
As far as fossil records goes, it has shown that in Tertiary period the Juglanda-
ceae were widely distributed in northern Eurasia and North America, growing not only
in Europe and the Caucasus but also as far as in Greenland and Alaska. It may be
considered that the Juglandaceae might be originated from Laurasia. According to
the analysis of distribution pattern for living primitive genus, for example, Engelhar-
dia, South-western China and Northern Indo-China may be the birthplace of the most
primitive Juglandaceous plants. It also can be seen that the primitive genera and the
primitive sections of every genus in the Juglandaceae have mostly distributed in the
tropics or subtropics. At the same time, according to the analysis of morphological cha-
racters, such as naked buds in the primitive taxa of this family, it is considered that
this character has relationship with the living conditions of their ancestors. All the
evidence seems to show that the Juglandaceae are of forest origin in the tropical moun-
tains having seasonal drying period.
B. The time of the origin
The geological times of fossil records are analyzed. It is concluded that the origin
of the Juglandaceae dates back at least as early as the Cretaceous period.
C. The routes of despersal
After the emergence of the Juglandaceous plant on earth, it had first developed and
dispersed in Southern China and Indo-China. Under conditions of the stable tempera-
ture and humidity in North Hemisphere during the period of its origin and development,
the Juglandaceous plants had rapidly developed and distributed in Eurasia and dis-
persed to North America by two routes: Europe-Greenland-North America route and
Asia-Bering Land-bridge-North America route. From Central America it later reached
South America.
D. The formaation of the modern distribution pattern and reasons for this forma-
tion.
According to the fossil records, the formation of two disjunct areas was not due to
the origin of synchronous development, nor to the parallel evolution in the two con-
tinents of Eurasia and America, nor can it be interpreted as due to result of transmis-
sive function. The modern distribution pattern has developed as a result of the tectonic
movement and of the climatic change after the Tertiary period. Because of the con-
tinental drift, the Eurasian Continent was separated from the North American Conti-
nent, it had formed a disjunction between Eurasia and North America. Especially, under
the glaciation during the Late Tertiary and Quaternary Periods, the continents in Eu-
rasia and North America were covered by ice sheet with the exception of “plant refuges”, most plants in the area were destroyed, but the southern part of Eastern Asia
remained practically intact and most of the plants including the Juglandaceae were
preserved from destruction by ice and thence became a main centre of survival in the
North Hemisphere, likewise, there is another centre of survival in the same latitude in
North America and Central America.
E. Finally, the probable evolutionary relationships of the genera of the Juglanda-ceae is presented by the dendrogram in the text. 相似文献
2.
1) The Compositae in Tibet so far known comprise 508 species and 88 genera,
which nearly amounts to one fourth of the total number of genera and one third of the
total number of species of Compositae in all China, if the number of 2290 species and 220
genera have respectively been counted in all China. In Tibet there are all tribes of Com-
positae known in China, and surprisingly, the large tribes in Tibetan Compositae are
also large ones in all China and the small tribes in Tibet are also small ones in all China.
Generally speaking, the large genera in Tibet are also large ones in all China and the
small genera in Tibet are likewise small ones in all China. In this sense it is reasonable to
say that the Compositae flora of Tibet is an epitome of the Compositae flora of all China.
In the Compositae flora of Tibet, there are only 5 large genera each containing 30
species or more. They are Aster, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea and Cremanthodium. And
5 genera each containing 10—29 species. They are Erigeron, Anaphalis, Leontopodium,
Ajania, Ligularia and Taraxacum. In addition, there are 77 small genera, namely 87%
of the total of Compositae genera in Tibet, each comprising 1—9 species, such as Aja-niopsis, Cavea and Vernonia, etc.
2) The constituents of Compositae flora in Tibet is very closely related to those of
Sichuan-Yunnan provinces with 59 genera and 250 species in common. Such a situation
is evidently brought about by the geographycal proximity in which the Hengtuang Shan
Range links southeastern and eastern Tibet with northern and northwestern Sichuan-
Ynnnan. With India the Tibetan Compositae have 59 genera and 132 species in common,
also showing close floristic relationships between the two regions. Apparently the floris-
tic exchange of Compositae between Tibet and India is realized by way of the mountain
range of the Himalayas. The mountain range of the Himalayas, including the parallel
ranges, plays a important role as a bridge hereby some members of the Compositae of
western or northern Central Asia and of the northern Africa or of western Asia have
migrated eastwards or southeastwards as far as the southern part of Fibet and northern
part of India, or hereby some Compositae plants of eastern and southeastern Asia or
Asia Media have migrated northwestwards as the northern part of Central Asia.
Some of the species and genera in common to both Tibet and Sinjiang indicate that
this weak floristical relationship between these regions is principally realized through two
migration routes: one migration route is by way of the Himalayas including the parallel
ranges to Pamir Plataeu and Tien Shan, or vice versa. The other migration route is by
way of northern Sinjiang to Mongolia, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwards to Gansu,
Qinghai (or western Sichuan), eastern Tibet up to the Himalayas, or vice versa.
However, Tibet is not entirely situated at a migration crossroad of the floral ele-
ments. An ample amount of the data shows that Compositae flora have a particular
capability of development in Tibet. of the total number of species of Tibetan Com-
positae, 102 species and 1 genus (Ajaniopsis Shih) are endemic. Besides, 8 genera are re-
gional endemics with their range extending to its neighbourhood. The higher percentage
of endemics at specific level than at generic in Tibetan Compositae may be a result of
active speciation in response to the new enviromental conditions created by the uplifting
of the Himalayas. The flora in Tibetan Plateau as a whole appears to be of a younger
age.
3) The uprising of the Himalayas and of the Tibetan Plateau accompanied by the
ultraviolet ray radiation, the microthermal climate and the high wind pressure has, no
doubt, played a profound influence upon the speciation of the native elements of Tibetan
Compositae. The recent speciation is the main trend in the development of the Com-positae flora native in Tibet in the wake of upheaval of the plateau. 相似文献
3.
Xizang (Tibet) is rich in Leguminosae flora, comprising 41 genera and 254 species
so far known, exclusive of the commonly cultivated taxa (including 11 genera and 16
species). There are 4 endemic genera (with 8 species), 10 temperate genera (with 175
species) and 19 tropical genera (with 46 species) as well as the representatives of those
genera whose distribution centers are in East Asia-North America, Mediterranean
and Central Asia.
1. There are altogether 4 endemic genera of Leguminosae in this region. Accord-
ing to their morphological characters, systematic position and geographical distribution,
it would appear that Salweenia and Piptanthus are Tertiary paleo-endemics, while
Straceya and Cochlianths are neo-endemics. Salweenia and Piptanthus may be some
of more primitive members in the subfamily Papilionasae and their allies are largely
distributed in the southern Hemisphere. The other two genera might have been derived
from the northern temperate genus Hedysarum and the East Asian-North American
genus Apios respectively, because of their morphological resemblance. They probably
came into existanc during the uplifting of the Himalayas.
2. An analysis of temperate genera
There are twelve temperate genera of Leguminosae in the region, of which the
more important elements in composition of flora, is Astragalus, Oxytropis and Cara-
gana.
Astragalus is a cosmopolitan genus comprising 2000 species, with its center
distribution in Central Asia. 250 species, are from China so far known, in alpine zone of
Southwest and Northwest, with 70 species extending farther to the Himalayas and
Xizang Plateau.
Among them, there are 7 species (10%) common to Central Asia, 12 species (15.7%)
to Southwest China and 40 species (60%) are endemic, it indicates that the differentia-
tion of the species of the genus in the region is very active, especially in the subgenus
Pogonophace with beards in stigma. 27 species amounting to 78.5% of the total species of
the subgenus, are distributed in this region. The species in the region mainly occur in
alpine zone between altitude of 3500—300 m. above sea-level. They have developed into
a member of representative of arid and cold alpine regions.
The endemic species of Astragalus in Xizang might be formed by specialization of
the alien and native elements. It will be proved by a series of horizontal and vertical vicarism of endemic species. For example, Astragalus bomiensis and A. englerianus are
horizontal and vertical vicarism species, the former being distributed in southeast part
of Xizang and the latter in Yunnan; also A. arnoldii and A. chomutovii, the former
being an endemic on Xizang Plateau and latter in Central Asia.
The genus Oxytropis comprises 300 species which are mainly distributed in the
north temperate zone. About 100 species are from China so far known, with 40 species
extending to Himalayas and Xizang Plateau. The distribution, formation and differ-
entiation of the genus in this region are resembled to Astragalus. These two genera are
usually growing together, composing the main accompanying elements of alpine mea-
dow and steppe.
Caragana is an endemic genus in Eurasian temperate zone and one of constructive
elements of alpine bush-wood. About 100 species are from China, with 16 species in Xi-
zang. According to the elements of composition, 4 species are common to Inner Mon-
golia and Kausu, 4 species to Southwest of China, the others are endemic. This not only
indicates that the species of Caragana in Xizang is closely related to those species of
above mentioned regions, but the differentiation of the genus in the region is obviously
effected by the uplifting of Himalayas, thus leading to the formations of endemic species
reaching up to 50%.
3. An Analysis of Tropical Genera
There are 19 tropical genera in the region. They concentrate in southeast of Xizang
and southern flank of the Himalayas. All of them but Indigofera and Desmodium are
represented by a few species, especially the endemic species. Thus, it can be seen that
they are less differentiated than the temperate genera.
However, the genus Desmodium which extends from tropical southeast and northeast
Asia to Mexio is more active in differentiation than the other genera. According to Oha-
Shi,s system about the genus in 1973, the species of Desmodium distributed in Sino-Hima-
laya region mostly belong to the subgenus Dollinera and subgenus Podocarpium. The
subgenus Dollinera concentrates in both Sino-Himalaya region and Indo-China with 14
species, of which 7 species are endemic in Sino-Himalaya. They are closely related to
species of Indo-China, southern Yunnan and Assam and shows tha tthey have close con-
nections in origin and that the former might be derived from the latter.
Another subgenus extending from subtropical to temperate zone is Podocarpium.
Five out of the total eight species belonging to the subgenus are distributed in Sino-
Himalaya and three of them are endemic.
An investigation on interspecific evolutionary relationship and geographic distribu-
tion of the subgenus shows that the primary center of differentiation of Podocarpium
is in the Sino-Himalaya region.
Finally, our survey shows that owing to the uplifting of the Himalayas which has
brought about complicated geographic and climatic situations, the favorable conditions
have been provided not only for the formation of the species but also for the genus in cer-tain degree. 相似文献
4.
木兰科分类系统的初步研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
刘玉壶 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1984,22(2):89-109
A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged
in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a
new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.
The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus
(Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.
The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and
distributional patterns as follows:
The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. mega-
phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central
China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast
India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the
Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi-
tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in
Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.
The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an-
thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few.
Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to
the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this
genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M.
flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center
of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern
Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China.
westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).
The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan
and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are
able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical
centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera.
Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan,
China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world. 相似文献
5.
我国悬钩子属植物的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陆玲娣 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1983,21(1):13-25
The genus Rubus is one of the largest genera in the Rosaceae, consisting of more
than 750 species in many parts of the world, of which 194 species have been recorded
in China.
In the present paper the Rubus is understood in its broad sense, including all the
blackberries, dewberries and raspberries, comprising the woody and herbaceous kinds.
So it is botanically a polymorphic, variable and very complicated group of plants.
The detailed analysis and investigation of the evolutionary trends of the main organs
in this genus have indicated the passage from shrubs to herbs in an evolutionary line,
although there is no obvious discontinuity of morphological characters in various taxa.
From a phylogenetic point of view, the Sect. Idaeobatus Focke is the most primitive
group, characterized by its shrub habit armed with sharp prickles, aciculae or setae,
stipules attached to the petioles, flowers hermaphrodite and often in terminal or axill-
ary inflorescences, very rarely solitary, druplets separated from receptacles. Whereas
the herbaceous Sect. Chamaemorus L. is the most advanced group, which is usually
unarmed, rarely with aciculae or setae, stipules free, flowers dieocious, solitary, dru-
plets adhering to the receptacles and with high chromosome numbers (2n = 56).
Basing upon the evolutionary tendency of morphological features, chromosome nu-
mbers of certain species recorded in literature and the distribution patterns of species,
a new systematic arrangement of Chinese Rubus has been suggested by the present
authors. Focke in his well-known monograph divided the species of Rubus into 12
subgenera, while in the Flora of China 8 sections of Focke were adapted, but some im-
portant revisions have been made in some taxa and Sect. Dalibarda Focke has been
reduced to Sect. Cylactis Focke. In addition, the arrangement of sections is presented
in a reverse order to those of Focke’s system. The species of Rubus in China are
classified into 8 sections with 24 subsections (tab. 3) as follows: 1. Sect. Idaeobatus,
emend. Yü et Lu(11 subsect. 83 sp.); 2. Sect. Lampobatus Focke (1 sp.); 3. Sect.
Rubus (1 sp.); 4. Sect. Malachobatus Focke, emend. Yü et Lu (13 subsect. 85 sp.); 5.
Sect. Dalibardastrus (Focke)Yü et Lu (10 sp.); 6. Sect. Chaemaebatus Focke (5 sp.);
7. Sect. Cylactis Focke, emend. Yü et Lu (8 sp.); 8. Sect. Chamaemorus Focke (1 sp.).
In respect to the geographical distribution the genus Rubus occurs throughout the
world as shown in tab. 2, particularly abundant in the Northern Hemisphere, while
the greatest concentration of species appears in North America and E. Asia. Of the
more than 750 species in the world, 470 or more species (64%) distributed in North
America. It is clearly showm that the center of distribution lies in North America at
present time. There are about 200 species recorded in E. Asia, of which the species
in China (194) amount to 97% of the total number. By analysis of the distribution
of species in China the great majority of them inhabit the southern parts of the Yangtze
River where exist the greatest number of species and endemics, especially in south-
western parts of China, namely Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou (tab. 3. 4.). It is in-
teresting to note that the centre of distribution of Rubus in China ranges From north-
western Yunnan to south-western Sichuan (tab. 5), where the genus also reaches its
highest morphological diversity.
In this region the characteristics of floristic elements of Rubus can be summarized
as follows: it is very rich in composition, contaning 6 sections and 94 species, about
66% of the total number of Chinese species; there are also various complex groups,
including primitive, intermediate and advanced taxa of phylogenetic importance; the
proportion of endemic plants is rather high, reaching 61 species, up to 44% of the
total endemics in China. It is noteworthy to note that the most primitive Subsect.
Thyrsidaei (Focke) Yü et Lu, consisting of 9 endemic species, distributed in southern
slopes of the Mts. Qin Ling and Taihang Shan (Fig. 4). From the above facts we may
concluded that the south-western part of China is now not only the center of distribu-
tion and differentiation of Rubus in China, but it may also be the center of origin ofthis genus. 相似文献
6.
Cypripedium subtropicum S. C. Chen et K. Y. Lang is a phytogeography-
cally significant new species with its habit, inflorescence and column very similar to
those of Selenipedilum of tropical America. It is found in Mêdog of southeastern Xi-
zang, China. Its slender leafy stem bears at the summit a many-flowered raceme, am-
ounting to 1.5 m in height. Although its ovary is unilocular—this is the reason why
we place it in Cypripedium, the column characters resemble those of Selenipedilum. For
example, the staminode is rather small and its long stalk is very similar in texture and
color to the filament of the fertile stamens. Obviously, it is a primitive new species re-
lated to Selenipedilum based on the similarities mentioned above.
In the subfamily Cypripedioideae, as generally recognized, Selenipedilum is the
most primitive genus, from which or whose allies Cypripedium is derived. Of phyto-
geographical significance is the fact that Selenipedilum occurs in Central America and
northern South America, while a cypripedium akin to it is discontinuously distributed
in subtropical Asia. This suggests that Selenipedilum or Selenipedilum-like form be
once continually distributed in North America and eastern Asia when the climate there
was warmer, as it is in the subtropics today. The floristic relationship between Central
America and subtropical Asia appears to be closer than expected, as shown by the dis-
tribution patterns of Tropidia, Erythrodes, etc. Based on the occurrence of all six sec-
tions and particularly the most primitive form in eastern Asia, Cypripedium seems to
be of Asian, rather than Central American, origin. Selenipedilum possesses some very
primitive characters, such as trilocular ovary, vanilla-scented fruit, seed with sclerotic
testa, simple column and more or less suffrutescent habit. The latter is considered by
Dahlgren & Clifford (1982) to be one of ancestral characters of monocotyledons, which
is now very rare not only in Orchidaceae but also in all monocotyledons. It is indeed
necessary to make further investigations on Selenipedilum and also the new species pub-lished here, as well as a detailed comparison between them. 相似文献
7.
8.
张志耘 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1988,26(5):394-403
The morphological characters in the genus Orobanche were evaluated from the
taxonomic point of view. The author finds that the plants of this genus are relatively similar
to each other in respect to characters of vegetative organs, fruits and seeds. But the differences
in the floral structures can be served as a basis for delimitating infrageneric taxa. The seed
coat of 18 species and pollen grains of 6 species were also examined under scanning electron
microscope (SEM). They seem to have little significance for distinguishing species.
The result supports G. Beck’s (1930) division of the genus Orobanche into 4 sections, of
which 2 occur in China, based on the characters of the inflorescence, bracteoles and calyx.
The author considers that some characters, such as anther hairy or not, upper lip of corolla
entire or not, lower lip longer or shorter than the upper one, the state of corolla-tube inflec-
tion and the hair type of filaments and plants, are important in distinguishing Chinese species.
A key to the species of Orobanche in China is given.
This genus consists of about 100 species, and is mostly confined to Eurasia, with over 60
species found in Caucasus and Middle Asia of USSR, where may be the mordern distribu-
tional centre.
Orobanche L. in China is represented by 23 species, 3 varieties and l forma. As shown in
Table 1, most species (12 species) are found in Xinjiang, which clearly shows a close floristic
relationship between this region and Middle Asia of USSR. 6 species are endemic to China,
of which 4 are confined to the Hengduan Mountains (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin divide).
The relationships between this genus and related ones of Orobanchaceae are also discussed.
The author holds the following opinions: the genus Phelypaea Desf. should be considered as a
member of Orobanche L. Sect. Gymnocaulis G. Beck, the monotypic genus, Necranthus A.
Gilli endemic to Turkey, is allied with Orobanche L. Sect. Orobanche, the monotypic genus,
Platypholis Maxim, endemic to Bonin Is. of Japan, is far from Orobanche L. in relation and
should be regarded as a separate genus.
The 11 OTU’s, including all the sections of Orobanche L. and 7 genera of Orobanchaceae,
and 15 morphological characters were used in the numerical taxonomic treatment to test the
above-mentioned suggestions. After standardization of characters, the correlation matrices were
computerized. The correlation matrices were made to test the various clustering methods. At
last the UPGMA clustering method was chosen and its result is shown in a phenogram. The
result of numerical analysis is basically in accordance with the suggestions. 相似文献
9.
10.
白洋淀水生植物区系初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陈耀东 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1987,25(2):106-113
The Baiyandian Lake lies at 115°56′ E. and 38°55′ N. It is about 8 m above
sea level, with an area about 312 square km. There are abundant aquatic plants here, inc-
luding flowering plants of 30 families, 46 genera, 66 species and 3 varieties besides one in-
troduced species. 32 species are erect ones covering about 48.5% of the total number of species
in this lake, 20 are submerged ones, about 30.3%, 9 are leaf-floating ones, about 13.6% and 5
are floating ones, 7.6%. The soil at the bed of the lake is very fertile and the depth is appro-
priate, favouring various plants. The coverage is large, sometimes it may reach 100%, for
example, in communities of Phragmites communis, Hydrilla verticillata, Hydrocharis dubis,
Trapa bicornis, etc. Although the Baiyandian Lake is located in the temperate zone, the floristic
elements are complex. There are tropic-subtropic elements and elements of high-frigid zone
as well. When compared respectively with the floras of the Lakes Jingbo Lake, Honghu Lake
and Lugu Lake, the flora of this lake is found more similar to that of subtropic Honghu Lake
than to those of the other lakes, which shows that it hase a character transitional between the
south and the north in China. Further studies of the floristic relationships are needed in order
to exploit and use the resources of the aquatic plants in this lake. 相似文献
11.
本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布统一的原理，讨论了獐牙菜属植物的起源、散布和分
布区的形成。獐牙菜属包括11组16系154种，间断分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和非洲。中国西南部-
喜马拉雅地区汇集了大多数种类、不同演化水平的类群以及形形色色的特有类群，成为该属的多样化
中心和多度中心。该属的原始类群和外类群也集中分布在中国西南山地，极有可能是该属的起源地。该
属的分布区类型中出现了各式的间断分布，根据有该属植物分布的大陆间及大陆与岛屿间分离和连接
的时间推测，该属的起源时间至少不会晚于晚白垩纪，也许更早，可追溯到中白垩纪。通过分类群间亲
缘关系和现代分布分析，显示出该属植物从起源地向周围和一定方向散布，形成了三个主要散布途径。在散布过程中植物本身也发生演化和就地特化，形成新的类群。 相似文献
12.
本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布相统一的原理,讨论了“低等”金缕梅类植物的起
源和散布。 “低等”金缕梅类植物(Endress1989a的概念)包括下列7科：昆栏树科、水青树科、连香
树科、折扇叶科、领春木科、悬铃木科和金缕梅科。 该类群共有13种分布区类型,东亚区的南部和
印度支那区的北部是它的现代分布中心;根据化石证据及原始类群和外类群的分布分析,以上地区最
有可能是这类植物的起源地。 “低等”金缕梅类植物起源的时间至少可追溯到早白垩纪巴列姆期,较可
靠的化石证据说明悬铃木类植物在早白垩纪阿尔必晚期出现,而昆栏树科、水青树科、连香树科和金
缕梅科植物的出现均不晚于晚白垩纪。 最后,从环境变迁和生物演化两个方面探讨了“低等”金缕梅类植物现代分布格局的形成原因。 相似文献
13.
马兜铃科的地理分布及其系统 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
马金双 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1990,28(5):345-355
马兜铃科基本是一个热带科。 东亚的横断山至华南一带是其原始分布与分化中心，热带美洲是其次生分布与分化中心。科的形态演化趋势是花被由分化的双被到不分化的单被，由分离到合生，由杯状到管状；雄蕊由多数到少数，由分离到与雌蕊结合成为合蕊柱；于房由半下位到完全下位；果实由蓇葖状蒴果到蒴果。马兜铃科分2亚科4族6属。 相似文献
14.
柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxcdiaceae有许多相似之处，近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成
广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他屑的差异较大，被提升为单种科Sciadopity-
aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科，即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres-
soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据，柏木亚科又分4族，即柏木族Cupresseae(包括：柏木属Cupressus、杂交柏属X Cupressocyparis、扁柏屑Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括：崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属laty-ladus)、圆柏族Junlpereae(包括：圆柏属Junzperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括：翠柏属Calt*edrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族，即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括：西澳柏属Actinostrobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdringtoneae(包括：白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括：甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏屑Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型，即：(1)杂交柏属系英国选出的属间杂交类型；(2)分布非洲、欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的属，有柏木属和圆柏属2个属；(3)东亚—北美洲际间断分布的属，有扁柏属、崖柏属和翠柏属3个属；(4)分布区较窄的属，包括西澳柏属，、澳洲柏属、甜柏屑、巴布亚柏属、南非柏属5个属；(5)单种屑，包括福建柏属、海参威柏属、罗汉柏属、侧柏属、香漆柏属、杉叶柏属、塔斯曼柏属、智利柏屑、南美柏属和白智利柏属等10个属。该科属的3个地理分布中心是：东亚(9属)、北美西南部(5属)、澳大利亚及其东部附近群岛(6属)。此外，地中海沿岸分布3属，智利南部和阿根廷分布3属。 相似文献
15.
重楼属Paris有19种，分布于欧亚大陆。根据对本属所有种的染色体研究，重楼属染色体基数为5，核型的基本结构有两种形式：热带核型K2n＝2x=10=6m十4t和温带核型K2n=2x=10＝6m+4st或 6m+2st十2t。 热带核型的种(13种)分布在亚洲大陆的热带和亚热带；温带核型的种(6种)则出现在欧亚大陆的温带地域。重楼属的多倍体种的核型属温带核型，为本属的边陲种。四倍体种四叶重楼Paris quadrifolia分布在本属分布区的西端(欧洲)；日本重楼P.japonica是八倍体种，局限在属分布区的东端(日本)。全部热带核型的种都是二倍体种。其中海南重楼P.dunniana等较原始种类都集中在华南和中南半岛北部。作者认为，亚洲大陆北纬18°至北回归线的热带地域是重楼属的起源地，云贵高原至邛崃山地域拥有14种重楼和9种核型结构式(全属有13种核型结构式)，是重楼属的多样化中心，即现代分布中心。 相似文献
16.
青藏高原柳属植物的发生和分布 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1. Uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang plateau has brought great influence on the origina-
tion and distribution of species inside the genus Salix. There are 91 sp. (incl. 2 cult.
sp.), 16 var. and 3 f. belonging to 15 Sect. in this region, among these species the en-
demics attain to 58 sp., 14 var. and 3 f. So it has become one of the most important
centres of distribution of Salix in the world. Species common with other regions attain
only to 32. Thus it is also clear that correlation between salicaceous flora in this re-
gion and that of other regions is not so much developed, and that the salicaceous flora
of Qinghai-Xizang plateau was mainly originated autochthonously during the upheaval
of plateau.
2. Along a demarcation line delineated from Gyirong through Lhasa and Qamdo to
Lanzhou, to the north-western region the total number of species of this genus is sum-
med up to 7 sp. and 1 var. (incl. 2 cult. sp.), and they distribute only in the West Hima-
laya and Pamir-Kunlun regions. Besides 2 cult. sp., there is only 1 endemic, and
others all should be migrants from Europe or West Asia. In the south-eastern part, be-
cause the climate is moister, the species of Salix may be summed up to 84 sp., 15 var.
and 3 f., among them 73 sp., 20 var. and 3 f. are endemics, accounting for 68 percent
of the total.
3. In East Himalaya and South Henduan Shan (southward of lat. 30°N.) there
are 78 sp., 12 var. and 4 f., among them 50 sp., 10 var. and 2 f. are endemics. They
represent the different stages of phylogenetic development of this genus. So here may
be the centre of origination and distribution of Salix species in the all Sino-Himalaya
flora. The common species between East Himalaya and South Henduan Shan regions
attain to 41. Because the latter forms a part of Sichuan and Yunnan plateau and the
former did not become a land until Quaternary Period, the plants of the former mainly
are the migrants from the latter.
4. The most characteristic group of Salix in this region is Sect. Lindleyanae
Schneid. with a total of 18 sp. and 1 var. This group adapting to the somewhat en-
vironment changes is quite different from Sect. Retusae A. Kern. in the Arctic and high
mountains of higher latitudes in many characters, so it should be originated autochto-
nously, and it is certainly not a migrant from Arctic. This Sect. seems to be developed
from Sect. Floccosae Hao and in turn from Sect. Sclerophyllae Schneid. and Sect. Den-
ticulatae Schneid. This developmental direction has assumed an important branch in the
phylogenetic development of the whole genus.
5. In addition, there are two interesting and important regions on the north-eastern
and eastern to Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, i. e. on the north-east Anymaqen Shan (Amne-
machin mountain) and on the east Qiong Lai Shan. There are many endemic species
pertaining to these two parts, among these species some may be ancient relicts since
Tertiary. It is to be expected that more additional scientific results will be obtainedafter some more extensive works done in these two regions. 相似文献